• Recap: Lecture 5

– Velocity components and nomenclature

– Velocity triangles

1
 Lect-2
Thermodynamics of compressors

Compression in terms
of total parameters

2
 Lect-2
Velocity triangles

1 2 3
V2
β2

V1
Axial direction β1 α2
C2
Tangential direction

V1 α3
V2 C3
U
α1 U
C1 C2

Rotor Stator
Radial direction ! ! !
normal to this plane
C = U +V
3
 Velocity triangles

V2
β2 Vw2
α2
V1 Vw1
ΔCw
U
β1 C2 Cw2
α1
C1 Cw1

Ca

4
 Lect-14
Work and compression

• Assuming Ca=Ca1=Ca2, from the velocity triangles,

we can see that
U U
= tan α1 + tan β1 and = tan α 2 + tan β2
Ca Ca

• By considering the change in angular momentum

of the air passing through the rotor, work done per
unit mass flow is
w = U (Cw2 - Cw1 ), where Cw1 and Cw2are the tangential
components of the fluid velocity before and after the
rotor, respectively.
5
 Lect-14
Work and compression

The above equation can also be written as,

w = UCa (tan a 2 - tan a1 )
Since, (tan a 2 - tan a1 ) = (tan b1 - tan b 2 )
\ w = UCa (tan b1 - tan b 2 )
In other words, w = UDCw
• The input energy will reveal itself in the form of rise
in stagnation temperature of the air.
• The work done as given above will also be equal to
the change in stagnation enthalpy across the stage.
6
 Work and compression
Lect-14

h02 - h01 = UDCw

UDCw DT0 UDCw
T02 - T01 = Þ =
cp T01 c pT01
Since the flow is adiabatic and no work is done as
the fluid passes through the stator, T03 = T02
Let us define stage efficiency,hst , as
h03s - h01
hst =
h03 - h01
This can be expressed as
T03s DT0
= 1 + hst
T01 T01 7
 Lect-14

Work and compression

In the above equation, ΔT0 = T03 - T01

In terms of pressure ratio,
g / (g -1)
P03 é DT0 ù
= ê1 + h st ú
P01 ë T01 û
This can be combined with the earlier equation to give,
g / (g -1)
P03 é UDCw ù
= ê1 + h st ú
P01 êë c pT01 úû

8
 Lect-2
Work and compression

• From the above equation that relates the per

stage temperature rise to the pressure ratio, it
can be seen that to obtain a high temperature
ratio for a given overall pressure ratio (for
minimizing number of stages),
– High blade speed: limited by blades stresses
– High axial velocity, high fluid deflection
(β1-β2): Aerodynamic considerations and adverse
pressure gradients limit the above.

9
 Design parameters

• The following design parameters are

often used in the parametric analysis of
axial compressors:
– Flow coefficient, f = Ca / U
– Stage loading or loading coefficient,
y = Dh0 / U = DCw / U
2

– Degree of reaction, Rx
– Diffusion factor, D*
10
 Degree of reaction

• Diffusion takes place in both rotor and the

stator.
• Static pressure rises in the rotor as well as the
stator.
• Degree of reaction provides a measure of the
extent to which the rotor contributes to the
overall pressure rise in the stage.

11
 Degree of reaction

Static enthalpy rise in the rotor

Rx =
Stagnation enthalpy rise in the stage
h2 - h1 h2 - h1
= »
h03 - h01 h02 - h01
For a nearly incompressible, isentropic flow,
1
h2 - h1 @ (P2 - P1 ) for the rotor
r
1
and for the stage, h03 - h01 @ (P03 - P01 )
r
h2 - h1 P2 - P1
\ Rx = @
h02 - h01 P02 - P01
12
 Degree of reaction

From the steady flow energy equation,

V12 V22
h1 + = h2 +
2 2
h2 - h1 V12 - V22
\ Rx = =
h03 - h01 2U(Cw 2 - Cw1 )
For constant axial velocity, V12 - V22 = Vw21 - Vw2 2
And, Vw1 - Vw 2 = Cw1 - Cw 2
1 Ca
On simplification, R x = - (tan α1 - tan β 2 )
2 2U
Ca
or, R x = (tan β1 + tan β 2 )
2U
13
 Degree of reaction

• Special cases of Rx
– Rx=0,b2 = - b1, There is no pressure rise in the
rotor, the entire pressure rise is due to the
stator, the rotor merely deflects the incoming
flow: impulse blading
– Rx=0.5, gives a1 = b2 and a 2 = b1 , the velocity
triangles are symmetric, equal pressure rise in
the rotor and the stator
– Rx=1.0,a 2 = - a1 , entire pressure rise takes
place in the rotor while the stator has no
contribution.

14
 Lect-3

Degree of reaction
β2
α2
a 2 = - a1
V2 V2 V2
β2 β2
α2 α2
V1 V1
U U U
β1 C2 β1 C2 C2
α1 α1 V1
C1 C1
C1
b2 = - b1 a1 = b2 and a 2 = b1 β1
α1

Rx=0.0 Rx=0.5 Rx=1.0

15
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• Developed in the 1980s by P&W Rocketdyne and AeroJet
• HPOTP: 2 single-stage centrifugal pumps + 2-stage hot-gas turbine
• Main pump: LOX pressure from 2.9 to 30 MPa (420 to 4,350 psi) @ 28,120 rpm à a
power output of 23,260 HP (17.34 MW)
• Pre-burner pump: LOX pressure from 30 to 51 MPa
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71,140 HP
16
Source: http://www.nasa.gov/