Q1

Types of battery storage:

Lithium-ion batteries : Most home battery storage systems coming onto the market use lithium-
ion technology.

Characteristics:

 greater power storage and release than lead acid batteries of a similar size and weight
 faster charging times than lead acid batteries, flow batteries, salt water batteries
 round trip efficiency of 89% for lithium iron phosphate, 97% for lithium cobalt oxide,
75% to 95% for lithium manganese oxide
 cycle life - 3,000 to 6,000 cycles for lithium iron phosphate, 800 to 1,200 cycles for
lithium cobalt oxide, 5,000 to 10,000 cycles for lithium manganese oxide
 operating temperature 0 to 45 degrees for lithium iron phosphate and -10 to 45 degrees
for lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide.
Lead acid batteries : They work similarly to your car battery and have been used to provide back-
up power in blackouts and in remote areas.
Characteristics:

 cheaper than other batteries

 using more than 50% of the overall charge can affect life span and ability to hold charge
 round trip efficiency of 85%
 about 80% of components are recyclable
 cycle life - 2,000 to 3,000 cycles
 operating temperature -10 to 40 degrees.

Flow batteries : Store energy in liquid electrolyte solutions. They tend to be used in commercial
and large-scale applications.
Characteristics:

 about 80% efficient

 more environmentally friendly than other batteries
 complex technology
Salt water batteries : Salt water batteries store water-based chemistry.
Characteristics:

 comparatively affordable
 100% efficient
 most environmentally-friendly batteries on the market
 quite big and heavy

Q2

When the battery is charging up, the lithium-cobalt oxide, positive electrode gives up some of its
lithium ions, which move through the electrolyte to the negative, graphite electrode and remain
there. The battery takes in and stores energy during this process. When the battery is discharging,
the lithium ions move back across the electrolyte to the positive electrode, producing the energy
that powers the battery. In both cases, electrons flow in the opposite direction to the ions around
the outer circuit. Electrons do not flow through the electrolyte: it's effectively an insulating
barrier, so far as electrons are concerned.

Functioning : A battery is made up of an anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, and two current
collectors (positive and negative). The anode and cathode store the lithium. The electrolyte
carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode and vice versa through the
separator. The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a
charge at the positive current collector.  The electrical current then flows from the current
collector through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, etc.) to the negative current
collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery.

Reference : https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-lithium-ion-batteries-work.html