Input Parameters - Hardening Soil / Hssmall Model: Determination of Hs Parameters For Clay

01 - Determination of HS for Clay 4/20/2020
Determination of HS Parameters for Clay
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Input parameters - Hardening Soil / HSsmall model

Parameter Description
Reference secant stiffness from drained triaxial test
Reference tangent stiffness from oedometer test
Reference unloading/reloading stiffness from drained triaxial test
Reference stress level for which = , = and =

m Power for stress-dependent stiffness
Unloading/reloading Poisson’s ratio
c' Effective cohesion
′ Effective friction angle
Dilatancy angle at failure
Ratio between horizontal and vertical stresses at normally consolidated state
Reference Small-strain shear stiffness (HSsmall only)
. Shear strain level where shear stiffness G has reduced to 70% of (HSsmall only)
, OCR, POP Initial stress state parameters (initial stress ratio, overconsolidation)
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Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 1

Input parameters - Hardening Soil / HSsmall model
• Hardening Soil model

• Defined in effective stresses ⇒ can not be used in a total stress analysis.
• Best used with effective strength parameters φ’ and c’.
• When used with undrained shear strength (φu=0 and cu) model is limited:
• There will be NO stress dependent stiffness: stiffnesses are constant.

• There will be NO compression hardening, only shear hardening
Stiffness parameters - Hardening Soil model
• Stress dependent stiffness for primary shear, primary compression and

unloading/reloading behaviour
Shear hardening ′+ − sin

secant modulus: = ⇒ =
+ + sin
Compression hardening ′+ − sin

tangent modulus: = ⇒ =
+ + sin
Unloading/reloading ′+ − sin
tangent modulus: = ⇒ =
+ + sin
a  c cot( )

Stiffness of Clay
Drained stiffness from oedometer tests
sc’ sy’
Eoed
ref
E oed
sy’ ey 1
Eoed pref = 100kPa sy’
′
=
Soft NC clays:  1 MPa
Hard NC clays:  3 MPa


Drained stiffness from triaxial tests
• Ideal: drained triaxial test How to get drained stiffness from undrained test?
• Practice: undrained triaxial test 1. Measure , from the laboratory test
2. Estimate = ⋅
sy - sx 1. = ≈ 0.8 (Hook’s law)
2. ≈ 0.7 (Dutch building code)
3. Simulate undrained triaxial test in SoilTest
cu: undrained shear using
strength
Eu50 4. From simulation results determine
5. Check if ≈
,
, ,
cu
1 1. If not, adjust and re-run simulation
2. Repeat until , ≈ , (3-4 iterations max)
ey
6. Calculate from
Unloading/reloading stiffness
From oedometer tests for elastic behaviour with low Poisson’s Ratio:
, = ⋅ and ≈ 0.9 ⋅ ,
′+
= ⋅ 0.9 ⋅ = ⋅ 0.9 ⋅ /
′+
≈ ⋅ , ≈ 1 − sin( )
Clay (m=1):
Soft : , ≈ 10 ⇒ ≈ ≈ 15 to 20 ⋅
Stiff : , ≈3 ⇒ ≈ ≈ 2 to 4 ⋅

Stiffness from correlations
Other estimations for stiffness of normally consolidated clays (m=1):
50000 Correlation with Ip for pref =100 kPa

≈
500
≈ Correlation by Vermeer
− 0.1
1 Order of magnitude (very rough)

≈
2
Correlations from SPT and CPT for clays are generally not very reliable!
Termaat, Vermeer, Vergeer (1985):
Normally consolidated clays: varies from 1500 cu to 150 cu :
15000  cu
Eu50 
Ip %
Example, Ip = 30% : = 500 ⋅

Ip = wL – wP = plasticity index
10

• Undrained plate loading test by Duncan & Buchignani (1976):
1600
1400 Example:
1200 NC clay, OCR < 2
Eu Ip< 30
1000
cu 800 Ip = 30%  = 600
600
30 < Ip < 50
400
200 Ip > 50
0
1 1,5 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
Overconsolidation ratio, OCR
11
Oedometer test simulation, soft clay.
GW
syy sxx
High “oedometer” cut out
as a vertical column from
the site in question.
10 m g = 20kN/m3 Start the “test” from in
situ stresses and
specified
preconsolidation for the
Sample
sample studied.
pw s’yy pw s’xx
5m
Soft clay by =2 m=1 j = 25o

Hardening soil =2 nur = 0,2 = 0o
model: c = 5 kPa = 0,577
= 10
12

Oedometer test results, soft clay

Strain
0,00
-0,02 OCR = 3
Note the preconsolidaton levels at:
-0,04
eyy
OCR = 1,5
σ’yy = 150 kPa
-0,06
σ’yy = 300 kPa
-0,08
For OCR = 1.5:
-0,10
0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 s’yy ′= ′⋅ ′−( ′− ′) ⋅
Stress [kN/m2]
0 -200 -400 -600 s’yy ,

′ = 0,577 ⋅ 150 − (150 − 100) ⋅ = 74
0 ,
-74
OCR = 1,5
-123
s’xx
-200 OCR = 3 Note that for OCR = 3: s’xx > s’yy
-300 Konc
11
-400
13
Drained triaxial test simulation, soft clay
Soft clay by
Hardening soil model:
=2 m=1 j = 25o
=0 = 0o
=2 nur = 0,2
pw = 0
c = 5 kPa = 0.577
= 10
Zero initial stresses,

preconsolidation generated by preloading
Axial
symmetry
14

Drained triaxial test, soft clay

q [kN/m2] q [kN/m2]
200 200
160 160
120 120
Stress paths:
80 80
Initial cap
40 40
OCR = 1 OCR = 2
0 0
0 -40 -80 -120 -160 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250
p' [kN/m2] p’ [kN/m2]
180
q
160 Top curve OCR = 3
140
OCR = 2
120
OCR = 1
100
80
Effect of OCR:
60
40
20 ey
0
-20 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3
eyy
15
Parameter limitations
HS model has internal parameters that are computed from our ”engineering” input parameters.
q Not all combinations of input

parameters can be used
a pc E50
Eur E oed
 p´
E50 / Eoed > 2 difficult to input
16

Small-strain stiffness in the HS model (HSsmall)
Strain(path)-dependent elastic overlay model:
G starts again at G0 after full strain reversal
Input parameters of HSSmall:

• G0ref
• 0.7
m
 c cos    3 sin 
G0  G0ref  ref 
 c cos   p sin 
Gur
17
=
Gt 1 + 0.385
.
G0
Gs =
1 + 0.385
-c .

+c
Cyclic loading leads to Hysteresis

G0
G0
• Energy dissipation
• Damping
18

Drained triaxial test, HS vs. HSsmall model
160
140
120
HSsmall E0
HS
q [kN/m²]
100 E0ref
G0ref 
2(1   ur )
80
60
40
20
Et ≥ Eur
0 0 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.01 -0.012 -0.014
εyy
19
Small-strain stiffness parameters

( . )
= 33[ ] Harding & Black (1969)
≈ • 70 + 60 Lengkeek
.
. = 2 (1 + cos( 2 )) − (1 + ) sin( 2 ) Benz (2007)
Order of magnitude:
= (2.5 10) where =

( )
. = (1 2) ⋅ 10
20

Undrained behaviour of Hardening Soil

t
tan(φ)
cu,HS { laboratory result
Hardening Soil
s’
• cu is a result of the analysis depending on c’, φ, Eur/Eoed and other parameters

• Important to simulate triaxial tests and compare with real soil tests
• Not all cu values can be achieved with a particular model
21
Parameter sets for Hardening Soil model

Model # c’
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ / ] [-] [-]
HS_1 30 90 30 35 0 / 10 0 0.2 0.426
HS_2 50 150 50 35 0 0 0.2 0.426
HS_3 15 45 15 35 0 0 0.2 0.426
HS_4 30 90 40 35 0 0 0.2 0.426
HS_5 30 90 15 35 0 0 0.2 0.426
HS_6 50 150 30 35 0 0 0.2 0.426
Parameter sets for Mohr-Coulomb model

E = 30 MPa, = 0.2, = 35 , = 0 and 10
22

Simulation of undrained triaxial compression test – HS model - q vs p´
150
HS_1
HS_2
125 HS_3 Undrained shear strength is not only
HS_4 a result of the calculation,
HS_5
100 HS_6 it in fact depends on the ratio of the
total stress path STIFFNESS parameters
q [kN/m ]
2
75
50
25
0
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00
2
p' [kN/m ]
23
Simulation of undrained triaxial compression test – HS model - q vs e1

150
125
100
q [kN/m ]
2
75
50 HS_1
HS_2
HS_3
25 HS_4
HS_5
HS_6
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
e1 [%]
24

Undrained behaviour and dilatancy
If we set ≠ 0 then, positive* volumetric plastic deformations occur at failure:
Δ =Δ +Δ (elastic-plastic behavior)
Δ =0 (undrained conditions)
Δ >0⇒Δ <0⇒Δ = Δ <0

At failure: Δ = | Δ | ⇒ Δ > 0
Result: unlimited increase of q, i.e. infinite strength!!
* PLAXIS : volume increase = positive, volume decrease = negative
25
Influence of dilatancy
Simulation of CU triaxial compression test – MC/HS model - q vs e1

300
275
250
225
Dilatancy in an undrained analysis
leads to infinite strength and should
200
therefore be left to zero.
175
q [kN/m ]
2
150
125
100
75
MC non dil
50 MC dil
HS_1 non dil
25 HS_1 dil
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
e1 [%]
26

Recommended procedure for application
• Model choice
– MC model: for simple estimates and for safety factors (drained stability)
– Advanced soil models: for more accurate deformation predictions
• Parameters for Hardening Soil and HSsmall model:

• Use previous experience from lab, field and case records for strength and stiffness (E50 etc)
• Simulate an oedometer or/and a triaxial test to calibrate your soil parameter set
• Run your design problem
• Check the results and compare to hand calculations or other estimates / experience
27
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01 - Determination of HS for Clay 4/20/2020

Determination of HS Parameters for Clay

1 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM | © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Input parameters - Hardening Soil / HSsmall model

Reference secant stiffness from drained triaxial test

Reference tangent stiffness from oedometer test

Reference unloading/reloading stiffness from drained triaxial test

Reference stress level for which = , = and =

Unloading/reloading Poisson’s ratio

c' Effective cohesion

′ Effective friction angle

Dilatancy angle at failure

Ratio between horizontal and vertical stresses at normally consolidated state

Reference Small-strain shear stiffness (HSsmall only)

2 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM | © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 1

Input parameters - Hardening Soil / HSsmall model

• Hardening Soil model

• There will be NO stress dependent stiffness: stiffnesses are constant.

3 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM | © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stiffness parameters - Hardening Soil model

• Stress dependent stiffness for primary shear, primary compression and

Shear hardening ′+ − sin

Compression hardening ′+ − sin

4 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM | © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 2

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Drained stiffness from oedometer tests

Soft NC clays:  1 MPa

Hard NC clays:  3 MPa

Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 3

Drained stiffness from triaxial tests

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Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 4

Stiffness from correlations

Other estimations for stiffness of normally consolidated clays (m=1):

50000 Correlation with Ip for pref =100 kPa

1 Order of magnitude (very rough)

9 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM | © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Stiffness from correlations

Termaat, Vermeer, Vergeer (1985):

Normally consolidated clays: varies from 1500 cu to 150 cu :

Example, Ip = 30% : = 500 ⋅

10 | WWW.BENTLEY.COM | © 2020 Bentley Systems, Incorporated

Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 5

Stiffness from correlations

• Undrained plate loading test by Duncan & Buchignani (1976):

Oedometer test simulation, soft clay.

Soft clay by =2 m=1 j = 25o

Online Introduction Course PLAXIS - May 2020 6

Oedometer test results, soft clay

0 -200 -400 -600 s’yy ,

-200 OCR = 3 Note that for OCR = 3: s’xx > s’yy

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Drained triaxial test simulation, soft clay

Zero initial stresses,

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