UHV shunt reactor for secondary arc
extinction on multiphase reclosing
Y Sekine and I Kurihara
Department of Electrical Engineering, Umverslty of Tokyo,
7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1 13 Japan
Secondary-arc suppression is necessary for successful fast,
multiphase reclosmg on UHV lines. Installation o f a shunt
reactor is one o f the most effective methods o f rapidly
extinguishing the secondary arc. For multiphase reelosing
on untransposed double-cwcuit UHV lines, a zero-sequence
compensated balanced shunt reactor cannot suppress the
secondary are sufficiently. This ts because of the imbalance
in electrical couplings among phases. A zero-sequence
compensated unbalanced shunt reactor ts proposed to
compensate for the zmbalance in the electrostatic couplings.
The effects of this reactor on suppressing the secondary arc
can easily be analysed by the introduction of phase-to-phase
compensanon parameters. Such parameters can be used to
decide on the optimum shunt reactor for secondary-arc
ex tin c uo n.
Keywords: electric power transmission lines, electric
reactors, secondary arcs, reclosuring
Secondary arcs must be extinguished rapidly for successful
high-speed recloslng. On UHV transmission lines, a multi-
conductor is used mainly to suppress audible noise. The
strong electrostatic couplings among bundle conductors
make it difficult to extmgmsh secondary arcs. In addition,
m the case of double-circuit untransposed transmission
lines, the secondary-arc-extinction behavlour varies depend-
ing upon the phase of the fault because of the unbalanced
electrical coupling.
Of the factors affecting secondary-arc-extinction behavlour,
the secondary-arc current and recovery voltage are the most
important Application of a shunt reactor is proposed for
suppressing the secondary arc current and recovery voltage
The shunt reactor plays a very important part in solving
problems caused by electrostatic couplings on UHV systems.
In this paper, the effect of the shunt-reactor configuration
is investigated, and a procedure for designing the optimal
shunt reactor IS proposed, with a view to successful multi-
phase reclostng on an untransposed double-circuit trans-
m i s s i o n line.
Recewed 28 September 1982
Vol 5 No 4 October 1983 0142-0615/83/040247-14 $03.00 © 1983 Butterworth & Co (Pubhshers) Ltd
The effects of a zero-sequence compensated balanced shunt
reactor (the so-called four-legged reactor) can be expressed
synthetically in terms of positive-sequence and zero-sequence
compensation factors, regardless of fault phases. Because
of the imbalance of electrostatic couplings among conduc-
tors, the secondary-arc current and the recovery voltage
cannot be suppressed sufficiently. Furthermore, the sup-
pression effects vary accodlng to the faulted phases. It IS
concluded that the zero-sequence compensated balanced
shunt reactor would not ensure successful high-speed
multlphase recloslng.
To compensate for the imbalance of electrostatic coupling,
a new shunt-reactor configuration, called the zero-sequence
compensated unbalanced shunt reactor, is proposed. The
effects of the reactor are expressed visibly using phase-to-
phase compensation parameters. These parameters are
denoted by u and v. The proposed reactor enables multi-
phase reclosing to be achieved rapidly for the commonest
grounding faults
I. Nomenclature
X1 star connected reactance of a zero-sequence
compensated balanced shunt reactor
Xa, X b, Xc star connected reactances of a zero-sequence
compensated unbalanced shunt reactor
Xh neutral reactance of a shunt reactor
hi positive-sequence compensation factor
ho zero-sequence compensation factor
hl(~) positive-sequence compensation factor achieved
by the equivalent phase-to-phase reactances
a,3,~ phase-to-phase compensation factor
DI positive-sequence capacity of a shunt reactor
Do zero-sequence capacity of a shunt reactor
Q~ poslt~ve-sequence charging capacity of line
(20 zero-sequence charging capacity of hne
V magnitude of line to line voltage
E, line-to-ground voltage of phase ]
E line-to-ground voltage of reference phase
E magnitude of hne to ground voltage
phase parameter
|s/, Is(J) secondary arc current of phase I
I~O) magnitude of secondary arc current of phase j
~rr1 recovery voltage of phase/'
r~ ratio of recovery voltage to line-to-ground
voltage
247
 U,V phase-to-phase compensation parameter b

t: I
Yo zero-sequence admittance of hne
Y1 posmve-sequence admittance of line
r,k Xl Xl
capacitive admittance between phase ] and k
Y~ equivalent phase to phase admittance of a zero-
sequence compensation balanced shunt reactor
equivalent phase-to-ground admittance of a
zero-sequence compensated balanced shunt
reactor
y(L) x.
/ admittance of a zero-sequence compensated
unbalanced shunt reactor (y(L) = 1IXI)
equivalent phase to phase admittance of a zero-
sequence compensated unbalanced shunt Ftgure 2. Zero-sequence compensated balanced shunt
reactor reactor
Y~) equivalent phase to ground admittance of a
zero-sequence compensated unbalanced shunt
reactor
admittance parameters
YI, YII the reactor is shown in Figure 2. For transposed, single-
y. y' circuit transmission lines, the effects of the shunt reactor
Y.,Y~ on suppressing the secondary arc current and recovery
A1,B 1 voltage have been discussed.

In this section, the application of the reactor to untrans-

II. Representation of electrical couplings
The energy of a secondary arc is supplied by both electro-
static and electromagnetic couplings between the opened
phases and sound phases. The actual secondary-arc current
and recovery voltage are a vector summation of electro-
static and electromagnetic components. In a UHV system,
the electrostatic coupling is so dominant that the electro-
magnetic component can be neglected.
The transmission-line model, which takes only electrostatic
coupling into account, is given in Figure 1. For an untrans-
posed double-circuit transmission line, the electrostatic
coupling is represented by lumped capacitors. The phase
arrangement shown in Figure 1 is used mainly to minimize
the electrical field on the ground surface.
posed double-clrcmt transmission lines is investigated, and
the possibility of successful high-speed multlphase reclosmg
is discussed.
The reactor configuration will be referred to as the zero-
sequence compensated balanced shunt reactor rather than
the four-legged reactor. The neutral reactor denoted by X n
in Figure 2 works as a zero-sequence compensating device,
and the star-connected reactors are assumed to have equal
reactances.
II1.1 Secondary-arc current
The positive-sequence compensation factor (h t) and the
zero-sequence compensation factor (h0) are defined as
follows

When estimating the required dead time, electromagnetic positive-sequence capacity of shunt reactor (Di)
couplings must be considered because the actual secondary hi =
positive-sequence charging capacity ofhne (QI)
arc current and recovery voltage are affected by them
(1)
according to the faulted phases
zero-sequence capacity of shunt reactor (Do)
h0 =
zero-sequence charging capacity of line (Qo)
III. Zero-sequence compensated
balanced shunt reactor For a zero-sequence compensated balanced shunt reactor
Installation of a four-legged reactor has been proposed for
rapid extinction of the secondary arc. The configuration of DI = V2/XI
(23
Do = V2/(Xi + 3Xn)

where V is the line to hne voltage

h: = ] / Y , x :
(3)
he : 1/ro(Xi + 3x.)
YI and Yo represent the equivalent positive-sequence and
zero-sequence admittance of a transmission line, respec-
tively, and are defined as

II1 = Q1/ V 2
Figure 1. Electrostatm couphng among conductors, (4)
vjk = ~ocjk Yo = Qo/ V 2

248 Electrical Power & Energy Systems

 where

r¢ ~ c III = Ye, -- (Y~ + Yy)/2

YII = (3)I/2(Yt3- Yv)/2

In the derwatlon of equation (7), the hne voltages are sup-

posed to be balanced.
Figure 3. Equivalent circuit of the zero-sequence compen-
sated balanced shunt reactor Substitution of equation (5) to equation (7) gives the
following equations

In the equivalent circuit of the shunt reactor given in Figure Y1 3 (II[ +- [(Is(t)/E) 2 - r~I] 1/2) (8)
3, Y~ and Yg are expressed as ho : ?oo hi+ Fo

Y~ = 1/X~= 1 / 3 ( Y l h l - roho) Y1 3
(5) he -- 7:. h , - - = ( Y I + [ ( i , ( O / E ) 2 -- y f i l i % (9)
re re
r e = 1/xg = roho
The admittance matrix of a hne with the zero-sequence These equations mean that equlsecondary arc contour lines
compensated balanced shunt reactor is are represented by straight lines on the hi-h0 plane

a b c The minimum secondary arc current achieved by the zero-

a L a - 2 r ~ - re - ( L b - Y~) - ( G ~ - r~) sequence compensated balanced shunt reactor is gwen by

b - ( L b - YO G v - 2 r ~ - rg - ( G ~ - r~) Is(t) = YnE (10)

C -- ( Yca -- YO -- ( Ybc -- Y~) Ycc -- 2 Y~ -- Yg
The equations of equisecondary arc current and the admit-
a'
--raa' --Yba' --rca' tance parameter for each assumed fault phase are shown in
Table i, which also lists the minimum secondary arc
b' -r.b, -Go' -G: currents. The typical UHV line constants are given in the
C' - 1%' - }%' - r,,a' appendix. Figure 4 shows some examples of equlsecondary
arc current contour hnes. The straight line that passes
through the origin of the coordinate axes corresponds to
a' b' c' X n = 0. In this case, the neutral of the star-connected
-- Yaa' -- Yab' -- Yac' reactor is directly connected to the ground In the domain
to the left of the line for X n = 0, the zero-sequence com-
-- Yba' -- Ybb' -- Yah' pensating devine has to be a capacitor and m the domain
-Yca' -G~' -Y~' to the right of the line for X n = 0 it has to be an Inductor.
The broken hne lnd]cates the minimum secondary arc
rcc-2rQ-rg - ( G c - r~) - o G - r 0 current.
- ( G ~ - rO G ~ - 2 r ~ - rg - ( G b - r0 111.2 R e c o v e r y voltage
- ( r c a - r0 - ( L ~ - Y0 Y=- 2r~- rg It is difficult to express the equirecovery voltage curve in
a umfled way as was done for the equlsecondary arc current
For any grounded faults, the secondary arc current (i,(i)) curve. However, the resonant points of the recovery voltage
is given by, on the hi--he plane can be obtained easily. When deciding
optimal values of hi and h0, one should be careful not to
Is(t) e'¢ = J((Y~ -+ Y~)/~a + Y~Eb + YvF,c) (6) choose the values ofh~ and h0 which are close to the
resonant points, to prevent too high a voltage
where Ya, Yt~,and Yv are admittance parameters the values o f
which are determined depending upon the fault phases and The resonant points are obtained from the minor deter-
LOa,L'b, and Ec are phase-to-ground voltages. For example, minant of the admittance matrix above For example, the
the secondary-arc current m the case of a single-hne-to- resonant points of the recovery voltage in the case of
ground fault of phase a is obtained by setting q5 = 0, Ya = double-hne grounded faults on phases a and b are given
Yaa', Yt3 = Yah + }Tab' and r v = Yca + Yac' and using the ' + ' by
component of the compound sign in equation (6). For a
double-phase grounded fault of phases a and b, the second-
ary-arc current of phase a is obtained by setting ~b= 4n/3, =0 (11)
Yce--2Y~-- Yg
Ya = Y c a -}- Yac', Y3 = Yaa' and Yv = YaK and using the ' + '
sign in equation (6).
From equations (6) and (1 1), we obtain
The magnitude of the secondary arc current is given by
2Y~ 3
h 0 -- ~ h I -t- ~ (YI --- ( Y I I ) 1/2) (12)
I i~(i)12 = Is(i) 2 = ((YI + y~)2+ y ~ ) E z (7) re 2re

Vol 5 No 4 October 1983 249

r~
(~1
0

c,o to
o"
E
¢~ ~ ~'~ ~ I
I " ~ ~ " - ~ ~

0o =

0
=

~ o o~ o ~ ~ ~ o~ o~ o ~ ~ o q
~ ~ ° ° ~ ~ ° ° 1 ~ ~
++ 4- ++ ++ ++ ++
=

+ + + +++

~ o o ~ ~ ~ ~ o o o ~ ~ ~
+ + + +++

m
E

"o oo
0
0 ~ 0

Ro
m

3
 current contour lines and the equlrecovery voltage contour
lines are shown m Figure 7. The minimum recovery voltage
"q ,q¢o is achieved at the point P, where the arc current is also
0 / , minlmxzed. The neutral reactor is supposed to be not
,oo °'} o-7 capacitive. The compensation factors are as follows
/
/ h I = 38.5%
3O0 /
/, h0 = 0%

// It corresponds to the reactor configuration m which the

2O0 neutral Is isolated from the ground. The recovery voltage
and the secondary arc current are 0.35/(3) 1/2 p.u. and
(
48.5 A/100 km respectively. These values become an index
I00 / qpu)
of the secondary arc suppression effects o f the zero-
sequence compensated balanced shunt reactor.
/
/ iXn=®
0 Table 2. Admittance parameters
0 5O I00 150 2OO
hi, %
Figure 4. Equisecondary arc current contour lines (1LG of Fault
phase a); 1 p.u. = 1 000 A phase YI YI]

a 2Yaa 0
1 LG b 2Ybb 0
where
C 2Ycc 0
}q = r',,a + Y~c
a-a' Yo. + Ycc (Yaa - Yce)2 + 4Y~'
a-b' Yaa + Ybb (Yaa Ybb)2 + 4Y~b'
YII = ( Yaa -- Y c J + 4 Y~, a-c' 2 Yaa 4Ya2b'
21.13
b-a' Ybb + Ycc (Ybb -- Yee)2 + 4 Y~a'
The resonant points o f the recovery voltage in cases o f b-b ' 2 Ybb 4Y/~b'
single-hne-to-ground faults and double-line-to-ground faults c-a' 2 rcc 4Y~'
occurring on the different circuits are given by equation
(12). Y[ and ]"It are presented in Table 2 according to the
fault case. Fault
phase Y y,

For double-hne-to-ground faults on the same c~rcult, they

are expressed approximately as follows" a-b (Yaa + Ybb)/2 Yab
2LG b-c (Ybb + Ycc)/2 Gc
YI 3 c-a (Ycc + Yaa)/2
ho=--2YohI +~o (Y- Y')
(13)
1
h, = - ~ l ( Y + Y')

where Y and Y' are given m Table 2. Figure 5 shows the

resonant points o f the recovery voltage for some fault cases.
400
The magnitude o f the recovery voltage is investigated only

%,
for single-line-to-ground faults and for a double-hne-to-
ground fault on phases b and b'. Single-line-to-ground faults 300 c-o /
have a relatively high probablhty of occurrence and the
fault occurring on phases b and b' causes a loss o f one out
o f three phases. The equlrecovery voltage contour hnes are 2OO
shown in Figure 6.

/ I"
C-O
111.3 Limit of secondary arc suppression effects I00
The minimum secondary arc current achieved by the zero- b-c o-b
sequence compensated balanced shunt reactor varies with
the fault phase. The suppression effect of the reactor is
least in the case of the phase c-a' double-hne-to-ground 00 5O I00 150 200
fault. The minimum secondary arc current is 48.5 A/100 kin, h~,%
which is only 20.1% smaller than the mimmum achieved Figure 5. Resonant points of recovery voltage (2LG on the
without using the shunt reactor. The equlsecondary arc same circuit)

Vol 5 No 4 October 1983 251

It is concluded that the application of the zero-sequence o

Ic
I
compensated balanced shunt reactor would not ensure high-
speed multiphase reclosmg on a UHV line of about 200 km xo
(~CL)) Xb Xc
Iyb(L )) (yc( L))
length.

IV. Zero-sequence compensated

unbalanced shunt reactor x.
The effects o f the zero-sequence compensated balanced (y.(L))
shunt reactor on the suppression o f secondary arc current
77
Figure 8. Zero-sequence compensated unbalanced shunt
reactor

,oo I01(3)V;z
/
400 2~'0/(3)t/z f5/(3)q~'
500
20/(3)Vz
2o
Figure 9. Equivalent circuit of the zero-sequence compen-
2OO
1 . 0 ~ ,.---.-.--
~~20
,.~I 0/(3)
0/(5)1/i/2I/2
251(3) sated unbalanced shunt reactor

I O0 k
" . ~--'- 05/(3)V~ are restricted mainly by the Imbalance in the electrostatic
\, <pu) , coupling among the bundle conductors. To reduce the
Oi~ 50
I
I00 150 200 effect of the imbalance, a new configuration of the shunt
hi,% reactor Is proposed. Figure 8 shows a zero-sequence com-
pensated unbalanced shunt reactor. It is composed o f star-
Figure 6. Equirecovery voltage contour lines (2LG of
connected unbalanced reactors and a neutral reactor. The
phasesbandb'),lp.u = 1000kV
secondary arc suppression effects o f the reactor of this
configuration wdl now be discussed.

I V. 1 Expression of the zero-sequence

compensated unbalanced shunt reactor
Figure 9 shows the equivalent circuit of the shunt reactor.
It is convenient to use admittances instead of reactances.
50( Let us compensate the electrostatic couphngs between
p h a s e s a - b , b-c and c--a with compensation degrees o f a,
3, and 3' respectively, or
40(
Ol =
v(L )l y a b
l ab ~

3o( y(L)/Z (14)

[3 = bc I bc

"[
= y(L)l Z
ca i ca
2O

where (L) denotes the lnductxve admittance of the reactor.

Letting

(15)

the admittances o f the shunt reactor are gwen by

hi,°/o
F)gure 7. Equlsecondary arc current and equFrecovery Yi L> = ~ 0 = a, b, c)
voltage contour lines (2LG of phase c and c'); 1 p.u. = (16)
1 000 A, 1 000 kV r . (L> = k ( k - Y;)

252 Electrical Power & Energy Systems

where Letting

(1 --or) Yah = - - X
(22)
Ya= \ {3Ybc !
(1 -- 3,) Yca = - - Y
, (a[JYabYbc) a/2 the secondary arc current (Isa) as given by

(17) ¢.
i . = j z l ( X + y + 2 r a a ' - Yah'-- rac')
t ([J~fYbcYca~ 1/2
Y'c= t- -~--~aa "] +](3)a/2( x - - Y -- rib' +rac')} (23)

where !~ denotes the phase-to-ground voltage.

Y~= ra + Y~+ Y~
Now, letting
The posmve-sequence and zero-sequence compensation
factors are defined by equation (1). The following relation- x+y =u
ship exists between ha and ho: (24)
x - - y = -- V/(3) a/2

Yo h~) (18) Equation (23) can be written as follows:

hi =Y1 h o +

where ]1o and I"1 are zero.sequence and posltxve-sequence (U --Aa) 2 + (V --Ba) 2 = \ ~ ( ' - ] (25)
admittances of the transmission line, respectwely, and h~~)
is the positive-sequence compensatmn factor achieved only
by the equwalent reactances of the shunt reactor among where
phases. It is given by Aa =--2Yaa' + Yah'+ Yac'
(26)
h{~) = aYab + t3Ybc + "YYca (19) Ba = (3)1'2(r.c ' -- Yau)
Y1
Equation (25) describes a circle on the u-v.plane.. The centre
The equwalent phase-to-ground admittances of the shunt and the radius are given by (Aa, Ba) and 211sa [/IE I respec-
reactor are gwen by tively.

r,T : Y;.0 As the next step, let us consider the secondary arc current
In the case of a single-line-to-ground fault on phase b. In
3YoY/ (20) the vertical conductor arrangement shown m Figure 1, the
Y~= rt (j=a,b,c) difference of lane capacitances between the upper phase and
the lower phase is relatively small. So, it is convenient to
The next relatmnshlp exists between k and ho set X a = Xc( Ya(L ) = y(L )) in the zero-sequence compen-
sated shunt reactor from the standpoint of reactor manu-
3Yo. facturing. This assumption is gwen by
k = Yt h e + Yt (21)
ara~ = t3Y~ (27)
IV.2 Secondary arc current The secondary arc current (isb) is given by
As an example, let us consider a smgle-hne-to-ground fault
on phase a. The equivalent clrcuat with the secondary arc aist, = IE{(x + At,) +/B~} (28)
current flow is given in Figure 10.
where
a=#(2/3)~

Ab = Ybb' -- ~ (Ybc -- Yah + Yah' + Yba') (29)

B~ = ( } ) " 2 ( Y b : - r~c + g.~ - ra~')

Usxng equation (24), equation (28) can be written as

+
L\ - - ~ ]

Z\ -Xr=
/ It is a straight hne on the u - v plane.

Figure 10. Equivalent mrcmt with the secondary arc The new variables u and v defined by equation (24) are
current flow (1LG of phase a) named phase-to-phase compensation parameters.

Vol 5 No 4 October 1983 253

In the same way, the eqmsecondary arc current contour not exceed 100% from the point of view of voltage regula-
hnes are represented rather by circles or straight hnes on the tion. Therefore, the compensation degree achieved only by
u-v plane for any fault cases The radms of the circle is m phase-to-phase compensatmn must not exceed 100%. Thts
proportion to the magnitude of the secondary arc current constraint ~s gwen by
and the gradient of the strmght hne is equal to rather (3) 1/2
or - (3)1,2. ~Ya~ + ~ Y ~ + 7Yea ~< Y~ (31)
Table 3 shows the forms of the eqmsecondary arc current On the u - v coordinate, ~t ~s expressed as
contour hnes and related parameters. The centres of the
circles and constants A I and Bj in equation (30) are gwen
m the table according to the forms of the contour hnes. v ~> 3(3)1/2u -- 2(3)1/2(Y1 -- (2Yab + Yea)) (32)

It 1s necessary to discuss some constraints on the u-v plane From the point of wew of manufacturing the zero-sequence
The shunt compensatmn degree of the whole system should compensated unbalanced shunt reactor, it would be deslr-

Table 3. Forms of the equisecondary arc current contour lines and related parameters

Fault
phase Shape Sign Aj Bj

a Circle - 2 r~., + Yah' + r.~, (3)1/2(Yac'- Yab')

(3) 1/2
1 LG b Straight hne + Ebb' -- 1 ( Ybc -- Yab 4- Yab' at- Yba' ) - - ( Yba' - - Ybc + Yah -- YaK)
2
c Circle -- 2 ra.' + r~., + rb~ - ra~ + rb : --(3)1/2(Ybc -- Yab + Yba'-- Yea')

(3) 1/5
Yac'- l(y , + Yah') - - ( Yab' -- Yaa' )
2
a-b (3) 1/2
+ - Yo., + Yah - Yah' + ~ ( Y ~ : + Yob') - - (rb~' - r~a')
2
(3)1,/2
+ -Yea' +-~(Ybb' + Yah') - - (Yah' -- Ybb' )
i Straight hne 2
b-c (3) 1'2
Yea'--½(Yba' + Yaa' ) - - ( raa' -- rt, a' )
2
(3) 1'2
+ -- Ybc + Yab-- Yba' + ½( Yoa' + Yea') -- (Yea' - Yaa')
2
c-a
(3)":
+ -- }tab' + ½(Yac' + Yaa') - - ( Yaa' -- Yac' )
2

2LG
a-a' {;, C, ,e gab ' + Yad
Yb~ - Yah + Yba' + Y~.'
(3)l/:(Yac'- Yab')
( 3 ) i / 2 ( Y c a ' - Ybc + Yah -- Yba')
-- 2 Yoa' + Yac' (3) 1/5 Yac'
a-b' {a
b'
l
Straight hne
+ (3) 1/5
Ybb' - {( Yba' + Ybc --Yah) ( Ybc -- Yah -- Yba' )
2
a-c' {;, Cl!cle -- 2Yaa' + Yah' - ( 3 ) ~'2 Yah'
- 2 Y~, + y.~, - - ( 3 ) 1'2 }Tab'
(3) 1/2
b--a' t b Straight line + Yb~' - i(Yb~ - Yah + Y.b') -- (--Ybc + Y a b - YaK)
2
[a ' Circle -- 2 Yaa' + Ybc -- Yah + Ycd (3)~':(Y~. ' - Yb~ + Ya~)
(3) 1/2
- { ( Ybc - Ya~ + Y.~' + Y~.' ) - - ( Y~,a' -- Yb~ + Y , , t , - Yah')
2
(3) 1/2
- - { ( Yb~ -- Yao + tab' + Ybd ) - ( Yba' -- gbc + Yah -- Yah')
-

2
c-a' {Ca' Circle
- - 2 Yo~' + Y ~ -- Ya~ + Y~a' --(3)1/:(Yb¢ - - Yah + Yba')
- - 2 Yo.' + Y b c - Ya~ + Yba' --(3)l/:(Ybc - - Yah + Yba')

E
C,rcle centre ( A I , B ] ) , I I I = [ Iu A I ) 2 + (v -- B ] ) 2 ] '/~

Straight hne v = (sign) (3)1/2u + 2(3)J/;[A/ +- ( I I / E I z --B~)] 2,/2

254 Electrical Power & Energy Systems

able that Xa, Xb, Xc and X n are all inductive. These con-
straints are given by

~>~0, /3~>0, ?,>~0

(33)
ho~O
o.~ Y / ~ l.~, ,~
and expressed as

v ~< (3)1/2u + 2(3) 1/2 Yal~

(34)
o, ~/~ ,4/
v ~> -- (3)1/2U -- 2(3) 1'2 Yca , ~ ?//
Figure 11 shows the equlsecondary arc current contour
lines for single-line-to-ground faults and the constraint
domain. The contour lines for double-hne-to-ground faults
are illustrated in Figure 12. The secondary arc current
,{ ~.o, /
suppression effects are at a mimmum for the triple-line-
to-ground fault on phases a, c' and a'. The secondary arc
current contour hnes m this case are given in Figure 13. The I
minimum secondary arc current is about 25.6 A/100 km.

These figures indicate that the effects of the zero-sequence

compensated unbalanced shunt reactor vary widely depend-
mg upon fault cases.

IV.3 Recovery voltage

The recovery voltage is affected not only by phase-to-phase
compensation parameters but also by the zero-sequence
compensation factor (h0). Equirecovery voltage contour
hnes for a given value of h0 are also illustrated.
/
F0gure 12. Equlsecondary arc current contour hnes (2LG
on each mrcult), 1 p.u. = 1000 A

-,/•/ / i
oz- 4"7 .~/ / /
/_,.
// ~/ 07
go:;,,
-~ o./ / l/
i_/,,u
ii ooi

Figure 11. Equlsecondary arc current contour lines I1LG) Figure 13. Equlsecondary arc current contour lines (3LG
and the constraint domain; 1 p.u. = 1000 A of phases c, c' and a'); 1 p.u. = 1 000 A

Vol 5 No 4 October 1983 255

 The asymptote IS expressed as

( 4rl2Ya-- Aa~
I0
v = B a +- (41"/2 -- 1) 1 2 u -- 4772- l ] (38a)

(n) r7 < 1/2 elhpse

O5
The centre is given by
X
-~g 02 4r7z Ya -- Aa
, Ba (38b)
4~ a - 1
ol
(m) 77 = 1/2. parabola

005 The equatton is reduced to

(V --Ba) z = ( Y a - Aa) ( Ya + Aa -- 2u) (38c)

002
As mentioned above, eqmrecovery voltage contour hnes m
the case of a slngle-hne-to-ground fault on phase a are
001 "- represented by a conic section. This is apphed to a fault on
0 50 IO0 150 2OO
phase c
h0 , %

FNure 14. Recovery voltage against zero-sequence compen- The recovery voltage on phase b is expressed as
satmn factor, 1 p.u. = 1 000 kV
Isb
Vrb = (39)
I ( Y o - - 2x)
An example of the dependence of the recovery voltage on
ho is given an Figure 14. The recovery voltage becomes where
a minimum at ho = 0 Therefore, it would be reasonable to
discuss the recovery voltage under ho = 0 for finding out zb= :%+ g~c- tab + Ya~'+ r~, + :%,
the minimum recovery voltage domain on the u - v plane
In this case, the following equation can be derived.
It ~s dlffmult to express the eqmrecovery voltage contour
hnes m a simple way for grounded faults. However, import- (0 7? 4 : 1 / 2
ant faults that have a relatwely high probabdlty of occur-
rence or that have a large mlpact on the system can be V = (3) r =u -- 2 (3)1/2
expressed easdy on the u-v plane
2Ybr~Z + Ab +- [(2Ybrl2 + Ab) a
Let us consider a smgle-hne-to-ground fault on phase a -- (4r/;-- 1) (Yff r / = - A ~ -- B~)] ''2
x
Under ho = 0, the recovery voltage is gwen by 4r/2- 1
(40a)
%- Isa
(35)
](Ya - - u ) (11) 7? = 1/2

where 31/2(Y~ -- 4(A~ + B~))

v = (3)1/2u -- (40b)
r . = r ~ + Yo.,, + tab, + r.c, 2(Yb + 2Ah)

Substituting Isa and letting where At, and B b are given by equation (29)

IgCra l Figure 15 shows the equlrecovery voltage contour hnes for

- r? (36)
IEI the case of a slngle-hne-to-ground fault. For a fault on phase
a or c, both the recovery voltage and the secondary arc
we obtain current become zero at the same point on the u - v plane.

[ 4r~: Ya -- A a \ 2 Eqmrecovery voltage contom hnes for a double-hne-to-

( 4 r / 2 - 1) ( u - - 4r1:-- 1 ) - - ( v - - B a ) : ground fault on the same phase are given m Figure 16 as an
example. An appropriate approxlmaUon makes it possible
4r/2 to represent them using a conic section. For other fault
- - - ( Ya -- Aa) 2 (37)
4r~2 -- 1 cases, eqmrecovery voltage contour lines cannot be ex-
pressed so easdy and numerical analysis is needed for
where A a and B a are gaven by equation (26) displaying them on the u-v plane.

Equation (37) varies with 7? as follows: IV.4 Design o f o p t l m a l r e a c t o r

Deciding upon the optimal capamty of the zero-sequence
(1) r / > 1/2' hyperbola compensated unbalanced shunt reactor is possible using

256 Electrical Power & Energy Systems

 02

Ol O(pu
/

015 ! I
,( / I,
I
o.2

Figure 16. Equirecovery voltage contour lines (2LG of

phasesa and a'), - - -approximation, 1 p.u. = 1000 kV

Table 4. The estimated probabilities of the faults

on UHV lines by lightning

Fault cases Occurrence probablhtles*

1LG a 0.022 93
FNure 15a. Equirecovery voltage contour hnes (1LG of b 0.018 10
phase a), 1 p.u. = 1000 kV c 0.148 37

On the same circuit -t

2LG Between circuits a a' 0.002 78

b b' 0.001 04

°2- // a b' 0.000 04

Another -t
/@
* Times/year- 100 km
1"Cannot be perceived

" S/
equlsecondary arc current contour hnes and equlrecovery
voltage contour lines on the u - v plane.

Comparing Figure 11 with Figure 15, the domain in which

the secondary arc current is suppressed is found to corre-
spond to the domain in which the recovery voltage can be
suppressed. This fact is true of other fault cases. Therefore,
it would be reasonable to decide the optimal parameters
using only equisecondary arc current contour hnes.

From the equlsecondary arc current contour lines, it can be

said that the domain in which the secondary arc current is
suppressed beneath a certain value vanes according to the
fault. So, it is Impossible to suppress secondary arc suffici-
ently for any fault case. To design the shunt reactor, there-
fore, some weighting of the fault cases is necessary.

Figure 15b. Equwecovery voltage contour hnes (1LG of The estimated probabilities o f faults on UHV hnes caused
phase b), 1 p.u. = 1 000 kV by lightning are listed in Table 4. Faults frequently occur-

Vol 5 No 4 October 1983 257

 where I s (x) represents the secondary arc current of fault
phase x.

Figure 17 shows the domain In which the above constraints

/o, are satisfied. The optimal values of u and v which satisfy

all constraints do not exist. Therefore, as a compromise,
we set
//~' 2oA

\ /
/ (u, v) = (0.05, 0.05)

Once u and v are determined, the recovery voltage varies

according to the degree of compensation and is resonant to
O05
some extent. Figure 18 illustrates the resonant points of the
recovery voltage. The resonant point ranges from 80% to
140% of the posltwe-sequence compensation factor.

o,,c \ ,oA / The reactances of the zero-sequence compensated un-

balanced shunt reactor are calculated using equations (16)-
,oA °' Y / I00 k m

005 O.I
g
Table 5. Secondary arc current and recovery voltage
F ,gure 17. Secondary arc current suppress,on domain;
Is (1 LG) <~ 10 A / 1 0 0 km, Is (b - - b', a -- a') ~< 10 A / 1 0 0 km,
X a = 3 690.7 ha = 63.5%
I s (a, a -- b') ~< 10 A / 1 0 0 km, I s (b', a - - b ' ) <~ 20 A / 1 0 0 km
Xb = 2 389.5 h0 = 20.0%
X n = 9 216.7 (K2/100 km • unit bank)

Fault phase I s (A) Vr (kV)

(2 x
ILG b x
c a 40 20
o-b x x
1LG b 11.2 69
2LG b - c x x c 5.7 30
C-O x

3LG o-b-c x x a-b fa 9.9 46

o-a' x
lb 90 53
O- b' X X
2LG (I) b-c Ib 10.2 61
G - C' X X
2LG b- o' x ic 10.6 52
b - b' x x {; 18.0 113
C - O' X X
c-a 19.9 117
o - 0 ~- f f x x
o _ DS_ C I x x x
0 - C'- O' x x x ! 18.5 112
b - a'- b ' x x 3LG (I) a-b-c 5.4 34
3LG b - b'- c' x X x
b-c'-o' xx x x 16.9 110
C - 01- b' x x
C -b'-c' x x x
C - C'- a ~ × x a--a' {a 9.9 53
× x l
a' 10.1 56
o-b-c-o'
a-b-c-ff X X X X a 13.7 51
o-b-c-c t X X X X
a-b' b' 24.2 143
4LG a-b-/J-c' X X X X
b-c-d-b' X X X X a-c' {a 32.7 162
b - C - O ~ - C' X X X
c' 32.7 162
O - C - f f - Cs X X X X 2LG(II)
I I
b-a' {b 251 149
o 5O K)O L5O 200 ' 12.3 45
ho, % b-b' {~ 11.5 94
1 I t I I / I I
5O 9o 7O
1(30 I10 120 80 130
' 11.5 94
hi,% c--a' {c 32.9 171
F,gure 18. Resonant points of the recovery voltage
a' 32.9 171

a 11.2 49
ring in the actual system are slngle-hne-to-ground faults or a.-a'-b ' a' 15.0 71
double-hne-to-ground faults on the two circuits. Thus, we b' 19.6 117
consider the following domain a 27.0 107
3tx;([i) a-b'~" b' 25.5 142
Is(a,b,c)<~ 10 A/100 km c' 36 5 167
a 30.1 158
Is(a--a' , b-b', a-b'(a)) <~ 10.4,/100 km a--a'-c' a' 24.2 121
c' 10.2 72
Is(a-b'(b')) < 20 A/100 km

258 Electrical Power & Energy Systems

(21) for certain values of hi and ho. As an example, the
reactances for ho = 20% are given by
X a = 3 690.7
X b = 2 389.5
X c = 3 690.7
X n = 9 216.7 (~2/100km-unit bank)
When this reactor IS used, the secondary arc current and
recovery voltage are obtained, as shown in Table 5 The
zero-sequence compensated unbalanced shunt reactor
designed using the u - v plane makes it possible to apply the
actual, fast, multlphase reclosmg scheme to the untrans-
posed double-mrcuit UHV hne.
V. Conclusions
Use of the shunt reactor for secondary arc suppression in
high-speed, multiphase recloslng on a UHV line has been
discussed. The zero-sequence compensated balanced shunt
reactor has been shown to be unable to suppress secondary
arc current and recovery voltage suffimently. Also, it has
been shown that successful, high-speed, multlphase reclos-
mg would be difficult using a reactor of this type.
A new reactor configuration which compensates for the
imbalance of phase-to-phase couphngs has been considered;
this is a zero-sequence compensated unbalanced shunt
reactor. The effect of this reactor on suppressing the
secondary arc current can be expressed visibly by introduc-
ing new parameters called phase-to-phase compensation
parameters. The optimal designed zero-sequence compen-
sated unbalanced shunt reactor would ensure fast, multi-
phase reclosmg on an untransposed double-circuit UHV hne.
V I . Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the members of Working Group-
16 m UHV Transmission Specml Committee for discussions
on this work. The financial assistance of the Ministry of
Education and Central Research Institute of the Electric
Power Industry are gratefully acknowledged.
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Appendix 1: Line admittance matrix (50 Hz)

a b c a' b' c'

a 4.049 20 - 0 . 9 5 5 17 - 0 . 2 9 2 49 - 0 . 1 4 4 46 - 0 . 3 0 2 03 - 0 . 5 1 2 45

b - 0 955 17 4.161 80 - 0 . 9 6 9 62 - 0 292 64 -0.391 O0 - 0 . 3 0 2 03

c - 0 . 2 9 2 49 - 0 . 9 6 9 62 3.960 50 - 0 . 4 8 0 97 - 0 . 2 9 2 64 - 0 . 1 4 4 46

a t
- 0 . 1 4 4 46 - 0 . 2 9 2 64 - 0 480 97 3.960 50 - 0 . 9 6 9 62 - 0 . 2 9 2 49

b' - 0 302 03 0.391 O0 - 0 . 2 9 2 64 - 0 . 9 6 9 62 4.161 80 -0.955 17

c~ - 0 . 5 1 2 45 - 0 . 3 0 2 03 - 0 . 1 4 4 46 - 0 . 2 9 2 49 -0.955 17 4.049 20

× 10-4 s/100 km

260 Electrical Power & Energy Systems