Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils

Juliette DEWAVRIN
7th EMship cycle: October 2016 − February 2018

Master Thesis

Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental

Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils

Supervisor: Dr. Inż. Monika Bortnowska, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
Internship supervisor: Senior Lecturer Jean-Baptiste R. G. Souppez, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK
Reviewer: Prof. Pierre Ferrant, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France

La Spezia, February 2018

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 1 of 11 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht1.
with an Experimental
Aim Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils
and Methodology

Part 1: Design Part 2: Hydrodynamics

Design of the Construction of Hydrodynamic

Test in the results analysis:
Cruising Yacht the model in
Towing tank – •Heave
and Hydrofoils Southampton
ITTC procedures •Trim
+ VPP plot Solent University
•Resistance
•Side force

504 runs
Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 2 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils
2. Yacht and hydrofoils design (1)

1 cruising yacht, 3 hydrofoil configurations:

Cruising yacht
50 feet

Dali
moustache

Figaro 3

DSS

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 3 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing 2.
Yacht with and
Yacht an Experimental
hydrofoils Fluid Dynamics
design (3)Investigation into Hydrofoils

Chistera foil - Figaro 3

Bénéteau yacht

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 4 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils
2. Yacht and hydrofoils design (2)

Dali Moustache – IMOCA 60

Safran II yacht

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 5 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing 2.
Yacht with and
Yacht an Experimental
hydrofoils Fluid Dynamics
design (4)Investigation into Hydrofoils

DSS foil –
Infiniti 56 yacht

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 6 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing 2.
Yacht with and
Yacht an Experimental
hydrofoils Fluid Dynamics
design (5)Investigation into Hydrofoils

Basic 2D Lift and Drag foil theory:

Lift
Flow Vs Drag

Same section for the three hydrofoils: NACA 63-412

αstall = 14 °

Lift and Drag coefficient for Re = (Vs.c)/v = 5.E+06

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 7 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a 3.
Cruising
TowingSailing Yachtfacility
Tank with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics
in Southampton SolentInvestigation
University into Hydrofoils

1.50 m model
Scale 1:10

Basin dimensions :
• 60m long
• 3.7m wide
• 1.8 deep

Carriage top speed:

4.6 m/s

ITTC Procedures: Workshop => ITTC procedures for Ship model

Towing tank => ITTC procedures for Resistance Tests
Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 8 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of5.
a Cruising
TowingSailing
tankYacht
Test:with an Experimental
Input Fluid Dynamics at
and measurements Investigation
model scaleinto Hydrofoils

VPP plot in upwind and downwind

condition - full size yacht: Yacht1
10 20 30 40 50
60

6
Measurements in the towing tank –
7
70
Hydrodynamic results model size:
6 8
9
4 5 10
12
14
4
16

2
20

80
Control: Measurement:
•Velocities (m/s) or Froude
4 6 8 10 12 14
90
number •HEAVE (mm)
•Heel angles (°) •TRIM (°)
2 4

5
100
•Yaw or Leeway angles (°) •DRAG (N)
4
6

7
•Foil angle of attack (fixed) •SIDE FORCE (N)
8

9
110
6 10

12

14
8 120
16

10
20 130 Upwind Downwind
12 Speed Fr 0.35 to 0.45 Fr 0.45 to 0.70
Downwind: Up to 14 knots 140

14
Upwind : Up to 10 knots 150 Heel θ = 20° θ = 10°
Yaw Leeway = 4/6° Leeway = 0/2°
160

170
16
E:\01 Master thesis SOLENT - Research\05-VPP\Yacht1.vpp 11/03/17 12:57:55 Wind values at 10 m. height.

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 9 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing 6.
Yacht with
Test an Experimental
matrix: Scaling Fluid
to Dynamics
full sizeInvestigation into Hydrofoils

Froude Similarities & ITTC 57 guidelines:

• Froude similarities implies that the Froude number and the
wave resistance coefficient are equal:
Fr model = Fr ship, and CW,model = CW,ship
• Vmodel /√(g.Lmodel) = Vship / √(g.Lship)
 V ship = V model .√λ
Hydrodynamic Hydrodynamic
Scale factor
results results
λ = Ls/Lm= 10
Model scale Full scale
• CT (Re, Fr) = (1+k) Cf (Re) + Cw(Fr)
Prohaska’s method – Form factors
CT /Cf= (1+k) + a.(Fr4/Cf)

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 10 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimentalanalysis
7. Hydrodynamic Fluid Dynamics
(1) Investigation into Hydrofoils

Heave, Trim, Drag and Side force:

Foil WSA at
20° heel
Dali 3.71 m²

Figaro 1.73 m²
DSS 2.04 m²

Example of graph for upwind condition at high heel angle

1st conclusion: Foils are useless in term of pure hydrodynamics!

The benefit is most likely in STABILITY (increased RM) or SEAKEEPING
Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 11 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of 7.
a Cruising Sailing Yacht analysis
Hydrodynamic with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics
(2): Minimum drag Investigation
configurationinto Hydrofoils

Effective Draft Method (1):

Best foil in term of the lowest resistance or induced drag :
Total drag RT vs side force squared SF² at various leeway angles
for a given heel angle and velocity.

Best configuration selected

based on the lowest slope:
y/x = RT / SF²

Example of graph for upwind condition at low Froude

number and high heel angle

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 12 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of 7.
a Cruising Sailing Yacht analysis
Hydrodynamic with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics
(3): Minimum drag Investigation
configurationinto Hydrofoils

Effective Draft Method (2):

Best foil in term of generating lift:
Effective Draft TE vs Froude number Fr
Best configuration selected based
on the highest value of the effective
draft
TE = √(0.9.SF² /(RT. π ρ.VS²))

Example of graph for upwind condition for high heel angle

In term of MINIMUM DRAG, the DSS is the most efficient

configuration on this model, both for upwind and downwind conditions

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 13 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing
8. Yacht with an Experimental
Parameters influencingFluidthe
Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils
results

We have seen previously that the velocity, leeway and heel angle
are influencing the hydrodynamic behaviour of the foiling yacht:

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 14 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing
8. Yacht with an Experimental
Parameters influencingFluidthe
Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils
results

Longitudinal position of the foils : Design issue

On a design point of view, the foils are integrated in the GA
as follow:

The Dali moustache is not suitable for this kind of

cruising yacht at this longitudinal position
Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 15 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing
8. Yacht with an Experimental
Parameters influencingFluidthe
Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils
results

Longitudinal position of the foils : Hydrodynamic issue

Figaro 3 and Bow vortex interaction:

Bow vortex at higher speeds:

• Interaction of the vortex with
the foil: i.e. Higher resistance
• Suction on the surface of the
foil and sprays for the highest
speeds (0.6 and 0.7): i.e. less
WSA but no less drag

We can consider other longitudinal position for the

foil in order to avoid the bow vortex
Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 16 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of9.
a Cruising Sailing Yacht withHydrofoils
CONCLUSIONS: an Experimental Fluid Dynamics
Advantages
ADVANTAGES
DALI MOUSTACHE  Great side force generation
DALI
 Reduction of the trim angle
FIGAROFIGARO
3 3  Good compromise in between
the three foils in terms of small drag
and sufficient side force generation
 Minor problems for the
integration in the interior design
DSS DSS  Easy integration in the design
 Generates the more lift
 Minimum drag configuration for because of the stall angle
most of the point of sail
Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 17 of 19
andInvestigation
Drawbacks into Hydrofoils
DRAWBACKS
 Huge increase in resistance
 Needs a great angle of attack to get
sufficient SF generation
Integration in the design: lack of
volume in the interior layout
 Longitudinal position critical due to
the bow vortex interaction
 Small increase of the trim angle in
high speeds
 Almost no contribution in side force
 Dependant to a small angle of attack
Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing10.
Yacht with an on
Impact Experimental Fluid Dynamics
future foiling yachtsInvestigation into Hydrofoils

Design changes on IMOCA new generation:

No need to make the hull more efficient, we are looking for less
resistance.
The yacht can have a reduced beam since the foil increases the
stability.
less WSA
less Drag
and Lighter

Vendée Globe 2020

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 18 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018
 Design of a Cruising Sailing Yacht with an Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigation into Hydrofoils

Questions ?

Juliette Dewavrin, 7 th EMship cycle: 2016 − 2018 19 of 19 Defence of Master Thesis, Szczecin, January 2018