Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-CCAT CAMPUS

Rosario, Cavite
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICS OF FLUID
CENG - 65

FIRST MODULE AND ACTIVITY

ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

LECTURER

July 2020
First Semester
 MECHANICS HAS TWO MAIN BRANCHES

Fluid Mechanics

Is the science of the mechanics of liquids and gases. Consequently, in the

past, engineers turned to experiments, and from these developed empirical
formulas from hydraulics

Hydraulics

Is defined as that branch of science which treats of water or other fluid in

motion. A prerequisite to the understanding of the motion of fluids, however, is
a knowledge of the pressure exerted by fluids at rest. This study, called
hydrostatics, is usually included in hydraulic. The field of hydraulics also
2 includes hydrodynamics, which relates to the forces exerted Module 1 CENG
by or upon 65
fluids
in motion.

Fluids

Fluids are substances capable of flowing, having particles which easily move
and change their relative position without a separation of the mass. Fluids offer
practically no resistance to change of form. They readily conform to the shape
of the solid body with which they come in contact.

Fluids may divide into liquids and gases. The principal differences between
them are:

1. A liquid has a free surface, and a given mass of a liquid occupies only a
given volume in a container, whereas a gas does not have a free surface,

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 and a given mass occupies all portions of any container regardless of its
size.
2. Liquids are practically incompressible and usually may be so considered
without introducing appreciable error. On the other hand, gases are
compressible and usually must be so treated.

The theory and the problems of this text deal mainly with fluids which may
be considered incompressible. A few examples and problem require the use of
the simple gas laws which give the relationship of pressure, volume, and
temperature.

The distinction between a solid and a fluid should be noted here:

1. A solid is deformed by a shearing stress, the amount of unit deformation

up to a certain point being proportional to the unit stress; a fluids is also
deformed by a shearing stress but at a time rate of deformation which is
3 proportional to the stress. Module 1 CENG 65

2. If the elastic limit is not exceeded, the application of a given unit shearing
stress to a produces a certain unit deformation which independent of the
time of application of the force, and when the stress is removed the solid
returns to its original form.

Units Used in Hydraulics

Unit Weight of Water

Water has its maximum unit weight at a temperature of 4 ° C (39.2 ° F ). at this

temperature pure water serves as a standard of specific gravity for all
substances. Under atmospheric pressure at sea level, water freezes at 32 ° and
boils at 212 ° F . The weight of pure water at its temperature of maximum density
is 62.427 lb per cu. ft.

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 Mass Density of water ¿ 1000 kg /m3

Specific weight of water¿ 9810 N /m3

1. How to convert kg to Newton

100 kg=100 ( 9.81 )=981 N

2. How to convert psi to kg /cm2

P = 14.7 psi
14.7
P = 2.2 kg /¿2
14.7
P = 2.2 ( 2.54 )( 2.54 )

P = 14.7 ( 0.07045 )
P = 1.036 kg /cm2

Power
4 Module 1 CENG 65
1 hp=550 ft .lb /sec =0.746 kw

Pressure

1 psi=2.309 ft of water at 60 ° F

¿ 0.0703 kg /cm2

1 kg /cm2=14.225 psi

1∈. of mercury ¿ 1.132 ft . of water

¿ 0.49 psi

1atmosphere ¿ 14.7 psi34 ft . of water

¿ 30 inches of mercury

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 Velocity

1 mph=1.467 fps

1 knot=1.69 fps

Viscosity

1 poise=100 centipoises=1 dyne sec /cm2

¿ 0.00209 lb . sec /ft 2

1 lb . sec/ ft 2=478.7 centipoises

1 stoke=100 centistokes=1cm2 /sec

¿ 0.001076 ft 2 /sec
5 Module 1 CENG 65
1 ft 2 / sec=929 stokes

PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

The pressure exerted by fluid at rest.

I. Unit Pressure; p the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid is the

amount of pressure per unit area.

P
P=
A

II. Direction of Resultant of Pressure the resultant pressure on any plane in

a fluid at rest is normal to the plane.

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 III. Pascal’s Law at any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same in all
direction.

IV. Free Surface of a Liquid a liquid having a free surface is one on whose
surface there is a absolutely no pressure.

V. Atmospheric Pressure being a fluid composed of a mixture of gases. At

sea level under normal conditions atmospheric pressure amount to
2116 lb / ft 2 or 14.7 lb /¿2 which is equivalent to 30∈¿ of mercury column.

VI. Pressure Head

p
h=
w

6 Module 1 CENG 65
h−¿ represents the height of a column of homogeneous fluid of unit

weight w that will produce an intensity of pressure p .

Problem Number 1

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 Determine the pressure on the face of a dam at a point 40 ft below the water
surface,

a) Pounds per square foot gage

b) Pounds per square inch gage
c) Pounds per square foot absolute
d) Pounds per square inch absolute

Solution:

Water Surface

40 ft
7 Module 1 CENG 65

a) p=wh
p=( 62.4 lb /ft 3 ) ( 40 ft )
p=2496lb / ft 2

1 ft 2
b) p=( 2496 lb/ ft 2 ) ( 144 )
p=17.33 lb /¿2
c) p=2496lb/ ft 2+2116 lb/ft 2

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 p=4612lb / ft 2

d) p=17.33+14.7=32.03 lb /¿2

Problem Number 2

Determine the pressure in a vessel of mercury (sp. gr. 13.6) at a point 8∈¿ below
the surface,

a) pounds per square foot gage

b) pounds square inch gage
c) pounds per square foot absolute
d) pounds per square inch absolute.

Solution:

8 Module 1 CENG 65

Mecury Surface

8∈¿

sp . gr . 13.6

a) p=wh

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 p=( 62.4 lb /ft 3 ) ( 13.6 ) ( 128 )
p=565.8 lb /ft 2

b) p=( 565.8lb / ft 2) ¿
p=3.93 lb/¿2

c) p=565.8 lb/ft 2 +2116 lb/ ft 2

p=2681.8lb /ft 2

d) p=3.93 lb /¿2 +14.7

p=18.6 lb/¿2

9 Module 1 CENG 65

Problem Number 3

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 What height of mercury column will cause a pressure of 100 lb sq∈.? What is the
equivalent height of water column?

Solution:

Mecury Surface

lb
P=100
in 2

10 Module 1 CENG 65

p=wh

p
h=
w

2
( 100lb/¿2 ) 1442¿
( )
a) ft
h=
( 62.4 lb/ ft 3 ) ( 13.6 )
h=17 ft .

b) h=( 100 lb/¿ 2 ) ¿ ¿

h=230.8 ft

Problem Number 4

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 If the pressure in a tank of oil (sp gr 0.80) is 60 lb per sq ∈¿. What is the
equivalent head?

a) in feet of the oil

b) in feet of water
c) in inches of mercury?

Solution:

Oil Surface

11 Module 1 CENG 65
lb
P=60 2
in

sp . gr . 0.8

p
a) h= w
2
( 60lb/¿2 ) 144 ¿
( 1 ft )
h=
( 62.4 lb/ft 3 ) ( 0.80 )

h=173.07 ft

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 2
( 60lb/¿2 ) 144 ¿
( 1 ft )
b)
h=
62.4 lb / ft
h=138.5 ft

p
c) h= w
2
( 60lb/¿2 ) 144 ¿2
( )
1 ft
h=
( 62.4 lb/ft 3 ) ( 13.6 )
h=10.18 ft
h=122.16∈¿

12 Module 1 CENG 65

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH IN A FLUID
p1− p2=wh

Absolute pressure is
p|¿|= wh+ p ¿
a

The corresponding gage pressure is

p=wh

Problem Number 5

The bottom of a river is 12 m below the water surface. Underneath which is silt
having a sp gr of 1.75 and a thickness t. The pressure at the bottom of the silt is
450 kPa. Determine the thickness of the silt.

Solution:

13 Module 1 CENG 65

12 m

sp . gr . 1.75 t

p=450 kPa

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 p2=0+ w1 h1 +w 2 h 2

450,000 N /m 2=9810 N /m 3 ( 12meter )+ 1.75 ( 9810 N /m3 ) t ( h2 )

450,000−( 9810 ) ( 12 )=1.75 ( 9810 ) t

450,000−9810 ( 12 )
t=
1.75 ( 9810 )

t=19.36 meter

14 Module 1 CENG 65

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

 TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE
The pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is equal to the pressure at any other
point plus the pressure produced by a column of the liquid the height of which h
is equal to the difference in elevation between the two point.

p1= p2 + wh

ACTIVITY NUMBER 1

In the figure below, the areas of the plunger A and cylinder B are 7 ¿2 and 750 ¿2
respectively. A weigh 30 lb and B 10,500 lb the vessel and the connecting
passages are filled with oil of specific gravity 0.70. What force p is required for
equilibrium?

P
15 Module 1 CENG 65

Plunger A

1 5 ft

Plunger B

OIL sp . gr . 0. 70

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA

16 Module 1 CENG 65

MECHANICS OF FLUID ENGR. LEANDRO T. SAAVEDRA