PUSTUL

Pustule is caused Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Glycine. We can identify the disease
from the infected leaves which appear small patches or boils. In the beginning the spots
are pale green then turns brownish. The characteristics of the spots are brown stain in the
middle of the spot with pale yellow on the edge, irregular shape, and necrosis. Spots there
are close can merge producing the bigger spots, causing yellow leave (chlorosis) and
followed by leaf fall. Pustule’s symptom often appears in the flowering phase at the age
of 40 days after planting. The young leaves are most susceptible to be infected. In soy
plants, bacteria attacks not only the leaves, but also the pods and soybean seeds. Bacteria
spread through between leaves by strong winds. Other plants that are susceptible to be
infected are beans, kratok, string beans, and lupini beans.

CALLUS
Callus is a group of amorphous cells that divide continuously and unorganized. Callus is
formed as response toward the injury and also a form of de-differentiation. Callus is a
covering tissue (phytoalexin). Callus can be used as one of plant tissue isolation method.
Callus can be obtained from roots, stems and leaves. The purposes of callus isolation
method are multiplication of plant clones, a source of protoplasts production,as a inital
material for creopreservation, and the production of secondary metabolites.

MALFORMATION
Malformation is a disease which make plants cannot have a normal shape. The disease is
caused by the fungal species Fusarium mangiferae. The vegetative malformation is
commonly found on young seedlings. The seedlings produce small shootlets with small
scaly leaves, giving it a bunch like an appearance on the shoot apex. Seedlings remain
stunted and eventually die. Variation in the panicle can be seen in the malfotmation of the
inflorescence. Heavily malformed panicles are compact and overcrowded due to larger
flowers. Affected plants develop abnormality with dense shoots and flowers Growing
points such as leaf and stem buds produce misshapen shoots with short internodes and
brittle leaves. Leaves are significantly smaller than those of healthy plants. Normal and
malformed growth may be present on a plant simultaneously. The disease is mainly
spread via infected plant material. Excessive soil moisture, mite infestation, fungal
infection, virus, herbicides and other toxic compounds aids in the production of fungus.
Deficiency of Iron, Zinc and Copper can also cause malformation. The disease spreads
slowly within affected orchards
THYLOSIS
Thylosis is a protoplasmic growth that protrudes on parenchyma cells, so that it can block
xylem tissue so the pathogen cannot spread further. In certain species of plant, if there is
a disturbance such as injured cell or inactive cell, the cells will make a kind of protrude
that grows and can enter into trachea cells. That parenchymal cells are called thylosis
(tylosis). This thylosis grows through the dots and in the trachea cells, they continue
growing. In conclusion, thylosis (injured cells that cause protrusions) is casued by a result
of the proliferation of protoplasts, through the trachea dots membrane of adjacent
parenchymal cells.
PURU
Puru is an abnormal growth in plants caused by pathogens or insects. Puru is marked by
hyperplasia or hypertrophy. Puru is an overgrowth in plant tissue caused by animals or
other plants. The activity of eating of pre-mature insects and egg laying by females can
cause the form of puru in various parts of plant such as stem, bud, flower, fruit, and leave.
The insects are able to modify growth patterns and change tissue structure, encourage and
produce food sources, then make them as suitable habitats for insects. insects that cause
puru are from Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), Triozidae (Hemiptera), and Phlaeothripidae
(Thysanoptera) families. In sweet potato cultivation, puru is one of the diseases that
causes loss of 11.4%. The cause of puru symptoms is Eriophyes gastrotrichus mite.

PHYLODY
Phyllody is the abnormal development of floral parts into leafy
structures. Phyllody causes the affected plant to become partially or entirely sterile, as it
is unable to normally produce flowers. Phyllody is a flower abnormality in which leaf-
like structures replace flower organs. These often strange and startling flowers are formed
when plant hormones are out of balance. Environmental conditions, water stress, insect
damage, and infection by phytoplasmas and viruses can disrupt normal hormone
production, inducing phyllody in many plant species. in roses, the most common cause is
hot weather during the period of flower bud formation. One cause of phyllody in many
crop plants is disease caused by phytoplasmas. Apparently, phytoplasmas, which inhabit
the phloem tissue of infected plants, can have profound effects on the hormone balances
in their hosts — affecting the appearance of leaves, petals, and other organs.
SARCODY
Sarcody is an abnormal outgrowth or deformation such as swelling above constricted or
girdled areas of a branch or stem. Sarcody is induced by growth Stimulatory substances
induced by a pathogen or by physical stress.
Sarcody - a hyperplastic symptom in which swellings occur above and below portions of
organs that are tightly encircled, as a stem might be 'choked' by a tight tie or binding or
by a twining vine. Symptoms causing enlargement of stems and roots are termed
differently based on their nature. Excessive accumulation of food material in stems,
above a constricted area produces a swelling termed sarcody

POWDERY MILDEW
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew
diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales,
with Podosphaera xanthii (a.k.a. Sphaerotheca fuliginea) being the most commonly
reported cause.[1] Erysiphe cichoracearum was formerly reported to be the primary causal
organism throughout most of the world.[1][2] Powdery mildew is one of the easier plant
diseases to identify, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white
powdery spots on the leaves and stems. The lower leaves are the most affected, but
the mildew can appear on any above-ground part of the plant. As the disease progresses,
the spots get larger and denser as large numbers of asexual spores are formed, and the
mildew may spread up and down the length of the plant.
Powdery mildew fungi seem to be everywhere.1 The spores overwinter in plant debris and
begin producing more spores in the spring. These spores are carried to your plants
via wind, insects, and splashing water. Conditions that encourage the growth and spread of
powdery mildew include:

 Periods of warm temperatures and dry conditions: Powdery mildew is less common
during prolonged rainy seasons and in extreme heat.
 Crowded plantings where the air circulation is poor and the plants remain wet: The
spores are also able to spread faster when they appear in clumps of their host plant.

DONWNY MILDEW
Downy mildew is a disease of the foliage, caused by a fungus-like (Oomycete) organism.
It is spread from plant to plant by airborne spores. It is a disease of wet weather as
infection is favoured by prolonged leaf wetness. A range of common edible and
ornamental plants can be affected, including brassicas, carrots, columbine (Aquilegia),
foxgloves, geum, grapevines, hebe, busy Lizzie (Impatiens), lettuces, onions, pansies,
parsnips, peas, poppies, rhubarb, roses, spinach and tobacco plants (Nicotiana). Downy
mildews usually have narrow host ranges comprising of just a few related plants. For
example, the downy mildew affecting brassicas is a different species from the one
attacking pansies. We can identify this disease from:
 Discoloured blotches on the upper leaf surface. These may be pale green, yellow,
purple or brown, depending on the plant affected. The blotches sometimes have
straight edges (e.g. on lettuce) if they are bordered by the leaf veins
 A mould-like growth on the underside of the leaf, corresponding to the blotch on the
upper surface. This growth may be white, grey or purple, depending on the species of
downy mildew
 On some plants (e.g. pea, pansy) the growth is easy to see with the naked eye. On
others (e.g. foxglove, rose) it can be difficult to see, even with a hand lens
 Severely affected leaves may shrivel and turn brown (e.g. tobacco plant), or turn
yellow and fall prematurely (e.g. Impatiens, rose)
 Occasionally, other plant parts can be affected, e.g. cauliflower curds, Impatiens
flower buds, pea pods
 Severely affected plants are often stunted and lack vigour. In some cases (e.g.
columbine, Impatiens, tobacco plant) the plant may die

ANTRACNOSE
Anthracnose, a group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of plants in warm, humid
areas. Shade trees such as sycamore, ash, oak, and maple are especially susceptible,
though the disease is found in a number of plants, including grasses and annuals.
Anthracnose causes the wilting, withering, and dying of tissues. It commonly infects the
developing shoots and leaves. The
causative fungi (usually Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium) characteristically
produce spores in tiny, sunken, saucer-shaped fruiting bodies known as acervuli.
Symptoms include sunken spots or lesions (blight) of various colours
in leaves, stems, fruits, or flowers, and some infections form cankers on twigs and
branches. The severity of the infection depends on both the causative agent and the
infected species and can range from mere unsightliness to death.

BLISTER
Leaf blister, also called leaf curl, worldwide disease of many woody plants
and ferns caused by fungi of the genus Taphrina. Peach leaf curl, caused by T.
deformans, affects peaches, nectarines, and almonds and can cause agricultural
losses. Red oaks are commonly afflicted with oak leaf blister, caused by T. caerulescens,
but the disease does not usually endanger tree health.

Following cold wet weather at budbreak, infected leaves become swollen, crinkled, and
distorted with yellow, red, purple, brown, whitish, or gray blisters. Such leaves usually
die and drop early, weakening the plant. A second growth of healthy leaves often appears
later. Young fruits may drop early or are knobby with discoloured warty spots. Plum
fruits can become greatly swollen, distorted, and hollow (plum pockets). Witches’-
brooms (abnormal clusters of dwarfed shoots) may form on alder, apricot, birch, cherry,
cherry laurel, California buckeye, plum, and serviceberry stems. The catkins (hanging
flower clusters) of several species, including alders and poplars, can become enlarged and
deformed.
Puru is an abnormal growth in plants caused by pathogens or insects. Puru is characterized by
hyperplasia or hypertrophy. The insects that cause the puru originate from the Cecidomyiidae
(Diptera), Triozidae (Hemiptera), and Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) families. The cause of
puru symptoms is the Eriophyes gastrotrichus mite.

Phyllody is the abnormal development of flower parts into leafy structures. Phyllody causes the
affected plant to become partially or completely sterile, as it cannot produce flowers normally.
One of the causes of phylody in many plant plants is a disease caused by phytoplasm.

Sarcody is an abnormal growth. Sarcody is induced by growth stimulating agents caused by

pathogens or physical stress. The symptom of a sarcody is hyperplastic where swelling occurs
above and below the tightly encircling part of the organ, as the stem may be 'choked' by tight ties
or bundles or by twisting tendrils.

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that attacks a wide variety of plants and is caused by
various species of fungi from the order Erysiphales, such as Podosphaera xanthii. Infected plants
show white powder spots on the leaves and stems.
Conditions that promote the growth and spread of powdery mildew include:
• Powdery mildew occurs less frequently during prolonged rainy seasons and in very hot
weather.
• Spores can also disperse more rapidly when they appear on clumps of host plants.

Downy mildew is a leaf disease caused by fungus-like organisms (Oomycete). It is a wet

weather disease due to infection caused by prolonged wet leaves. This disease can be identified
from:
• Discolored spots on the upper leaf surface.
• Fungal growths on undersides of leaves, corresponding to spots on the upper surface.
• In some plants the growth is easily seen with the naked eye.
• Severely affected leaves may shrivel and turn brown, or turn yellow and fall prematurely
• Sometimes, other parts of the plant can be affected,
• Severely affected plants are often stunted and lacking vigor.
Anthracnose is a fungal disease that attacks various plants in warm and humid areas.
Anthracnose causes wilted, wilted, and dying tissue which is usually caused by the herbs
Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium. Symptoms include sunken spots or lesions of various colors on
the leaves, stems, fruit, or flowers, and some infections forming cancers on twigs and branches.

Blister is a worldwide disease of many woody plants and ferns caused by a fungus of the genus
Taphrina. The disease is characterized by after a wet cold weather when the buds burst, infected
leaves become swollen, wrinkled, and change color to yellow, red, purple, brown, whitish, or
gray blisters.