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Grade - X English Grammar NOTES
Grade - X English Grammar NOTES
1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
My family was not rich. We just managed to make both ends meet. We economised
on everything. We bought food on subsidised rates and our meals had no variety.
My sister made their dresses at home and I used to go through terrible scenes on
account of lost buttons and torn trousers. Uncle Jules, my father‟s brother, was the
only hope of the family. I had heard about him since childhood; so I knew details 5
of his life up to the day of his departure for America. Uncle Jules had visibly
diminished my father‟s share of the inheritance after he had swallowed his own.
Once, he wrote to us saying that he would soon make up for the damage done
by him. After two years another letter arrived informing us that he was undertaking
a long sea voyage on account of his business and he hoped to see us once he would 10
return. Uncle Jules, who up to that time had not been worth his salt, suddenly
became a good man. For ten years, nothing was heard from him; but as time went
on, my father‟s hope grew.
His letter became the gospel of the family. It was read on the slightest pretext
and it was shown to everybody. Thousands of schemes were planned on the 15
strength of his expected return. One day, following the wedding of one of my sisters,
all of us took a trip to America.
At a distance on the deck, an old ragged sailor was opening oysters with his knife
and passing them to some gentlemen. He was dirty, wrinkled, and didn‟t lift his
eyes from his work. Both my sisters and m y brother-in-law, gathered around the 20
old man to buy some oysters. My father suddenly appeared to be worried and said in a
low voice, “It‟s strange that the man opening the oysters looks like Jules.”
My father enquired from the captain, who confirmed that it was indeed Jules,
my Uncle Jules. My father murmured: “What a catastrophe!” My parents were visibly
upset, and it was decided that in my brother-in-law‟s presence none of us would 25
acknowledge Uncle Jules as our family member. It would be such a shame if we
did. I was given five francs to pay for the oysters my sisters had bought. As Jules
returned the change, I gave him a generous tip, carefully observing him all the time.
2. a. In the following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form
of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial
order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.
John Henry Fabre, a French biologist, once conducted an experiment with
recessionary caterpillars. He took a flower pot ….1… (contain) pine needles – the
caterpillars‟ favorite food. Around the rim he placed the caterpillars, one behind
the other, until they…2… (form) a complete circle. The caterpillars began …3…
(circle) around the pot‟s rim, blindly following each other but going nowhere. They
…4… (do) this for an entire week. Then, one-by-one they dropped off the pot,
hopelessly ….5… (exhaust). So narrow …6… (be) their vision that none of them
….7… (break) the circle …8… (go) to the pine needles for nourishment.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
1. We discussed the project ___________ a cup of tea.
2. He was cautioned __________ driving rashly.
3. The soldiers penetrated deep __________ the jungle.
4. The student id leaning __________ the wall.
5. Friends learn to bear ____________ one another‟s shortcomings.
6. ______________ me, no one else can do this work.
7. They are bent ___________ creating problems for me .
8. My father impressed ____________ me the need to work hard.
c. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using
and , but or so.
Example: That road is narrow. The bus cannot go there.
Answer: That road is not broad enough for the bus to go there.
1. I have borrowed a book from the teacher. I must return it to him.
2. You saw me talking to a man yesterday. Did you know that man?
3. He does several things. None of them succeeds.
4. We will not reply. It is the safest thing to do.
d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after
each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the
meaning of each sentence.
EXAMPLE : He said to me, “Let us have breakfast.” (Use: suggested)
ANSWER : He suggested o me that we should have breakfast.
1. The firemen extinguished the fire. (Use: put)
2. The evidence shows that what he said was true. ( Use: truth)
3. You never know where you are with people like that, do you? (Begin: One)
4. It would be sensible to call the police, before doing anything else. (Begin:
We had)
5. Sunita was cycling very fast and could not stop at once. (Use: so … that.)
6. He will succeed if he works regularly. (Begin: Unless)
7. None of us should tolerate intellectual dishonesty. (End: … tolerated.)
8. Tagore was a poet as well as a patriot. (Use: not only … but also)
3. KINDS OF SENTENCES
a. Declarative or Assertive Sentence
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a Declarative or Assertive
Sentence; as,
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Borrowed garments never fit well.
Assertive Sentences can be either affirmative or negative; as,
You look fresh. (affirmative)
You do not look tired. (negative)
I forgot to bring the book. (affirmative)
I did not remember to bring the book. (negative)
b. Interrogative Sentence
A sentence that asks
4. INTERCHANGE OF SENTENCES
a. Affirmative and Negative Sentences
Examples:
i. Only a prince can afford such a luxury. (affirmative)
No one except a prince can afford such a luxury. (negative)
ii. She was doubtful whether it was correct. (affirmative)
She was not sure whether it was correct. (negative)
iii. He will not find the journey comfortable. (negative)
He will find the journey uncomfortable. (affirmative)
iv. No one denied that she was clever. (negative)
All affirmed that she was clever. (affirmative)
b. Interrogative and Assertive Sentences
Examples:
i. It is foolish to waste time in watching this programme. (assertive)
Why waste time in watching this programme? (interrogative)
ii. We could not succeed without hard-work. (assertive)
Could we succeed without hard-work? (interrogative)
iii. Who believes in his tall talk? (interrogative)
No one believes in his tall talk. (assertive)
iv. Is he not wise to agree with his superior? (interrogative)
He is wise to agree with his superior. (assertive)
c. Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences
Examples:
i. How beautiful is the moon! (exclamatory)
The moon is very beautiful. (assertive)
ii. That we were at home again! (exclamatory)
We wish that we were at home again. (assertive)
iii. It is sad to think that all good things come to an end. (assertive)
Alas! All good things should come to an end! (exclamatory)
iv. It was a horrible moment. (assertive)
What a horrible moment it was! (exclamatory)
d. Sentences Containing the Adverb “too”
Examples:
i. These mangoes are too cheap to be fresh.
These mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be fresh.
ii. He is too strong to be defeated.
He is so strong that he cannot be defeated.
iii. The hall is so small that all cannot be accommodated.
The hall is too small to accommodate all.
iv. He speaks so softly that he cannot be heard.
He speaks too softly to be heard.
e. Degrees of Comparison.
It is possible to change the degree of comparison of an adjective or an adverb in a
sentence without changing its meaning.
Examples:
i. Ashok is taller than Ravi. (comparative)
Ravi is not as tall as Ashok. (positive)
ii. No other country is as rich as America. (positive)
America is richer than any other country. (comparative)
America is the richest of all countries. (superlative)
iii. Ashoka was one of the greatest kings. (superlative)
Ashoka was greater than many other kings. (comparative)
Very few kings were as great as Ashoka. (positive)
iv. No other metal is as heavy as lead. (positive)
Lead is heavier than any other metal. (comparative)
Lead is the heaviest of all metals. (superlative)
5. ASSIGNMENT
Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each without
changing their meaning.
a. It always pours when it rains.
Begin: It never rains…………………………………………………………….
b. We shall never see his like again.
End: …………………………………………………………….. his like again?
c. Her beauty is beyond praise.
End: ………………………………………………………….………. be praised.
d. No other game is as popular as Cricket in India.
Use the word: most popular.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
e. He is too ill to come to school.
Begin: He is so ill ……………………………………………………………….
f. I am too tired to walk any further.
End: …………………………………………………. Cannot walk any further.
g. It is a horrible night.
End: ………………………………………………….……….. a horrible night!
h. Time is so precious that it cannot be wasted.
End: …………………………………………………….……….. to be wasted.
i. There is nothing brighter than hope.
Begin: Is there ………………………………………………………………….
j. I wish I had the wings of a dove.
End: ……………………………………………………….... the wings of a dove!
k. No sooner did the bell ring than the students rushed out of the classroom.
Begin: No one ………………………………………...………………………..
l. Only a prince can afford to live such a luxurious life.
Begin: No one ………………………………………………………………….
m. Very few countries are as hot as Nigeria.
Use the word: „hotter‟ instead of „hot‟.
……………………………………………………………………………………
n. The brave alone deserve the fair.
Begin: None ……………………………………………………………………
o. As soon as he saw the lion, he climbed up a tree.
Begin: No sooner ………………………………………………………………
p. This fan is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
Begin: This fan is too heavy …………………………………………………….
6. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
Vicomte inherited a large house from his uncle. He learned that populated by
tenants, the building was fetching huge revenues. “Too much, too much entirely,”
thought the generous Vicomte, “my uncle was too hard to rent out the units at this
exorbitant price. I will begin tomorrow to lower my rents and my tenants will bless
me.” 5
With this excellent purpose in view, Vicomte notified all the tenants that their
rents were lowered by one-third thereafter. The unheard of word „lower‟ fell like
a brick on the head of Bernard – the caretaker of the building.
„Lower the rents!‟ he stammered. „Never was such a thing known Truly-„
Vicomte interrupted Bernard and strictly commanded him to follow order, without 10
any debate. Staggering, Bernard went out, al his ideas upset, overthrown, confounded.
Next morning, Bernard, buttoning himself into his best coat, made the rounds
of the lodges to announce the great news. Ten minutes later the whole house was
in commotion. People were clustered together and chatted eagerly. A few of them
wrote to the proprietor to warm him that his caretaker has wholly lost his mind. 15
Vicomte responded, confirming what Bernard had said. Now began a round of
reflections and commentaries.
„An intelligent man would never deprive himself of fat revenues. This kind of
conduct is surely forced by powerful or terrible circumstances.‟
„This man must have committed a great and hidden crime; remorse pushes him 20
to charity.‟
„The house, perhaps, was badly built?‟ questioned another anxiously.
„Perhaps, there is a press for printing counterfeit money in the cellar,‟ added a
basement lodger.
Another gentleman suggested that the proprietor proposed to set fire to this 25
house to draw huge sums from the insurance companies.
From worry it had come to fright; from fright it quickly passed to terror. Everybody
left the place in a couple of weeks. From top to bottom, from foundation to attic,
the house lay empty of lodgers. After a few months, following a more frightful
nightmare even Bernard gave up his keys and scampered away. 30
The accursed house now stands completely abandoned, so dismal is its reputation
that even the neighboring houses on either side of it have also depreciated in value.
Dust thickens upon the closed gates, grass grows in the courtyard. Lower the rent!
Who would think of such a thing!
a. Give the meaning of the following words as used in the passage. One-word
answers or short phrases will be accepted.
i. confounded.
ii. clustered.
iii. remorse.
b. Answer the following questions briefly in your own words.
i. Why did Vicomte decide to lower the rent?
ii. What was Bernard‟s reaction to the decision?
iii. How did the tenants react immediately after Bernard informed them of the
decision?
iv. Mention some of the reasons the tenants offered to explain the proprietor‟s
strange action.
v. What did eventually happen to the house?
vi. What was the impact of the proprietor‟s decision on the neighboring
houses?
c. In not more then 60 words, narrate how a generous gesture by the proprietor
was mistaken by the tenants and it had adverse consequences.
d. Give a title to the passage and give a reason to justify your choice.
7. a. In the following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form
of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial
order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.
A despotic sultan who was blind in one eye invited three artists to paint his picture.
“if you…1…(do) a bad portrait, I ….2 … (punish) you,” he warned, “but if you do
a good one I will reward you. Now ….3…. (start)” The first artist produced a
picture that showed the sultan as he …4…(be), blind in one eye. The sultan had
him …5… (execute) for …6… (show) disrespect to his monarch. The second
artist showed him with both eyes intact. The sultan had him flogged for
trying…7… (flatter) him. The third artist drew him in profile, showing only his
good eye. The sultan, …8… (please), rewarded him with gold.
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
i. His lack of punctuality will be held …………………… him.
ii. The manager has dispensed …………………….. his services.
iii. The lawyer furnished me ……………… a copy of the order.
iv. We were astonished ……………………………… her suddent visit.
v. He does not want to part ………………. his money.
vi. I refrained …………………… giving my opinion.
vii. The ship is bound …………………… Austria.
viii. He was running too fast. I could not keep ………………… with him.
c. Join the following sentences to make one complete using the word in
brackets.
Example: You know a lot of things about him. Tell me al of them. (EVERYTHING)
Answer: Tell me everything that you know about him.
i. Some things will happen. But they will not change my decision. (NOTHING)
ii. His eyesight was damaged. A small object had got into his eye while he was
swimming. (SOMETHING)
iii. Milk says many things. None of them have any value. (NOTHING)
iv. You see a lot of things in that glasscase. They are all valuable. (EVERYTING)
d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction given after
each. Make other changes that may be necessary. But do not change the
meaning of each sentence.
Example: As soon as we reached the station, the train arrived. (Begin: No sooner .)
Answer: No sooner did we reach the station than the train arrived.
i. His suggestion was received well by the members. (Use: went down)
ii. Only a fool would believe you. (Begin: None…)
iii. The old lady had no other company but of her old maid. (Begin: Apart…)
iv. As soon as she heard the news, she collapsed. (Begin: Hardly…)
v. Mangla is the cleverest pupil in the class. (Use: clever…)
vi. Admitting that he is clever, he is proud. (Begin: In spite of …)
vii. It is a good habit to maintain a diary (End: … good habit.)
viii. Why don‟t you meet me to discuss the point? (Begin: I suggest …)
Answers 1. D 2. H 3. A 4. E 5. J
6. B 7. I 8. F 9. C 10. G
9. WORD ECONOMY
Give one word from the box in place of the italicized phrase in each of the following to
sentences:
Impassable, Inimitable, incorrigible, incombustible,
inaccessible, indelible, impotent, inaudible,
inarticulate, incommunicative
a. The antics of Raj Kapoor are not able to be imitated. ______________________
b. The speaker was not able to express himself fluently. ______________________
c. The voice of the lecturer was so faint that it was not able to be heard __________
d. The incriminating evidence was not able to be burnt. ______________________
e. The highway, blocked with snow, was not able to be traversed. ______________
f. A morose individual is not disposed to converse freely. ____________________
g. A ruler in name only in not possessed of power. ______________________
h. A marking ink may by bought that is not to be effaced. ____________________
i. A pupil who cannot profit from his mistakes is not able to be reformed ________
j. A hideout is a retreat, that, except to a few, is not able to be got at ____________
SUBJECT MATTER
a. Formal letters should be brief and to the point. Such letters deal with a particular
subject like ordering goods. There is no need for great creative or imaginative skill
in this type of assignment. Keep to the point. Do not include anything unless it
had direct bearing on the matter under discussion.
b. Let your letter be clear so that the reader knows exactly what you want. You must
make sure to give all the information that is likely to be required or else you may
get more letters asking for additional details. If our are ordering for a book, write
the name of the book, its author, edition, publication, etc.
c. Maintain the necessary formal tone. This is not the type of letter to establish an
intimate personal relationship unless the directions of the question require you to
do so. Be businesslike.
d. Be polite in your expression. This principle holds good even if you have to lodge a
complaint. You must learn to make a complaint, etc.
e. Set out your letter correctly. Most of the business letters are written to someone
you are not acquainted with or whom you have not met or contacted before.
Therefore, be accurate in your language, expression, spelling and punctuation.
Ainsely Lodge
116, Park Street
Kolkata-700008
10th June, 20…
The Manager
Dell India Pvt. Ltd
Divyasree Greens
Bngaluru-560071
Dear Sir,
Enquiry – Dell Inspiron M101z
Thank you for your letter No. III/DIM/101/12 dated 1st June 2011 enclosing your
catalogue.
I am thinking of buying a Dell Inspiro M101z referred to in your catalogue, but
there are two points about which I am not clear. I would like to know about the battery
life of the laptop and whether it is installed with licensed genuine Windows 7 or not.
Kindly let me know whether you have any branch or authorized dealer in Kolkata
where I could examine the laptop and see its working. Further, I would like to know
whether you give some discount to students.
If you will be good enough to supply the information referred to above, I shall let
you know at once whether I wish to buy the laptop or not.
Your faithfully
(Miss Aditi Arora)
12. a. In The following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form
of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial
order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.
A farmer and his neighbor once went to Emperor Akbar‟s court with a complaint.
“Your majesty, I bought a well from him,” said the farmer …1… (point) to his
neighbor. “Didn‟t you say that you that sold your well to this farmer?” Birbal
asked the neighbor. “So, the well belongs to him now, but you …5… (keep) your
water in his well. Is that right? Well, in that case you …6… (have) to pay him a
rent or …7… (take) your water out at once.” The neighbor realized that he …8…
(outwit). He apologized and gave up his claim.
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4.__________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
i. I have disposed __________ my old books.
ii. The Chairman will preside __________ the meeting.
iii. The king was blind __________ one eye.
iv. The labourers were sleeping __________ the shade of a tree.
v. Recently there had been a small reduction __________ the price of petrol.
vi. He did not comply __________ the wishes of his father.
vii. She reconciled herself __________ her fate.
viii. The teacher complied __________ our request.
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3.__________ 4. __________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
c. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and,
but or so.
Example: That box is very small. It is of no use for you.
Answer: That box is so small that it is of no use for you.
i. Your uncle had given you a camera. Show me that camera.
ii. He is a clever man. He won‟t believe that silly story.
iii. The church-windows were smashed by hooligans. It was an ancient church.
iv. This lady is extremely pretty, I have never seen a prettier lady.
d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.
Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of
each sentence.
EXMPLE : He was not sure if he could walk so far. (Use: doubtful)
ANSWER : He was doubtful if he could walk so far.
i. We can go out, provided you come home early. (Begin: We can‟t go…)
ii. Ben is not such a good player as Joe. (Use: than)
iii. She said to us, “Let us go through the book.” (Begin: She suggested …)
iv. Although he was selected for the post, he did not join the office. (Use:
despite)
v. He is inviting each of his friends. (Begin: Each …)
vi. Why don‟t you come with me for a picnic? (Begin: I suggest …)
vii. A men has some influence over a daughter but a woman‟s influence is
greater. (Use: more influence)
viii. No subject interest her as much as English. (Begin: Of all …)
13. a. In the following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form
of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but with in correct serial
order the order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.
One day an eagle swooped down from the sky and carried away a tiny baby. The
eagle soon placed the baby on a cliff, near its nest.
It quickly became evident that the baby might never ….1… (recover). A sailor
tried to climb the cliff, but his limbs began …2… (tremble) and he had …3…
(give) up the attempt. Then the shepherd tried. But after a short distance he …4…
(lose) his footing and fell to the bottom of the cliff. At last a peasant woman tried.
She put her feet on one shelf of the rock, then on another, then on a third. Slowly
she climbed higher and higher until she …5… (reach) the eagle‟s nest at the top of
the cliff. …6… (Take) the baby in her arms, she began the dangerous …7…
(descend). She moved slowly and carefully. Finally, she stood at the bottom of the
cliff with the baby safe in her arms. She …8… (be) the baby‟s mother.
Answers
1.__________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________
5. _________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
i. We were amazed __________ what the police said.
ii. His statement does not correspond __________ yours.
iii. The storm almost lifted me __________ my feet.
iv. He quarreled with her __________ a trifle.
v. The leader is popular __________ his followers.
vi. His kidnapper is still __________ large.
vii. The roof gave way __________ the weight of the snow.
viii. The candidate won victory __________ his rivals.
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
c. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and,
but or so.
i. The doctor isolated the patients. That enabled him to control the disease.
ii. I spent a week in the hospital. Then I had a long rest at home.
iii. She was told the sad news. It made her ill.
iv. I heard the song. It brought back memories of my country.
d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.
Make other changes that may be necessary, but to do not change the meaning of
each sentence.
EXAMPLE : It was fortunate that I was not there. (Use: fortunately)
ANSWER : Fortunately I was not there.
i. “You should rest just now, Rita,” the mother said. (Begin: The mother
advised …)
ii. Donald said that it was his sister‟s fault‟ but that was unkind. (Begin: It was
unkind …)
iii. Uma was unable to do anything until early the following year. (Begin: Not
until …)
iv. Don‟t blame her if the mirror is broken. (Begin: You didn‟t …)
v. You remembered to sign the contract, didn‟t you? (Begin: you didn‟t…)
vi. As soon as he heard the news, he rushed home. (Use: no sooner)
vii. It is a pity that I did not take my doctor‟s advice (Begin: I wish …)
viii. Sugarcane can‟t possibly grow in such poor soil. (Begin: It is impossible …)
c. Universal Truth
If the reported speech relates to some universal truth, the present simple in the
reported speech remains unchanged.
Direct : He said, “The Earth moves round the Sun.”
Indirect : He said that the Earth moves round the sun.
20. ASSIGMENT
Rewrite the following according to the instructions given after each. Change only enough
to do what you are asked and make a correct sentence. Do not alter the meaning. You
have to make sentences to say the same thing in a different way.
1. It was not my intention to offend you.
End:…………………………………………………………………intentionally.
2. One more effort, and you shall succeed.
Begin: If you ……………………………………………………………………..
3. He is discontented notwithstanding that he gets more salary than he deserves.
Begin: Although…………………………………………………………………...
4. The new regulation made the people happy.
End: ………………………………………………………………. to the people.
5. My belief is that he is ;sincere.
Begin: I …………………………………………………………………………
6. Supposing it were true, we should act wisely.
Begin: We should act wisely provided ……………………………………………..
7. It is admitted that he is the greatest leader.
Begin: All………………………………………………………………………..
8. Persevere and you will succeed.
Begin: You will succeed only ……………………………………………………
9. Poor as he is, he does not beg.
Begin: Although …………………………………………………………………
10. My father was very generous to all.
Begin: My father treated………………………………………………………….
11. Had I known what do, I should have saved much time.
Begin: I should have saved much time, provided…………………………………
12. This rumour is incredible.
Begin: This rumour cannot…………………………………………………
13. If he does not behave properly, he will be dismissed.
Begin: He will not be dismissed……………………………………………………
14. Supposing you are ill, you can go home.
Begin: In case ……………………………………………………………………..
15. If I were a rich man, I would have helped him.
Begin: Were………………………………………………………………………..
16. He was successful in winning the race.
Begin: He succeeded ……………………………………………………………
17. He is rich indeed, but he does not help others.
Begin: Although………………………………………………………………….
18. He gave me help ungrudgingly.
Begin: He did not………………………………………………………………..
21. a. In the following passage, fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form
of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial
order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.
A monk noticed a small by trying….1…. (press) the doorbell of a house across the
street. The boy was short and he could not reach the switch to press the bell.
After…2…(watch)
The boy‟s efforts for some time, the monk stepped across the street,…3… (walk)
up behind the little by and,…4…(place) one hand on the child‟s shoulder,
…5…(lean) over him and gave the doorbell a solid ring,…6…(Crouch) down to
the child‟s level, the monk smiled and asked, “And now what, my little man?” The
urchin…7…(reply), “Now we cannot face the old lady. So we…8…(run)like Hell”.
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
i. The manager was………………….pressure to take back the employee.
ii. Who will take………………….when the Headmaster retires?
iii. Finally, he repented…………………his mistake.
iv. He was not willing to take…………………….. the challenge.
v. Do not brood………………… your failure.
vi. He has a craving……………………more money.
vii. The family always failed………………………want help.
viii. I wonder what he is aiming………………….
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
c. Add the adverbs to the sentences:
Example: My aunt travels by train these days. (generally)
Answer: My aunt generally travels by train these days.
i. You should swim at that dangerous end of the beach. (never)
……………………………………………………………………………
ii. The painter had finished by that time. (hardly)
……………………………………………………………………………
iii. It would have been burnt but for your prompt action. (certainly)
……………………………………………………………………………
iv. You must have enjoyed that music. (often)
……………………………………………………………………………
d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.
Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each
sentence.
EXAMPLE: Besides being wealthy, he is wise. (Use: not only … but also)
ANSWER : He is not only wealthy, but also wise.
i. That roof is not worth repairing. (Begin: It is pointless….)
……………………………………………………………………………
ii. Having finished his work, he went to play. (Begin: When he…)
……………………………………………………………………………
iii. He won the match, so I congratulated him. (Begin: I congratulated him…)
……………………………………………………………………………
iv. The businessman has enemies but he has a bodyguard to protect him.
(Begin: The businessman has a bodyguard to protect him…)
……………………………………………………………………………
v. Has Tina written to you? (Use: hear) ………………………………………
vi. Gopi was left with a big future by her father. (Use: inherit)
……………………………………………………………………………
vii. My frock was not returned until it had been washed. (End: …before it was
returned.)
……………………………………………………………………………
viii. Rekha will not reign unless she is compelled. (Begin: Rekha will resign
only…)
22. Combination Of Simple Sentences Into One Compound Sentence
Simple Sentence may be combined into a Compound Sentence by using Coordinating
Conjunction as follows:
a. By using Cumulative Conjunction
(both….and, not only….but also, as well as, and)
He is hardworking. He is sincere.
He is hardworking and sincere.
OR: He is both hardworking and sincere.
OR: He not only hardworking but also sincere.
OR: He is hardworking as well as sincere.
b. By using Adversive Conjunctions (but, still, however, yet, nevertheless)
i. She failed. She Persevered.
She failed, nevertheless she persevered.
ii. Ravi is dishonest. People love him.
Ravi is dishonest, still, (yet) people love him.
iii. He will not oppose my plan. He cannot approve of it.
He will not oppose my plan; he cannot, however, approve of it.
iv. The train was damaged. No one was hurt.
The train was damaged but no one was hurt.
c. By using Alternative Conjunctions (or, either…or, netither…nor)
i. We must run. The robbers will overtake us
We must run or the robbers will overtake us.
ii. Come in. Go out.
Either come in or go out.
iii. Do not borrow. Do not lend.
Neither borrow nor lend.
d. By using Illative conjunctions ( therefore, for, so)
i. Raman was stubborn. He was punished.
Raman was stubborn; so he was punished.
ii. At the sight of the teacher, there was silence in the class. The student were
afraid of him.
At the sight of the teacher, there was silence in the class; for the students
were afraid of him.
iii. He was found guilty. He was hanged.
He was found guilty, therefore he was hanged.
d. ASSIGNMENT
Combine each set of Simple Sentences into a Compound Sentence:
i. You must make haste. You will miss the bus.
ii. A bad boy disobeys his parents. A good boy obeys them.
iii. The boy bought a kite. He took it home.
iv. Fools shun truth. Wise men love it.
v. Some men are born great. Some achieve greatness.
vi. The Parliament refused money. The President wanted it.
vii. Sharad is a rich man. He did not earn his wealth.
viii. The teacher is to blame. His pupils are to blame
ix. I was annoyed. I kept quiet.
x. Is the baby asleep? Is the baby awake?
23. Combination of Simple Sentence into one complex Sentence
A complex Sentence is made up of a Principal Clause and one or more Subordinate
Clauses.
There are three kinds of Subordinate Clauses :
a. The Noun Clause : It does the work of a Noun in a Complex Sentence; as :
He thought that he was clever. (He thought what? He thought that he was clever.
b. The Adjective Clause: It does the work of an Adjective in a Complex
Sentence; as:
Servants who are honest are trusted. (What type of servants? Servants who are
honest.)
c. The Adverb Clause: It does the work of an Adverb in a Complex Sentence;
as:
Strike the iron (Main Clause) while it is hot (Subordinate – Adverb Clause).
Adverb Clauses are of many kinds and may be classified as Adverb Clauses of
Time, Place, Purpose, Cause, Condition, Result, Comparison, Supposition or
Concession.
Simple Sentences may be combined into a Complex Sentence in the following
ways:
d. By using a Noun Clause.
i. Ali is innocent. This is our belief.
Our belief is that Ali is innocent.
ii. Ravi will not come back soon. He told this to his friends.
Ravi told his friends that he would not come back soon.
iii. Charlie may be guilty. We do not know.
We do not know whether Charlie is guilty.
iv. Alka is absent today. Do you know the reason?
Do you know why Alka is absent today?
e. By using an Adjective Clause.
i. I met Rajiv‟s father. He is now a Police Inspector.
I met Rajiv‟s father who is now a Police Inspector.
ii. My sister will always be grateful to you. You helped her.
My sister whom you helped, will always be grateful to you.
f. By using an Adverb Clause.
i. He cannot pass. He must work hard.
He cannot pass unless he works hard. (CONDITION)
ii. Gafur is contented. He is poor.
Gafur is contented though he is poor. ( CONTRAST)
iii. Amit is clever. Rohit is equally clever.
Amit is as clever as Rohit. (COMPARISON)
iv. My sister is going to Japan. She wishes to become a doctor.
My sister is going to Japan because she wishes to become a doctor. (REASON)
v. Anil is working hard. He wants to pass the examination.
Anil is working hard that he may pass the examination.(PURPOSE)
vi. Fools rush in some places. Angels fear to tread there.
Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread.(PLACE)
vii. You may sow in some way. You reap in the same way.
As you sow, so you reap. (MANNER)
viii. The bell rang. All the boys went home.
As soon as the bell rang, all the boys went home.(TIME)
g. ASSIGNMENT
Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each:
i. You will be late. Hurry up.
(Rewrite it as one sentence, using „if………………………‟)
ii. He deceived his parents. They still trust him.
(Rewrite as one sentence, using „although ………………….‟)
iii. Nehru was a leader. He was a writer.
(Rewrite as one sentence, using besides ……………..‟)
iv. We stayed at home. It was raining.
(Rewrite it as one sentences, using „as ………..‟)
v. Has he returned from Kolkata? Ask his son. (Rewrite as one sentence using
„whether‟)
vi. I got the message. Immediately I went to his house.
(Rewrite as one sentence, using „as soon as ……………‟)
vii. It is very simple. Everybody can do it.
(Rewrite as one sentence, using „so …………….that‟)
viii. Rakesh was running. He was being chased by a tiger.
(Rewrite as one sentence, using „because ………………‟)
ix. “You‟ll be ruined! Run away!”
(Rewrite as one sentence and use „if‟.)
x. Nandu works hard. His aim is to win a scholarship. (Rewrite as one
sentence, using „that‟)
xi. He won a lottery. Then he bought a house. (Rewrite as one sentence using
„after ……………….‟)
xii. Alka is intelligent. Mira is equally intelligent.
(Rewrite as one sentence using „as …………….as‟)
xiii. All will respect you. Be kind. (Rewrite as one sentence, using „if‟)
xiv. Do not steal. Stealing is a crime. (Rewrite as one sentence, using „since‟)
24. Read carefully the passage given below and answer, as far as possible, in your own words,
the questions that follow:
I felt that I was alone and that my room seemed to me to be more empty than
everbefore. I was surrounded by a sensation of infinite and overwhelming solitude.
I sat down, but then a kind of nervous impatience agitated my legs so that I got
up and began to walk about again. I was feverish, for my hands, which I had clasped
behind me, almost seemed to tremble. Then suddenly a cold shiver ran down my 5
back, and I thought the damp air might have penetrated into my room, so I lit the
fire for the first time that year. But soon I felt that I could not possibly remain quiet.
So I got up again and decided to go out to seek a friend to bear me company. I
could not find anyone and returned home.
When I go out I always double-lock the door of my room. Now I found it merely 10
closed, which surprised me.
I went in and found my fire still burning, so that it lighted up the room a little.
In the act of taking up a candle, I noticed somebody sitting in my armchair by the
fire, warming his feet, with his neck toward me. I thought very naturally that some
friend or the other had come to see me. No doubt the porter, whom I had told when 15
I went out, had lent him his own key. In a moment, I remembered all the circumstances
of my return, how the street door had been opened immediately and that my own
door was only latched and not locked.
I could see nothing of my friend but his head. He had evidently gone to sleep
while waiting for me, so I went up to him to rouse him. I saw him quite clearly; 20
his right arm was hanging down and his legs were crossed, while his head, which
was somewhat inclined to the left of the armchair, seemed to indicate that he was
asleep. „Who can it be?‟ I asked myself. I could not see clearly, as the room was
rather dark, so I put out my hand to touch him on the shoulder, and it came in
contact with the back of the chair. There was nobody there; the seat was empty. 25
I at once jumped up with fright. For a moment, I drew back as if some terrible
danger had suddenly appeared in my way; then I turned round again, and looked
at the armchair. I remained standing upright panting with fear, so upset that I could
not collect my thoughts, and ready to drop.
I lay quietly on my back. Then an irresistible desire seized me to look round the 30
room, and I turned onto my side. My fire was nearly out, and the few glowing
embers threw a faint light on to the floor by the chair, where I fancied, I saw the
man sitting again.
I quickly struck a match, but I had been mistaken, for there was nothing there.
Since that time, I have been afraid of being alone at night. 35
a. Give the meaning of the following words as used in the passage. One-word
answers or short phrases will be accepted.
i. solitude (line 2): …………………………………………………………
ii. agitated (line 3): …………………………………………………………
iii. penetrated (line 6): …………………………………………………………
b. Answer the following questions briefly in your own words.
i. What was the experience of the narrator as expressed in the first paragraph?
ii. Why did the narrator light a fire?
iii. Mention the unusual things that the author noticed when he returned home.
iv. Describe the man in the author‟s room.
v. What happened when the author touched the man on the chair?
vi. What evidence is there in the passage that indicate that the narrator was
frightenedby his experience?
c. In not more than 60 words, narrate the incident which made the author afraid of
being alone at night.
d. Give a title to the passage and give a reason to justify your choice.
25. a. In the following passage, fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form
of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial
order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.
A boy saw a turtle on the beach. He began …1… (example) it, but the turtle in its
head and closed its shell. The boy was upset. …2… (Pick) up a stick he tried to
force it open. The boy‟s uncle from a distance remarked, “No, that‟s not the way!
You‟ll not get it to open up with a force.” The uncle took the turtle into house and
put it near the fireplace. It …3…(not) but a few minutes until it began…4…(get)
warm. Then the turtle pushed out its head, stretched out its legs and began to
crawl. “Turtles…5…(be) like that,” said the uncle, ”and people, too. You can‟t
…6…(force) them into anything. But if you first …7…(warm) them up with
kindness, it is likely that they …8…(do) what you want them to do.”
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
b. In each of the following sentences, there is a blank space which can be filled in by
a SINGLE word. Fill in each blank with the word which is appropriate. (DO NOT
write the sentences.)
i. I dip……………………………. my savings at the end of the month.
ii. I prevailed………………………………….. him to join our team.
iii. The family always failed ………………want of help.
iv. We were amazed ……………… what the police said.
v. I have disposed…………………………………………. The old books.
vi. His lack of punctuality will be held ……………………… him.
vii. The Chairman will preside ……………………………...the meeting.
viii. The Principal has dispensed ……………. His services.
Answers
1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________
5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________
c. Join the two parts of each sentence with an appropriate word or phrase from those
in brackets.
Example: Jude was not clever, …………. His brothers were geniuses.
(on condition that/whereas/before)
Answer: Jude was not clever, whereas his brothers were geniuses.