1C 7B

2A 8A
3C 9C
4A 10 C
5A 11 D
6C 12 B
13 C
a)
31/12/20x7:
Nợ lỗ - thiệt hại do sản phẩm bị lỗi 10000
Có dự phòng thiệt hại do sản phẩm lỗi 10000
b)
31/12/20x8:
Nợ lỗ - thiệt hại do sản phẩm bị lỗi 40000
Có dự phòng thiệt hại do sản phẩm lỗi 40000
Dự phòng được xác định là: (75%*0) + (20%*$1m) + (5%*$4m)=$0.4m
a)
31/12/20x9
There is a present obligation as a result of a past obligating event. The obligating event is the
giving of the guarantee, which gives rise to a legal obligation. However, at 31 December 20X9 no
transfer of economic benefits is probable in settlement of the obligation.

No provision is recognised. The guarantee is disclosed as a contingent liability unless the

probability of any transfer is regarded as remote.
Contingent liability: The company has given a guarantee in respect of the bank borrowings of
Pony Co. At the reporting date, Pony Co was sound and it is unlikely that the company will be
required to fulfil its guarantee. As above, there is a present obligation as a result of a past
obligating event, namely the giving of the guarantee.

b)
31/12/20x10
It is probable that a transfer of economic events will be required to settle the obligation. A
provision is therefore recognised for the best estimate of the obligation.
a)
31/12/20x0
On the basis of the evidence available when the financial statements were approved, there is no
obligation as a result of past events. No provision is recognised. The matter is disclosed as a
contingent liability unless the probability of any transfer is regarded as remote.

b)
31/12/20x1
On the basis of the evidence available, there is a present obligation. A transfer of economic
benefits in settlement is probable. A provision is recognised for the best estimate of the amount
needed to settle the present obligation.
At the year end there is a present obligation as a result of a past obligating event. Because the
passage of the Act is 'virtually certain', the past contamination becomes an obligating event. It is
highly probable that an outflow economic resources will be required to settle this. A provision
should therefore be made of the best estimate of the costs involved.