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CONVECTION Example Problems
CONVECTION Example Problems
CONVECTION Example Problems
1474./p.137 – Faires
The main trunk duct of an air-conditioning system is rectangular in cross section (16 x 30 in.) and
has air at 15 psia and 40 oF flowing through it with a velocity of 1 400 fpm. Find h i.
air
Required:
hi = ?
Solution:
Calculate first the Reynolds number to determine the flow regime. Since the shape of the duct is
rectangular, the equivalent diameter De will be used and is given as
2𝑎𝑏
𝐷𝑒 = 𝑎+𝑏
2(16)(30)
𝐷𝑒 =
16+30
𝐷𝑒 = 20.9 𝑖𝑛.
oF,
From Fig. 19/18, p. 544, Faires, at T = 40
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜇 = 1.25 𝑥 10−5 𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
Using the ideal gas equation, the density can be determined.
𝑝
𝜌 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑙𝑏𝑓 144𝑖𝑛2
(15 2 )( )
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡2
𝜌= 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏𝑓
(53.342𝑙𝑏 −°𝑅)(40+460)°𝑅
𝑚
𝑙𝑏
𝜌 = 0.081 𝑓𝑡𝑚3
There the Reynolds number is
𝐷𝑒 𝑣𝜌
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
1𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(20.9 𝑖𝑛)(12𝑖𝑛)(1 400𝑚𝑖𝑛)(0.081 𝑚 )( )
𝑓𝑡3 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑙𝑏𝑚
1.25 𝑥 10−5 𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
From Table VII, p. 521, Faires, interpolate to determine the thermal conductivity k of air.
32 - 0.168
40 - k
572 - 0.312
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛
𝑘 = 0.170 𝑓𝑡 2−ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛
0.170 2
0.8 𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
∴ ℎ𝑖 = (0.021)(263 340) [ 20.9 𝑖𝑛 ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑖 = 3.71 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
1476. A double-pipe, counterflow heat exchanger contains a 1.5 in. steel pipe (1.90 in. OD, 1.61
in. ID) inside a 2.5 in. steel pipe (2.88 in. OD, 2.47 in. ID). Hot oil with properties similar to those of
oil C, Fig.19/20, is flowing through the inner pipe with a velocity of 3.5 fps and a bulk temperature
of 200 oF; also, cp = 0.52 Btu/lb -oR, k = 0.96 Btu- in/ft2-hr-oF. Cold oil with properties similar to
those of oil D, Fig. 19/18, is flowing through the annular space with a velocity of 12.5 fps and a
bulk temperature of 80 oF; also, cp = 0.52 Btu/lb -oR, k = 0.94 Btu – in/ft2–hr -oF. (a) Find the film
coefficient for the inner and outer surfaces of the inner pipe. (b) what is U for the inner pipe?
2.5 in. ∅
1.5 in. ∅ oil D (cold)
oil C (hot)
Solution:
𝑙𝑏
∴ 𝜌 = 0.85 (62.4 𝑓𝑡𝑚3 )
𝑙𝑏
𝜌 = 53 𝑓𝑡𝑚3
The Reynolds number can now be computed.
𝐷𝑣𝑝
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
1 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
(1.61 𝑖𝑛)( )(3.5𝑠𝑒𝑐)(53 𝑚 )
12 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡3
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑙𝑏 𝑚
4.43 𝑥 10−3 𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑐𝑝 𝜇
where the term ( ) is the Prandtl number Pr, which is another dimensionless quantity. Solving
𝑘
for this value,
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑚 ) 𝑙𝑏
(0.52𝑙𝑏 −°𝐹)(4.43 𝑥 10−3 𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚
𝑃𝑟 = 𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 1 ℎ𝑟
(0.96 2 )( )( )
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹 12 𝑖𝑛 3 600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑟 = 103.7
The computed value is well within the limits stipulated in the conditions on the use of the equation,
which is 0.7 < Pr < 120. Solving now for the inside film coefficient of the inner pipe,
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛
0.96 2
0.8 (103.7)0.4 𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
ℎ𝑖 = 0.023(5 618) [ 1.61 𝑖𝑛 ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑖 = 87.73 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
For the outside film coefficient ho of the inner pipe, oil D flows within the annular space. Using
equation 19-14, p. 556, Faires,
ℎ𝐷 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝜌 0.8 𝑐𝑝𝜇 𝑛
= 0.023 ( ) ( )
𝑘 𝜇 𝑏 𝑘 𝑏
where n = 0.4 for heating and n = 0.3 for cooling. The equivalent diameter De = D2 – D1 is used in
the calculation of the Reynolds number.
From Fig. 19/20, p. 545, Faires, for oil D at T = 80 oF,
1 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜇 = 128 𝑐𝑝 𝑥 = 0.086
1 490 𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑙𝑏
∴ 𝜌 = 0.892 (62.4 𝑓𝑡𝑚3 )
𝑙𝑏
𝜌 = 55.66 𝑓𝑡𝑚3
𝑅𝑒 = 384
Solve likewise the Prandtl number,
𝑐𝑝 𝜇
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑘
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏𝑚
(0.52𝑙𝑏 −°𝐹)(0.086𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑚
𝑃𝑟 = 𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 1 ℎ𝑟
(0.94 2 )( )( )
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹 12 𝑖𝑛 3 600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑃𝑟 = 2 055.2
Since oil D is cold, then it is used for cooling the hot oil C, use n = 0.3. Substituting the values
obtained,
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛
0.94 2
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
ℎ𝑜 = 0.023(384)0.8 (2 055.2)0.3 [ ]
1.90 𝑖𝑛
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑜 = 13.10 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
(b) For the over-all coefficient of heat transfer U for the inner pipe,
1
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐷𝑜
𝑙𝑛( 𝐷 )
1 𝑖
∑ +∑
𝐴ℎ 2𝜋𝑧𝑘
1 1 1
∑ = +
𝐴ℎ 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜
1 1 1
∑ = 1.61 𝐵𝑡𝑢 + 1.90
𝐴ℎ 𝜋( 12 𝑓𝑡)(1 𝑓𝑡)(87.73 2 ) 𝜋( )(1)(13.10)
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹 12
1 ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
∑ = 0.180 507
𝐴ℎ 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐷
𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑜 ) 1.90
𝑙𝑛(1.61)
𝑖
∑ = 𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡
2𝜋𝑧𝑘 2𝜋(1 𝑓𝑡)(0.96 2 )( )
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹 12 𝑖𝑛
𝐷
𝑙𝑛( 𝐷𝑜 )
𝑖 ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
∑ = 0.329 490
2𝜋𝑧𝑘 𝐵𝑡𝑢
Considering the inside area of the inner pipe as the reference area,
1
ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
(0.180 507+0.329 490)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈𝑖 = 1.61
𝜋( 12 𝑓𝑡)(1 𝑓𝑡)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈𝑖 = 4.652 𝑓𝑡 2−ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
1
ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
(0.180 507+0.329 490)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈𝑜 = 1.90
𝜋( 12 𝑓𝑡)(1 𝑓𝑡)
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑈𝑜 = 3.942 𝑓𝑡 2−ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
18.15/p. 774 – Burghardt
Water with a flow rate of 2.6 kg/s is heated from 10 oC to 24 oC as it passes through a 5 cm pipe.
The inside pipe surface temperature is 95 oC. Determine the pipe length required.
Required:
L = ? (the pipe length)
Solution:
The bulk temperature of water is Tb = (10 + 24)/2 = 17 oC. Determine the properties at this bulk
temperature. From Table A.23, p.834, Burghardt, by interpolation:
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 998.8 𝑚3
𝐽
𝑐𝑝 = 4 207.3 𝑘𝑔−°𝐾
𝑤
𝑘 = 0.575 𝑚−°𝐾
𝑚2
𝜈 = 1.456 𝑥 10−6 𝑠
The velocity of water is
𝑚̇
𝑣 = 𝜌𝐴
𝑘𝑔
2.6
𝑠
𝑣= 𝑘𝑔 𝜋
998.8 3 ( 4 )(0.05 𝑚)2
𝑚
𝑚
𝑣 = 1.33 𝑠
𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
Since 𝜇 = 𝜈𝜌,
𝐷𝜐𝜌 𝐷𝑣
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜈𝜌 𝜈
𝑚
(0.05𝑚)(1.33 )
𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚2
1.456 𝑥 10−6 𝑠
𝐽 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
(4 207.3 )(1.456 𝑥 10−6 )(998.8 3 )
𝑘𝑔−°𝐾 𝑠 𝑚
𝑃𝑟 = 𝐽
(0.575 )
𝑠−𝑚−°𝐾
𝑃𝑟 = 10.6
Therefore,
𝑊
0.575𝑚−°𝐾
ℎ𝑖 = 0.023(45 673)0.8 (10.6)0.4 [ ]
0.05 𝑚
𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 3 633 𝑚2−°𝐾
𝑚̇ 𝑐 (𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑝 2 1
∴ 𝐿 = 𝜋ℎ 𝐷(𝑇 −𝑇 )
𝑖 𝑤 𝑏
𝑘𝑔 𝐽
(2.6 𝑠 )(4 207.3 𝑘𝑔−°𝐾)(24−10)°𝐾
𝐿= 𝐽
𝜋(3 633 )(0.05 𝑚)(95−17)°𝐾
𝑠−𝑚2 −°𝐾
𝐿 = 3.44 𝑚
1478./p. 138 – Faires
An oil heater, with No. 16 BWG steel tubes (0.75 in. OD, 0.620 in. ID) and effective length of 12 ft
per pass, receives oil D, at 70 oF. The oil flows through the tubes with an average velocity of 4 fps;
condensing saturated steam at 15 psia surrounds the tubes. For the oil, c p = 0.5 Btu/lb-oF. If the
heater has two passes with 300 tubes per pass, find (a) the temperature of the oil at the end of
first pass, (b) the exit oil temperature, and (c) the amount of steam condensed each hour.
oil D
T1 = 70 oF T2
v = 4 fps
cp = 0.5 Btu/lb-oF
Required:
(a) T2 = ?
(b) Texit = ?
(c) 𝑚̇s = ? (in lb/hr)
Solution:
Since the temperature T2 of oil D at the end of the first pass is not given, a trial and error solution
will be presented. Assume a value of T2 = 84 oF. Evaluate the properties of oil D based on this
highest temperature. From Fig. 19/20, p. 545, Faires,
1 𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝜇 = 105 𝑐𝑝 𝑥 1 490 = 0.070 𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
The specific gravity will be determined by using the equation
𝑆𝐺𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.899 − 0.000 35(𝑇𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 60)
𝑆𝐺77 = 0.899 − 0.000 35(77 − 60)
𝑆𝐺77 = 0.893
𝑙𝑏
∴ 𝜌 = 0.893 (62.4 𝑓𝑡𝑚3 )
𝑙𝑏
𝜌 = 55.72 𝑓𝑡𝑚3
Calculate the Reynolds number.
𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
0.620 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
( 12 𝑓𝑡)(4𝑠𝑒𝑐)(55.72 𝑚 )
𝑓𝑡3
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚 𝑙𝑏
0.070𝑓𝑡−𝑠𝑒𝑐
ℎ𝑖 𝐷 𝜇 ̇ 1 ⁄3
0.14 𝑚𝑐
= 2.02 (𝜇 𝑏 ) ( 𝑘𝐿 )
𝑘𝑏 𝑤 𝑏
̇
𝑚𝑐
The term ( 𝑘𝐿 ) is called the Graetz number (Gz). The mass flow rate (lb/hr) will now be determined.
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑣𝐴
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 0.62 2 3 600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚̇ = (55.77 𝑓𝑡𝑚3 ) (4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) [4 ( 12 𝑓𝑡) ] 𝑥 ℎ𝑟
𝑙𝑏
𝑚̇ = 1 683.7 ℎ𝑟𝑚
The value of the thermal conductivity of oil D is taken from Problem 1476. Thus,
𝐵𝑡𝑢 − 𝑖𝑛.
𝑘 = 0.94
𝑓𝑡 2 − ℎ𝑟 − °𝐹
Solving for the Graetz number,
𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢
(1 683.7 𝑚)(0.50 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑚−°𝐹
𝐺𝑧 = 𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛. 1𝑓𝑡
(0.94 2 )(12 𝑓𝑡)(12 𝑖𝑛.)
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
𝐺𝑧 = 896 > 10
The dimensionless numbers satisfied the stipulated conditions. Equation 19 – 12, can be used.
Since the wall temperature inside the tube is not given, assume a 5 oF difference between the
inside and outside of the tube. At 15 psia, the saturation temperature taken from the Steam Tables
is Tsat = 213.03 oF. Thus, the inside wall temperature is 𝑇𝑤 = 213.03 − 5 = 208.03 °𝐹.
Corresponding to this temperature, 𝜇𝑤 = 5.6 𝑐𝑝. At the bulk temperature of the oil,
𝑇 +𝑇
𝑇𝑏 = 1 2
2
70+84
𝑇𝑏 = 2 = 77 °𝐹
∴ 𝜇𝑏 = 149 𝑐𝑝
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛.
149 0.14 0.94 2
𝑓𝑡 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
ℎ𝑖 = 2.02 ( 5.6 ) (896)1⁄3 [ 0.62 𝑖𝑛. ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑖 = 46.74 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
The heat transfer by convection is determined using the equation
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏 )
𝐵𝑡𝑢 0.62 𝑓𝑡
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛 = (46.74 𝑓𝑡 2−ℎ𝑟−°𝐹) [𝜋 ( 12 𝑓𝑡) (12 )] (208 − 77)°𝐹
𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛 = 11 926 ℎ𝑟−𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
Check whether the assumed value of T2 = 84 oF is within an acceptable range. The same amount
of heat transferred by convection is in accordance with the equation
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑇2 = 84.2 °𝐹
𝑃𝑟 = 2 297.9
𝐵𝑡𝑢−𝑖𝑛.
0.333 (2 0.62 0.333 149 0.14 0.94𝑓𝑡2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
ℎ = 1.86(165) 297.9)0.333 ( 144 ) ( 5.6 ) [ 0.62 𝑖𝑛. ]
𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ = 52.44 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
(c) For the amount of steam condensed per hour, at p = 15 psia, hfg = 969.7 Btu/lbm (from the
Steam Tables) and since the convected heat per tube is Qcon = 11 926 Btu/hr, and there are 300
tubes/pass with 2 passes, then
𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚̇𝑠 ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
(11 926ℎ𝑟−𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒)(300 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 )(2 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)
𝑚̇𝑠 = 𝐵𝑡𝑢
969.7
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑚̇𝑠 = 7 379.2 ℎ𝑟
10.16 cm ∅
OD = 11.43 cm
Tsurf = 149 oC
Tamb = 25.6 oC
barometric pressure is standard
Required:
Qtotal = ? (free convection and radiation, for L = 10 m)
Solution:
From equation (c), p. 557, Faires, for horizon pipes and vertical pipes over 1 ft high:
∆𝑡 0.25 𝐵𝑡𝑢
ℎ𝑐 = 0.27 ( ) →
𝐷𝑜 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ𝑟−°𝐹
where the subscript c is used as a reminder that only convected heat is involved and that the
radiant energy should also be considered.
When converted to the SI Units,
𝑊 ∆𝑡 0.25
ℎ𝑐 = 1.32 ( )
𝑚1.75 − °𝐾 1.25 𝐷𝑜
𝑊 (149−25.6)°𝐾 0.25
∴ ℎ𝑐 = 1.32 𝑚1.75−°𝐾1.25 [ ]
0.114 3 𝑚
𝑊
ℎ𝑐 = 7.57 𝑚2−°𝐾
𝑊
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛 = (7.57 𝑚2−°𝐾) [𝜋(0.114 3 𝑚)(10 𝑚)](149 − 25.6)°𝐾
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛 = 3 354.3 𝑊
For radiation, let Ɛ1 = 0.79 (for oxidized steel), F12 = 1 (case 2), and A2 is large, the total resistance
is then,
0
1−𝜖1 1 1−𝜖2
𝑅𝑡 = + +
𝐴 1 𝜖1 𝐴1 𝐹12 𝐴 2 𝜖2
1−𝜖1 1
𝑅𝑡 = +𝐴
𝐴 1 𝜖1 1 (1)
1−𝜖1 +𝜖1
𝑅𝑡 = 𝐴 1 𝜖1
1
𝑅𝑡 = 𝐴
1 𝜖1
𝜎(𝑇1 4 −𝑇2 4 )
𝑞12 = 𝑅𝑡
= 𝐴1 𝜖1 𝜎(𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4)
𝑊
𝑞12 = 𝜋(0.114 3 𝑚)(10 𝑚)(0.79) (5.67 𝑥 10−8 ) [(422)4 − (298.6)4]°𝐾 4
𝑚2 − °𝐾 4
𝑞12 = 3 822.3 𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 7 176.6 𝑊