Chapter 2 Cabling

Electromagnetic Compatibility
Engineering
by Henry W.
W Ott
 Overview
„ Cables are important because they are usually the longest parts
off a system and
d therefore
h f act as efficient
ff antennas that
h pickk up
and/or radiate noise.
„ This chapter covers the coupling mechanisms that occur
1. between fields and cables,
2 between cables (crosstalk)
2. (crosstalk),
3. both unshielded and shielded cables are considered.
„ In this chapter,
chapter the following are assumed:
1. Shields are made of nonmagnetic material and the thickness δ.
2. The receptor is not coupled so tightly to the source that it
loads down the source.

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 2

 Overview
3. Induced currents in the receptor circuit are small enough not to
di t t th
distort the original
i i l field.
fi ld (This
(Thi does
d nott apply
l to
t a shield
hi ld around
d the
th
receptor circuit.)
4. L λ.
„ Because L λ , the circuit coupling can be represented by lumped
C and L between the conductors.
„ Three types of coupling:
1. Capacitive or electric coupling.
2. Inductive or magnetic coupling.
3. Electromagnetic coupling or radiation.

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 3

 Capacitive Coupling
„

jω [C12 / (C12 + C2 G )]
VN = V1 (2-1)
jω + 1 R (C12 + C2 G )

1
If R then VN jω RC12 V1 (2-2)
ω (C12 + C2 G )
4
 Capacitive Coupling
„ If V1 and ω cannot be changed, then
1. The receiver circuit can be operated at a lower resistance level;
2. the mutual capacitance C12 can be decreased. C12 can be
decreased by proper orientation of the conductors, by shielding, or
by physically separating the conductors.

πε πε
C12 = −1
(F/m) C12 (F/m)
cosh ( D d ) ln(2 D d )
D d >3

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 5

 Capacitive Coupling

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 6

 Capacitive Coupling
1 ⎛ C12 ⎞
„ If R then VN ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V1.
ω (C12 + C2 G )
⎝ C12 + C2 G ⎠

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 7

 Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling
„

An ideal case because

1. The shield completely encloses conductor 2.
2. The shield is solid.
3. The shield is not terminated, and there is no terminating impedance on
conductor 22.

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 8

 Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling
⎛ C1S ⎞
„ VS ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1
V . ∵ no current flows through C2 S ∴ VN = VS .
⎝ C1S + CS G ⎠

„ If the shield is grounded, then VS = 0 VN = 0.

The shield is not effective unless it is properly terminated
(grounded).

„ In practice, the center conductor extends beyond the shield.

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 Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling
C12
„ VN = V1 , where C12 depends primarily on the
C12 + C2 G + C2 S
⎛ C12 ⎞
length of conductor 2. VN ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟V1 for
C
⎝ 12 + C 2G ⎠

„ For good electric field shielding, unshielded cables.

1. minimize the length of the center conductor that extends beyond the
shield
shield.
2. provide a good ground on the shield.
„ On longer cables,
cables multiple grounds may be necessary.
necessary
„ When the receptor conductor has finite resistance to ground:

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 10

 Effect of Shield on
Capacitive Coupling

1
If R
jω (C12 + C2 G + C2 S )

then VN jω RC12 V1

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 11

 Inductive Coupling
„

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 Inductive Coupling
To reduce VN , B, A, or cos θ must be reduced
reduced.

„ Physical separation or twisting the source wires B

„ Conductor closer to the ground or by using two conductors

twisted together A

„ Proper orientation of the source and receiver circuits cosθ

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 13

 Inductive Coupling
„ Test to distinguish the electric and magnetic coupling

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 14

 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling
„ “2.4 Mutual Inductance Calculations” is skipped.
„

VS jω M 1S I1

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 15

 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling
„ A nonmagnetic shield placed around a conductor and grounded
at one end has no effect on the magnetically induced voltage in
that conductor.
„ How about grounding the shield at both ends?

„ Magnetic Coupling between Shield and Inner Conductor

16
 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling

M = LS

Valid when the tube is cylindrical and the current density is uniform
around the circumference of the tube.

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 17

Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling
VN = jω MI S
VS ⎛ 1 ⎞
IS = ⎜ ⎟
LS ⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠

⎛ jω MVS ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
VN = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ LS ⎠⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠

M = LS

⎛ jω ⎞
VN = ⎜ ⎟VS
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠

18
 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 19

 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling
„ Magnetic Coupling – Open Wire to Shielded Conductor V = ⎛⎜ jω ⎞
⎟VS
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
C

VN = V2 − Vc

∵ M 1 S = M 12

⎛ RS LS ⎞
VN = jω M 12 I1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠

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 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling
⎛ RS LS ⎞
VN = jω M 12 I1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠
VN = jω M 12 I1 − jω M S 2 I S

1. In order to reduce VN at high frequencies, RS should be minimized.

2 RS includes not only the shield resistance but also the termination
2.
resistance of the shield and any resistance in the ground.
21
 Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation
„

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 22

 Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation

⎛ jω ⎞
I S = I1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ jω + RS LS ⎠

Good m
Good magnetic
agnetic shielding can be obtained
at frequencies considerable above the shield
cutoff frequency, ωc = RS LS .

JHLin, EMC; Cabling 23

 Shielding a Receptor Against Magnetic
Fields
„ The best way to protect against magnetic fields at the receptor
to decrease the area of the receptor loop
loop.

Configuration B does not protect against H at f < f c .

At low f,
(1) Any noise current will produce IR drop, which would appear to the circuit.
(2) The ground potential difference at both ends would be a noise voltage in
the circuit.
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