SOCIAL SCIENCE
Class 10

MADHYA
MADHY A PRADESH
PRADES H
RAJYA
RAJYA SHIKSHA
SHIKS HA KENDRA,
KEND RA, BHOPAL

YEAR 2012 Rs.

 

Publicaiton year-2008, Reprint- 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

© Rajya Siksh
Siksha
a Kendra,
Kendra, Bhopal
Bhopal  Direction
R.S. Julania
Commissioner, M.P.
M.P. Rajya Siksha Kendra, Bhopal
Guidance
Rajesh Jain
Aditional Mission Director, M.P.
M.P. Rajya Siksha Kendra, Bhopal
A.K. Dixit
Aditional Director,
Dir ector, M.P.
M.P. Rajya Siksha Kendra, Bhopal
Co-ordination
Shakuntala Shrivastav
Co-ordinator-Curri
Co-ordinat or-Curriculum,
culum, Text Book and TLM, M.P.
M.P. Rajya Siksha Kendra, Bhopal
Subject Co-ordinator
Dr.. Sadhna Singh
Dr Sing h
Academic Consultant, Rajya Siksha Kendra, Bhopal
Writers and Moderation
 Dr. R.P.
R.P. Singh
Sin gh Retd., Principal, DIET, Vidisha, S.S. Patel, Principal, H.S.S., DIET, Pachmari,
Shivr aj Singh Tomar,
Shivraj Tomar, Asstt. Prof., Autonomous P.G.
P.G. College, Ambah, Dr. Sadhna Singh
Singh  R.S.K.
 Dr. Ashokchndra Dahibhate, Asstt. Prof.,Prof. , P.G. Gun a, Dr. Manoj Awasthi,  Asstt.
P.G. College, Guna,
Prof. Madhav College, Gwalior, Shushma Dixit, Lect., Boys Higher Secondary School, Bairagrah,
Dr.. Shalini Saxena, Bhopal,
Dr
 Dr. V.S. Gupta, Retd. Principal, P.G. College, Gwalior, Anil Mishra, DIET, Shahdol, Dr.
Ashok Tyagi,  Asstt. Prof., M.L.B., Govt. Excellence College, Gwalior, Dr. Mahavir
Prasad Modi, Asstt. Prof., P.G. College, Morena, L.D. Gupta Retd. Principal, P.G. College,
Shivpuri,  Shakun Dhoot, Retd. Principal, H.S.S.
 Shailesh Choubey, Prof. Rani Durgavati Vishwavidhayalya, Jabalpur, Shushma Saran,
Principal, H.S.S., PGBT, Bhopal, Kamal Bhardwaj, Asstt. Prof., A. P.G. P.G. College, Ambah,
Morena,
 Edit
 Ed itin
ingg
 Dr
Dr.. J.P
J .P.. Singh,
Si ngh, Retd., Proff., Regional Educational Research and Trainng Institute, Bhopal
 Dr.
Dr.S.K. Trivedi, Lecturer, Govt. Hamidia College, Bhopal.  Dr.RamdevBharadwaj,
S.K.Trivedi, RamdevBharadwaj, Prof.
Rani Durgavati Vishwavidhayalya, Jabalpur,  Dr Dr.. P.D. Maheswari,
Maheswar i, Retd. Prof.,
Prof. , P.G.
P.G. Excellence
Excell ence
College, Bhopal
Translation
 Dr. A.L. Naik, Retd., Deputy Commissoner, Deptt. of Tribal Welfare  Dr. Rajeshwari
Duby, Asstt. Prof., S.N.K., P.G. Autonomous College, Bhopal  Shushma Saran, Principal,
H.S.S., PGBT, Bhopal,
 Mapping & Picturaisation
Picturaisation - Vikas Malviya (RSK), Vinay Sapre
© Government of India copyright Act 2008
 The correct depiction of internal description of maps is the responsibility of publishers.
 The territorial waters of India extend into th e sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the
appropriate base line.
 The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown in this publication are as
interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but yet to be verified.
 The international and coastal boundaries of India
Ind ia with the verified record/main copy certified
certi fied by survey of India.
 The state boundaries between Uttaranchal & Utterpradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh &
Madhyapradesh
Madhyaprad esh have not been
been verified by the
the Concerned Government .
Composing - Akshar Graphics, Bhopal
(ii)
 

Approved by
Madhya Pradesh Textbook Standing Committee
S.No. Na
Name and Address D es i g n a ti o n

1 Dr. Govind Sharma Chairman

Former Additional Director,
Higher Education, Govt. of M.P.,
M.P., Gwalior
2. Dr. Umrao Singh Choudhary Member
Former Vice Chancellor,
Devi Ahiliya University
Universi ty,, Indore
3. Prof. Udai Jain Member
Former Principal, Shri Vaishnav
Vaishnav College, Indore
4. Dr. Subhash Gupta Member
Dean, Student Welfare, Devi Ahilya University, Indore
5. Dr. (Smt.) Binay Rajaram Member
Professor and Head of Department, Hindi
Shri Satya Sai Women’s
Women’s College, Bhopal
6. Prof. Sureshwar Sharma Member
Former Vice Chancellor,
Rani Durgawati Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur
7. Dr. Manmohan Upadhyaya Member
Educationist and Deputy Chairman,
M.P.. Sanskrit Board,
M.P Boa rd, Bhopal
8. Shri Bhagirath Kumrawat Member
Educationist, Bhopal
9. C om m i ss ion e r Member Secretary
Rajya Shiksha Kendra, M.P.,
M.P., Bhopal
10. Commissioner, Member
Public Instruction, M.P
M.P.,
., Bhopal
11. Secretary, Member
Board of Secondary Education, M.P.,
M.P., Bhopal
12. Managing Director, Member
M.P.. Text
M.P Text Book Corporation
Corp oration,, Bhopal
13. Representative - NCERT Member
14. Representative - Navodaya Vidyalaya Sangathan Member
15. Dr. Prem Bharati Guest Member
Educationist and member, State Level General Body
and working committee M.P
M.P.. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(iii)
 

Preface
The new text book is an attempt to execute the national curriculum 2005, in
which investment in information, associating children with life outside school,
reducing the tradition of textual knowledge and learning by memorization and to

work in the direction of child centered learning. To meet these aims of education,
M.P. Education Deptt. and M.P. Board of Secondary education has developed an
intergrated new curriculum. In this subject matter related to Environment, Geogra-
phy, History, Political Science and Economics has been incorporated. The new
textbook of class 10 has been prepared on the basis of new integrated curriculum
keeping in mind the cognitive development of students of class 10. Children will be
able to create new learning by relating to the information and contents of the book.

Its hoped that the new textbook of Social Science will help the learners to grasp

the information related to the subject in an easy and simple manner. It will also help
to develop their skills and qualitative development in the subject. The book will help
in childrens' participation in learning, reducing mental pressure and making the
contents interesting. The Board is grateful to all the people and institutions who have
given their valuable contribution in the preparation of the book. The Board also
expresses its heartfelt gratitude to the author whose literature has been used in book 
writting. In the end the Board of Secondary Education expresses its gratitude to the
teachers/educationists and parents who have given their valuable suggestions for the
improvement of the book.

Its a collective effort of writers, moderators and subject coordinators, under

the guidance of a standing committee. It has been our endeavour to develop a book 
without errors but improvement is a continuous process. In human efforts there is
always a scope for improvement. Therefore suggestions
suggestions are invited for improving the

book.
Commissioner
Rajya Siksha Kendra,
Bhopal

(iv)
 

About the Book

Social Science is a very interesting subject as it is related to our
social environment. But the teaching of it is very generalized. This
also affects the desired results. Therefore while teaching, realistic
picturisation of subject matter is very important.

Keeping the above fact in mind an effort has been made to

incorporate the subject matters of Environment, Geography, History,
Political Science and Economics in an interesting manner. The
following efforts have been made in the book -
 The contents and skills related to the chapters have been given
under the heading of ‘We will study’ in the beginning. This will
help the teachers while teaching and evaluation.
 The book has been made in two colours and important information
has been shown in bold and Boxes.
 Maximum efforts to provide information through graphs, pictures
and maps have been made.
 Colourful maps have been given which will make the subject
interesting and learning easy. This will also help in developing
skills and understanding.
 Different words have been given in the end so that an understanding
of the definition of words develops in the students.
 Exercises towards the end of the lessons have been given to
develop the writing skills, self thinking, relating facts with each
other developing the skill of drawing conclusions, and the ability
to express informations. Very short questions, short questions and
long questions and map work has been included for the same.
Objective type questions have been included so that children get
familiarized with the pattern of competitive exam. In the exercises,
knowledge understanding, application and skill based questions
have been included which will help in the correct evaluation of 
the level of students learning.
 Project work has been included in the activities which will help
in developing the potential of the child. Besides students will also
learn to relate with surrounding environment and daily life and
acquire knowledge.
Writers

(v))
(v
 

Syllabus

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Class-10
01..
01 Indi
Indian
an Re
Reso
sour
urcces
Type of Resources : Natural resources - Soil formation, types and distribution, soil
conservation.
Water Resource - Types, Sources, Distribution, Use, Protection & Conservation.
Forest and Wild Life : Forest types, utility, vegitation wild animals and their
conservation endangered animals.
Agriculature - Main crops, contribution of Agriculture in National Economy, Herbal.
Medicine and Horticulture Farms, their utility and conservation.
Mineral Resource - Types, Distribution, Use, Conservation and Economic importance.
Power Resource - Types : Conventional & Non-Conventional, Distribution, Utilisation

& Conservation.
02. Industry :
Types, Description of Special Industries, Contribution of Industries to National
Economy, Industrial Pollution and efforts for solution
03 Tran
ranspo
sport,
rt, Com
Commun
munica
icatio
tion
n and
and For
Foreig
eign
n Trad
Tradee :
Transport - Utility and types - Railways, Roadways, Airways, Waterways, Pipeline,
Ports & Harbours.
Communication, Importance of Communication in modern days, Means of 
Communication. Contribution of foreign Trade to Indian Economy, Imports and
Exports.

04 Disa
sasster Ma
Management :
Natural Calamities - Drought, Flood, Earthquake, Landslides, Tsunami. Man Made
Calamities - Nucleic, Biotic and Chemical, Bomb Blast. General Calamities -
Precautions and Security
05 Maps
Maps - Rea
Read
din
ing
g and
and Ma
Mark
rkin
ing
g
06 Firs
Firstt stru
strugg
ggle
le of
of Free
Freedo
dom
m and
and afte
afterr -
First struggle for Freedom of 1857. Introduction of important revolutionaries, birth
of India National Congress, Moderates and Extremists.

(vi)
 

07 Even
Events
ts rel
relat
ated
ed to
to Inde
Indepe
pend
nden
ence
ce St
Stru
rugg
ggle
le -
Important events of the Indian struggle for Independence, Movement against of "Bang
Bhang". (Partition of Bengal) Partition of India in 1947and its salient features,
Contribution of Madhya Pradesh to the Freedom Struggle.
08. Major
Major even
events
ts of the Pos
Post-I
t-Inde
ndepen
penden
dence
ce peri
period
od -
Kashmir Problem India's relations with neighboring countries, Chinese war with India
in 1962, India-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971, emergence of Bangladesh, emergency
in India, Rise of India as an atomic power.
09..
09 Indi
Indian
an Co
Cons
nsti
titu
tuti
tion
on -
Formation of constituent Assumbly and Drafting Committee, Salient Features of 
Indian Constitution.
10. Wor
orki
king
ng of In
Indi
dian
an De
Demo
mocr
crac
acy
y-
Federal System, Division of Administrative power between Centre and States, Organs
of Government: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, Local Administration.
11. Majo
Majorr Chal
Challe
leng
nges
es bef
befor
oree Demo
Democr
crac
acy
y-
Increase in Population, Unemployment, Communalism, Terrorism, drug addication:
Major Hinderences in Success of Democracy and measures for removal.
12. St
Stor
ory
y of
of Eco
Econo
nomi
micc Dev
Devel
elop
opme
ment
nt -
Ancient and modern concept of economic development, National Income & Per
capita Income, Indicators of human development, developing States with examples,
Economic Planning in India, physical and non physical with examples. Rural Develop-
ment and Employment Guarantee Scheme
Money and Financial system : An Introduction of money in ancient times, Financial
Institutions such as money lenders, Zamindars, self help groups, chit funds, private
financial institutions and different types of Banks.
13..
13 Servi
vicce Se
Sector :
Service Sector- Meaning and Importance as a Component in Income, Infrastructure-
Economic and Social Contribution of India's Service sector in the World.
14..
14 Cons
Consum
umer
er Awa
warren
enes
esss :
Consumer Awareness
Awareness - Need and Importance, Consumer Exploitation, Causes and
Remedies, Stadardsation of Commodities, Government Role.
15. Ec
Econ
onom
omic
ic Sys
Syste
tem
m and
and Glob
Globali
alisa
sati
tion
on :
Economic System - Meaning, Capitalism, Socialism and Mixed Economy-Character-
istics, Merits and Demerits.
Globalisation - Meaning, Needs, Development Earlier to 1991 and Modern Reforms,
Impact of Globalisation.

(vii)
 

Social Science
Unitwise mark distribution

Time - 3 Hrs. Marks - 100

Unit Subject content / Lesson Marks P e r io d

1. Resources of India (I) 05 10
Resources of India (II) 05 10
2. Industries in India 05 07
3. Transport Communication and Foreign Trade 05 06
4. Map Reading and Depiction 05 06
5. Disaster Management 05 08
6. The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 05 08
National Awakening and establishment 05 07

of political organization in India

7. Freedom Movement and related Events 06 07
Contribution of Madhya Pradesh in the 04 05
Freedom Struggle
8. Important Events of the 05 08
Post Independent India
9. Indian Constitution 06 12
10. Functioning of Indian Democracy 07 12
11. Main Challanges before Democracy 07 12
12. Economic Development & Planning 05 05
Money and Financial System 05 05
13. Economy : Service sector and infrastructure 05 08
14. Consumers Awareness 05 08
15. Economic System 03 06
Gl o ba l i s a t i o n 02 04

Re vi si on 20

Total 100 180

(viii)
 

INDEX
Chapter Subject Chapter Page
No..
No

1. Geography Resources of India (I) 1

2. Resources of India (II) 19

3. Industries in India 40

4. Transport Communication and Foreign Trade 55

5. Map Reading and Depiction 77

6. Natural Disasters and Disaster Management 90

7. History The First Freedom Struggle of 1857 111

8. National Awakening and establishment 123

of political organization in India
9. Freedom Movement and related Events 136

10. Contribution of Madhya Pradesh in 1 59

Freedom Struggle

11. Important Events of the 173

Post Independent India

12. Civics Indian Constitution 188

13. Functioning of Indian Democracy 196

14. Main Challanges before Democracy 227

15. Economics Economic Development & Planning 243

16. Rural Development and Employment 256

Guarantee Scheme

17. Money and Financial System 269

18. Economy : Service sector and infrastructure 27 8

19. Consumers Awareness 292

20. Economic System 302

21. G l o ba l i s a t i o n 315
(ix)
 


Resources of India (I)
(Soil, Water, Forest and Wild Life)

Resources are those aspects which

We shall learn  facilitate the satisfaction of human wants or
1.1
1.1 Resour
Reso urce
ce-- Meani
Meaningng,, Impo
Importrtan
ancece help to solve the problems. In other words,
and Type
anything which fulfills human wants or more
1.2 Soil-
Soil- Fo
Forma
rmatiotion,
n, Type
ype,, dis
distri
tribu
butio
tion
n
or less it helps in solving problems are called
and Conservation
resources. For example, water is a resource
1.3
1.3 Wate
aterr - SoSour
urces
ces of wa
water
ter, the
their
ir
types, distribution and as it is used for drinking, irrigation, cleaning
conservation of water purposes and cooking. In the same way all
1.4
1.4 Fores
Fo rest-
t- Ut
Util
ility
ity an
andd con
conse
serva
rvatio
tionn those things which fulfill human needs or
of forest and wild life wants are known as resources.
1.5
1.5 Wild
Wi ld lif
lifee - End
Endanange
gere
redd Spe
Specicies
es Resources make human life simple and
happy. Primitive man was completely
dependent on nature. Early man utilized elements of nature with his intelligence. Today
those countries which have more resources are considered as developed and prosperous.
Resources have importance in our life as their availability indicates development.
We must understand that any element of nature is a resource when it helps to fulfil
human needs. Man can convert any substance or material into resources. To fulfil his
needs man can make the natural elements useful and valuable by his intelligence, skill
and technical knowledge. With this process the natural elements become resources. In
short we can say that 'Natural elements become resources when man modifies them to

be more useful and valuable to fulfil his needs with the help of his intelligence, skill and
technical knowledge.
Usually resources are natural. According to
Mcnall, P.E. 'Natural Resources are those Land     l
    i
resources which are provided by nature and are   o
    S
  r
 a e
 
 e
  t
useful to men.' In the process of conversion of 
Air
materials to resources creation, man's role is Natural   W
supreme. Man himself is a resource. An educated, Resources
skilled and healthy man is a valuable resource for   e  r F o r e s t 
  w
a country.    P  o
Resources can be classified on the basis of 
M in
ownership, availability, distribution and uses. er als Wild Life
 (1
(1)
)
(1)

Classification on the basis of ownership :

● Personal Resources- Property, health etc.
● National Resources- Wealth of nation, Military power, Patriotism etc.
● World Resources - Physical and Biological elements of the world for the
welfare of mankind.
Classification on the basis of Availability :
● Renewable Resource-Those resources which regenerate themselves naturally,
naturally,
provided that they are not subjected to wholesome destruction e.g. agricultural
land remains useful by using manure. Some of them are renewable only so
long as they are used prudently within the limits set by nature.
● Non Renewable Resources- Those resources when once used they are finished
forever e.g.; Petrol, coal etc.
● Recyclable Resources- Those minerals, which can be reprocessed and used
again and again e.g.; Minerals like iron, copper etc.
● Inexhaustible Resources - Those resources which are not exhausted even if 
they are used. e.g., Solar energy, water.
Classification on the basis of Distribution :
● Easily available resource (Ubiquities)- Resources which are available
everywhere e.g. Oxygen in the air.
● Common available resources (Commonalities) -Resources which are available
at many places. e.g.; soil, tillable land.
● Rarely available resources (Rarities)-Resources which are available in few
places e.g.; Coal, Gold, Uranium etc.
● Single resources (Uniquities)-Resources which are available at one or two
places in the world e.g.; Commercial cryolite metal which is found only in
Greenland in the natural form.
Classification on the basis of uses :
● Unused Resources- When resources are not in use they are called unused
Resources. e.g. deposit of certain minerals is known but they can not be
extracted and used.
● Unusable Resources- Resources which cannot be used further even with the
present day technique are unusable resources.
● Potential Resources-  There are resources which are known but are not in
use due to lack of technology or planning, possibly they may be used in near

future are known as potential resources. e.g. running water of rivers may be
used for irrigation by constructing a canal. Similarly, dams may be constructed
 (2)

to produce electricity.
● Latent Resource-There are many resources which have been unknown to
man. If the properties and the utility of a resource is not known it is called
latent resource. Petroleum was a latent resource until its properties and uses
were not known to man.
In this chapter we will study soil, water, forest and wild life as resources.
1.2 Soil
Soil - Fo
Form
rmat
atio
ion,
n, Typ
ype,
e, Dis
Distr
trib
ibut
utio
ion
n an
and
d Co
Cons
nser
erva
vati
tion
on
Soil is a valuable wealth. Soil is the basis of economic development of our country.
According to an American Pedologist Dr. Bennett, 'Soil is the upper most layer of the
unconsolidated
unconsolidat ed particles found on the earth surface which is made up of parent rocks and
vegetation.' Large area of the earth surface is covered by soil. It is a combination of 
parent rocks and organic matter where in suitable climatic conditions different types of 
vegetation grow.
Soil is very important for human life, especially for farmers. Human life depends

on soil. All living organisms get their food directly or indirectly from soil. We get
cotton, silk, jute and wool for making clothes from soil, either directly or indirectly. e.g.
sheep eats grass and gives us wool, silk worms survives on vegetation and vegetation
grows in soil. Our industries like animal rearing, agriculture and forest based industries
all depend on soil. So soil is the basis of our life. According to Wil Cox, 'the history of 
civilization is the history of the soil and the education of the individual begins from the
soil.'
Formation of Soil
Soil is a renewable resource but the process of its formation is very slow. It takes
hundreds of years in the formation of one centimeter thick layer of soil means in the
formation of two and half centimeter thick layer more than thousand years will be
required. Plain surface is best for the formation of soil because least problems are
created here during the formation. There are different factors which help in formation
of soil e.g.- parent rocks and topography, climatic conditions which helps in
weathering of rocks, plants, animals and their remains.
Soil Profile-  Soil profile is the sequence, colour, texture and nature of the
horizons (layers) superimposed one above the other and exposed in a pit-section dug
through the soil mantle. (a) Upper most layer is Top Soil. (b) Second layer is Sub Soil.
(c) Third layer is weathered parent rock material. (d) Fourth layer consists of parent
rocks.
Top Soil of the upper most layer is the real soil. Its important characteristic is the

presence of humus and organic matter. Second layer is sub soil which consists of rocks,
sand particles and clay.
clay. Third layer consists of weathered parent rock material and the
 (3
(3)
)
(3)

fourth layer is made of parent

rocks.
Soil - Types and
Distribution
Soil has been classified
by many scientists. India is
known for its topographical
structure, vegetation and
diversity in its climate.
Therefore, Indian soils are
classified into following
types-
Alluvial Soil - 
-  This is
also known as claye or loamy

soil.
and It is light
found brown
upto 490inmeters
colour
depth. This soil is generally
deficient in nitrogen,
phosphorous and humus but
rich in potash and lime. Three
major rivers of India - the
Satluj, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra
Brahmaputra originating from Himalayas and their tributaries
tributaries
transport this soil in India. Fine particles are deposited in the delta region of these rivers
after flowing hundreds of kilometers in thousand years. These fine particles are known
as alluvium. This soil consists of fine sand, clay and loamy particles.

This soil is found in large area of the country and is very important. It occupies 40
percent of total area of the country. It is found in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and northeast Rajasthan situated in
the basins of river Satluj, Ganga and Brahmaputra originating from Himalayas. Similarly,
in southern India it is found in the delta region of Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, eastern and
western coastal plains as well as the interior parts of the valley of Narmada and Tapti.
Tapti.
Black Soil and Regur Soil -  -  This soil is also known as Regur or Black Cotton
Soil. It is dark black in colour and made up of finely grained particles. They retain
moisture for a long time. They are generally deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and
humus but rich in potash, lime, magnesium, aluminum and iron. A number of chemical
elements are found is this soil. They become sticky when wet and develop cracks on
drying up. These cracks help in mixing air in the soil. In India, it is found from Gujrat
 to Amarkantak and Belgaum to Guna. It occurs in the region of the Deccan Trap
Trap in

(4)

Country Boundary line based on Survey of India Map 2008

Maharashtra, Marathwada, Madhya Pradesh, southern part of Orissa, northern districts of 
Karnataka southern and western areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
It is suitable for cotton and cereals.
 Red Soil - 
-  This soil is derived by the disintegration of crystalline and meta

(5
(5)
)
(5)

morphic rocks in dry and wet climate. Continuous heat on the hill slopes of Tapti river
valley disintegrate the rocks and the iron present in these rocks is mixed with the soil
which gives it red colour. It is brown, chocolate, yellow and in some places it is black 
in colour. Its depth and fertility is not same everywhere as it is made up of different
types of rocks. It is porous in nature and is fertile when it is very fine and thick. It
consists of iron, aluminum and lime. On the uplands this soil is thin, poor, gravely, stony,
porous and light coloured, but in the lowlands it is rich, deep dark coloured, fertile and
red in colour.
It is found from Bundelkhand in Uttar Pradesh to southern peninsula and in Madhya
Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu and Maharashtra. Bajra crop is grown in this soil, but in dark red coloured soil
cotton, wheat and millets are grown.
Laterite Soil - This soil is formed in the regions which have dry and wet season
by turn. It is formed due to the disintegration of laterite rocks. It is found on flat

highlands. It is poor in lime, phosphorous and potash but rich in humus. Deep laterite soil
is rich in iron oxide and potash. There are three types of Laterite soil :
1. Dark red Laterite Soil 2. White Laterite Soil 3. Laterite Soil of underground
water.
It is found in the lower region and hilly regions of Tamilnadu, Kurg district of 
Karanataka, coastal region of Kerala, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, in between the
basalt and granite hills of West Bengal, upper part of plateaus and valley of Orissa. This
soil in suitable for rice, cotton, wheat, cereals, millets, cinchona, tea, coffee etc.
Desert Soil - -  This soil consists of coarse sand particles. Soil from Rann of Kutch
is deposited in the western dry region by south-west monsoon. It contains a large amount
of soluble salt content. Moisture and humus is low but irrigation makes it fertile. Wheat,
Sugarcane, Cotton, Jawar, Bajra and vegetables are grown in this soil. Due to lack of 
irrigation facilities it becomes fallow or waste land. This type of soil is found in the dry
regions especially western Rajasthan, Gujarat, southern Punjab, southern Haryana and
western Uttar Pradesh.
Mountain Soil- This type of soil is found on Himalayan ranges. Generally it is
fine, marshy and porous. Its depth is more on river valley slopes and mountain slopes.
This deposition is seen on the southern steep slopes of Himalayas.Soil of tertiary period
is found in the foothills of mountain slopes which is slightly sandy, porous and contain
less humus. Good quality of sandy soil is found on the slopes of western Himalayas and
fertile soil which is rich in humus is found in middle Himalayas. Good quality of tea is
 produced in this soil in the valley of Doon and Kangra if the rainfall is sufficient.
Fine clay soil is found in southern part of Himalayas, Assam and Darjeeling which
is good for tea and potato. It contains a large number of small boulders owing to the

(6)

deficiency of humus, lime and Iron. Soil formed by the lime and dolomite rocks is found
near Nainital, Masoorie and Chakarata in which pine and sal trees are found. Granite,
dolomite and igneous rocks are found in the region of volcanic erruption in Himalayas.
Soil Erosion -  Land is adversely affected by erosion. Soil without vegetation is
affected more by erosional process. Fertility of soils of India is decreasing every year
due to rapid erosion. Soil erosion is a serious problem
for our country. Soil erosion not only affects the land Causes of soil erosion
but also the human beings as it reduces the production. ● Deforestation
Harmful effects of soil erosion - ● Overgrazing

National planning committee has given the following ● Shifting cultivation

● Wind erosion
effects of soil erosion :
● Non scientific methods
1. Long
Lo ng du
dura
rati
tion
on of dr
dry
y sea
seaso
son
n due
due to loloss
ss of 
of agriculture.
vegetation
2. Adver
Adverse
se effe
effect
ct on
on the
the sourc
sources
es of
of water
water an
and
d prob
problem
lemss of irr
irriga
igatio
tion.
n.
3. Silt
Siltin
ing
g of
of str
strea
eams
ms an
and
d wat
water
er co
cour
urse
sess
4. Deteri
Deteriora
oratio
tion
n of hig
high
h quali
quality
ty land
land and
and adver
adverse
se effec
effectt on agri
agricul
cultur
ture.
e.
5. Red
educ
ucti
tio
on in
in ag
agri
riccult
ltu
ura
rall lan
land
d
Soil conservation-
The ever increasing population resulted in the destruction of natural resources.
Therefore, to prevent destructions, soil conservation is necessary. There are various
methods of soil conservation.
1. Cont
Contou
ourr farm
farmin
ing
g in mou
mount
ntan
anio
ious
us reg
regio
ion
n
2. To pr
prev
even
entt gu
gull
lly
y er
eros
osio
ion
n by ma
maki
king
ng fi
fiel
eld
d ri
ridg
dgee

3. Preventi
Prevention
on of
of soil
soil erosi
erosion
on by
by plant
plantin
ing
g trees
trees as brea
breaker
kerss to win
windd in dese
deserts
rts
which check the velocity of wind. By doing plantation on the follow land and
mountain slopes and by controlling grazing
4. By coll
collect
ectin
ing
g the
the runn
running
ing wat
water
er in
in moun
mountai
tain
n slope
slopess and
and uneve
uneven
n areas
areas
5. By de
deve
velo
lopi
ping
ng gr
graz
azin
ing
g lan
land
d in
in the
the ru
rura
rall are
areas
as
1.3 Water - Sources, types, distribution and water conservation
Water is a valuable resource. It fulfills our basic needs. It is essential for life on
the earth. Water is the main part of the bodies of plants and animals. Human body
consists of 70% water.
There are four major sources of water. 1.Surface water 2.Ground water 3.Atmospheric
 water
comes4.Oceanic water.
in the form Theand
of rain water on the Most
snowfall. earth surface is derived
of it flows from
as runoff to precipitation that
ponds and lakes.
Large amount of water flows to rivers from where it flows into the seas and the oceans.

(7
(7)
)
(7)

Some of it percolates into the ground as subsurface water. It is also known as ground
water. Some of it is lost by evaporation in the atmosphere which is known as Atmospheric
water.

Surface water -  -  The surface water

is available in rivers, ponds and lakes.
Rivers are the main source of surface Major rivers of India
water in India. Rivers and its tributaries River Length River Le
Length
are found in each and every part of India. (in Kms) (in Kms)
Three main rivers the Indus, the Ganga and Indus 1134 Krishna 1 40 0
the Brahmaputra carry nearly 60 percent Godavari 1465 Yamuna 1 37 6
of the total surface water in India. Among Narmada 1382 Chinab 1180
the major rivers of the world, the Ghagra 1080 Pennar 597
Brahmaputra and the Ganga are at eighth Ganga 2725
and tenth places respectively.

Ground Water -  -  Some part of rain water is soaked by the land. Only 60 percent
reaches the upper layer of the soil, which is very useful for agriculture and vegetation
to grow. Rest of the water percolates and is collected below the surface as ground water.
It is obtained on the surface through wells and tubewells and is used by human beings for
irrigation purposes, gardening and industrial purposes.
In our country distribution of underground water is very uneven. Distribution of 
ground water resources is largely affected by geological structure, physiography and
hydrology. The potential of ground water is high in plain areas. Contrary to it, seepage
of water in the rocky lands of peninsular India is slow resulting in low ground water
potential in southern states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Atmospheric Water - This is in the form of water vapour therefore, it is not used.
- This type of water is mainly used for transport and fishing industry.
Ocean water -  industry.
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean are in the West, East and south of India
respectively.
Uses of water - - Water is used for drinking, irrigation, power generation, transport,
domestic purposes, recreation etc. Major use of water is for irrigation. We are using
water for irrigation since ancient times. There are three major sources of irrigation-
1.Canals 2. Wells and Tubewells 3. Tanks.
Problems and conservation of water resources
Water resource problems are multifaceted. They pertain to availability, use, quality
 and management. At the time of independence, sufficient water was available for
irrigation and industries but now due to population growth it is insufficient. Southern
India experiences water scarcity in summers whereas it is not so in rainy season. The
availability of water resources depends on power supply in the region which are irrigated

(8)

by tubewells. Therefore, ralional utilization, conservation and management of water

resources has become necessary.
In view of the limited availability of water, its water increasing demand and its

uneven availability it has become imperative to conserve the water resources. Following
three steps are essential in this direction :
1. To coll
collect
ect th
thee rain
rainwat
water
er and
and sto
stop
p it
it from
from dra
drain
ining
ing of
off.
f.
2. Scientifi
Scientificc manag
manageme
ement
nt of the
the wat
water
er reso
resourc
urces
es of
of all
all the
the riv
river
er wate
watersh
rsheds
eds -
minor to major.
3. Prev
Preven
enti
tion
on of wa
wate
terr reso
resour
urce
cess from
from pol
pollu
luti
tion
on..
1.4 Forest and wild life - uses and conservation -
The large areas of the earth surface with dominance of trees in the form of natural
vegetation are known as forests. Forests are the valuable gift of nature. They are the
important natural resource. It is estimated that originally one-fourth part of the earth

(25percent) was covered by forests, but these forest coverings have been recklessly
destroyed by man for agriculture, settlement and industries. Therefore, now only 15
percent area of the earth surface is covered by forests.
Natural vegetation depends on the location of an area, climate and soil. Distribution
of natural vegetation is uneven because location, edaphic and climatic conditions are not
same. Variety of forests are found in India due to varied climatic conditions and uneven
topography.
According to Botanical Survey of India about 47,000 species of plants are found.
Out of which 5000 species are found only in India. On the basis of distribution there are
following types of Indian forests-
1. Tro
rop
pica
call Ev
Ever
erg
gre
reen
en Fo
Fore
ressts
2. Monso
Monsoon
on Fore
Forests
sts-- (a) Wet
Wet Mons
Monsoon
oon For
Forest
estss (b)Dr
(b)Dry
y Monso
Monsoon
on Fore
Forest
stss
3. Dry Tr
Tropical Fo
Forests
4. Forests of delta Region
5. Himalayan Forests.
You have studied about description of these forests and wild life in the previous
class.
Importance of Forest to National Economy
Forests are national wealth. In India about 20.64 percent of total geographical area
 is under forests. This is 1.7% of the world s forest area. The country possesses an
average of 0.11 hectare per person area under forest. Variety of unevenly distributed
forests are found here. Majority of hard wood trees are found in these forests.
According to P.H.
P.H. Chatarvak- "Forests are the national wealth and are very necessary

(9
(9)
)
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for civilization. They not only provide wood, but also provide variety of raw material,
fodder and generate national income. Their indirect benefits are very important."
According to naturalist Wacon - "We get Oxygen, water, wood and capacity to
prevent soil erosion from forests. Plantation is not only economically useful, but also
important for clean environment."
Forests contribute directly and indirectly to the national economy.
Direct benefits from the forests-
● Forest provides wood -  Wood from forests is an important source of fuel.
Wood and cow dung produce 34.6 percent of total power resources. Forests provide us
Teak, Sal, Shisham, Pine, Abnoos, Sandle wood and Deodar. Wood is also used for
making furniture.
● Forests provide minor forest produce - Forests provide a large number of 
minor produce which are essential for industries such as lac, tanning materials, gum,

honey, katha, wax , resins, bamboo, medicinal herbs, horns and hides of animals etc.
● Forests provide materials for basic industries - wood is useful raw
material for several industries like paper, match, lac, leather, oil and herbal medicines.
● Grazing land for animals - 
-  Forests provide natural pastures for grazing
animals.
● Employment - - About 7.8 crore people depend on forests for their livelihood.
Many industries are based on raw materials from forests giving employment to crores
of people.
● Foreign exchange - Forest provide us lac, turpentine oil, sandle wood oil and
artistic things made up of wood which are exported to get foreign exchange.
● Helps in Small Scale Industries - Small Scale Industries are developed
from the minor forest provide like Tendupatta, Cane, Honey, Wax etc.
● Revenue generation -  -  Govt. receive crores of rupees from the forest as
revenue and royalty. Presently this revenue is 670 crore rupees per annum.
Indirect benefits from the forests -
Accordingly to J.S. Collins-"trees hold the mountains, supress the stormy rainfall,
regulate rivers, maintain the streams and animals survive on them."
Indirect benifits from the forests are as follows -
● Control soil erosion - Trees firmly enclose and considerably reduces soil
 erosion. Trees hold the fertile top layer of the soil.
●
Control the climate - Forest act as speed breakers to wind which check the
velocity of hot and cold wind. The climate of forest area remains temperate.
● Check floods - 
- Speed of water is reduced by the existence of forests. Water

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is absorbed by the trees. The force of water is reduced by the extensive forest cover.
● Control expansion of desert areas -  Sardar Patel said - "If expansion of 
deserts are to be controlled and human civilization is to be prevented then the destruction
of forest wealth is to be prevented."
● Rain bearers - -   Forests are considered as rain bearers.
● Increases water level -  Water level in ponds, tanks, river and streams is
maintained by them.
● - Leaves of the trees fall in the forest area, decompose
Increases soil fertility - 
and make the soil fertile.
● Natural beauty - Forests attract tourists, as they increase the natural beauty.

Conservation of forests in India

British Government made forest policy

in 1894 in India. They established forest

department in every state for the protection Problems of forest resources
and development of forests. There were two
● Decline in forest area
main objectives of this policy - Revenue
● Forests are on high mountains and
collection and Conservation of forests.
hills
1. In 191950
50 af
afte
terr Ind
Indep
epen
ende
denc
ncee Cent
Centra
rall ● Uneven distribution of forest
Forest Board was established. New forest policy ● Transportation problem
was made. Its four main points were- 1. Forest ● Traditional techniques
area should be increased to 33.3 percent. 2. ● Decline in forest area due to
Forestation 3. Protection of forests 4. Forestry urbanisation
research ● Forest fire
2. The policy was revised on 7th
December 1988. The main aim of the forest
policy of 1988 is protection, conservation and development of forests. The Policy holds
the following objectives-
❒ Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and restoration
of ecological balance.
❒ Conservation of natural heritage.
❒ Check on soil erosion and denudation in catchment areas of river, lakes and
 reservoirs.
❒ Check on extension of sand dunes in desert areas of Rajasthan and along

coastal tracks.
❒ Substantial increase in forest tree cover through massive offorestation and
Social forestry programmes.

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(11)

❒ Steps to meet requirements of fuel wood, fodder and minor forest produce
and timber for tribal and rural populations.
❒ Increase in productivity of forest to meet the national needs.
❒ Encouragement of efficient utilisation of forest produce and optimum
substitution of wood.
❒ Steps to create massive people's movement with involvement of women to
achieve the objective and minimise pressure on existing forests.
3. In 19
1990
90,, a 20
20 yea
yearr Nat
Natio
iona
nall For
Fores
estr
try
y Act
Actio
ion
n pro
progr
gram
amme
me wa
wass lau
launc
nche
hed
d to
to
make National Forest Policy of 1988 functional. For the development of the forests
following programmes have been launched-
➨ Establishment of Central Forest Commission - In 1965 Central Government
established a Central Forest Commission. Its functions are to collect information and
data, to broadcast technical informations, market study and to coordinate the institutions
engaged in forest development programmes.
➨ Indian Forest Survey Organisation -  This organisation was established in
1971 to know about the forest products.
➨ Council of Forestry Research and Education -  - It was established at Dehradun.
Forestry Research Institutes and centres under the council are responsible for undertaking
research in their respective eco-climatic zone. Its four Regional Centres are at Bangalore,
Coimbatore, Jabalpur and Burnihat.
➨ Establishment of Wood Craft training center -  In 1965 a "Wood Craft
Training Centre" was established in Dehradun to train the forest officers and employees
of state forest department.
➨
State Forest Development Corporations -  Cutting of forests in the states
was done by contractors. To prevent this practice these Corporations were established in
19 States.
➨ Indian Institute of Forest Management -  -  This institute is established in
Ahemdabad in 1978 in collaboration with a Swedish Company. Central Government has
also established Indian Institute of Forest Management in Bhopal for training research
and consultancy.
➨ Forest Conservation Act -  In 1980 Central Government passed forest
 conservation act according to which forest land can not be converted into agricultural
land without the permission of the government. Government has classified forests into
four categories - 1. Protected forests 2. National forests 3. Village forests 4. Tree
groups. From the management point of view forests are categorised into three groups-
(i) reserved forests (52 percent), (ii) Protected forests (32 percent), (iii) unclassified
forests (16 percent).

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➨ Vanmahotsav - In 1950 K. M. Munshi, the then Agriculture minister had

started Vanmahotsav -"Plant more trees movement" to increase the forest area and to
motivate people for plantation. Vanmashotsava
Vanmashotsava is celebrated from 1st to 7th July every
year in our country.
➨ Social Forestry -  - This programme of plantation is started in association with
World Bank. It aims to plant useful trees in waste lands, road side and canal embankments
near villages.
➨ 'One tree for every child' this slogan is developed in schools and colleges.
People's participation
participa tion is increase
increasedd by publicising Vanmahostava
Vanmahostava and by farm forestry, by
planting trees on road side, railway side and canal embankments. Cutting of green trees
is prevented by the effective implementation of forest acts. Cutting trees and animal
grazing is prevented in Himalayan region.
➨ Joint forest management - 
- This programme is being practised in 21 states of 

the country. About 70 lakh hectare of degraded forests in the country are being managed
and protected through some 35,000 village Forest Protection Committees.
➨ Forest Fire control Project -  Fire is one of the major factors responsible
for destruction of forests in the country. Several appropriate measures have been
undertaken to reduce the incidents of fire in forests. The UNDP assisted Modern Forest
Fire Control Project in Chandrapur ( Maharashtra) and Haldwani and Nainital (Uttar
Pradesh) is in operation in ten states of the Country.
1.5
1.5 Wild
Wild li
life
fe an
and
d End
Endan
ange
gere
red
d Spe
Speccie
iess -
Animals and Wild life are one of the important forest resources because they
provide many useful products and an
important source of Government revenue. Factors responsible for wild life
Man has destroyed wild life along with destruction
forests recklessly due to which existence ● Destruction of forests on large scale
of wild life is in danger. Population of  ● Hunting animals for varied reasons
lion, tiger, elephants, rhinoceros etc. is ● Environmental pollution
decreasing. It seems that in next few years ● People are not kind towards animals
some species of animals are threatened ● Raw material for industries
with extinction. They have to be saved for ● Ignorance of animals by human beings
ecological balance.
 Conservation of wild life - 
-  Following efforts can be made to protect the wild life.
● Safeguarding the national habitat of the wild animals.

● Poaching should be restricted.

● Establishing Biosphere Reserves in forest areas.
● Educating public for envionmental protection at levels of education.

(13)
(13)

● Implementation of wild life management programmes.

Rare species of National Parks/Sanctuaries
National Park/ State/Area Rare Species
Sanctuaries
1. Manas wild life Assam- Barpeta Elephant, Rhinoceros, wild
Sanctuary Buffalo, Indian Bison (Gaur), Pig,
Golden Langur, Tiger, Leopard,
Bear, Aligator, Python, giant
Squirrel, Pigmy hog, hrispid hare.
2. Kaziranga National Assam - Jorhat One-horn Rhinoceros.
Park 
3. Dhragandhara Gujarat 'Ghurkahr' extinct species of wild
Sanctuary asses.
4. Keibul-Lamjao Manipur Brow antlered deer, water fowl.
National Park 
5. Gir National Park Gujarat Asiatic Lion
6. Desert Sanctuary Rajasthan Black buck, Chinkara, Godavan
(Jaiselmer, Barmer)
7. Kanchanjunga Sikkim Red Panda, Snow Leopard,
National Park Clouded Leopard, Thar Musk  
Deer.
8. Vedanthangal water Tamilnadu Many species of water birds
bird Sanctuary

9. Simplipal Na
National Orissa-Mayurbhanj Tiger, Ga
Gaur, Ch
Cheetal, Le
Leopard,
Park flying Squirrel, Crocodile.
10. Bhitarkanika wild Orissa-Baleshwar Salt water Crocodile, Monitor
life Sanctuary lizards, Leopards, water birds,
Ridley Turtle, sea fishing cat
11. Dachigam National Jammu & Leopard, Black Bear, Brown
ParK Kashmir (Srinagar) Bear, Serav, Muskdeer, Hangul
 12. Dudhwa National Lakhimpur Khiri Tiger, Leopard, Sloth bear,
Park (Uttar Pradesh) Swamp deer, Sambhar, Cheetal,
wild Cock, Titar

13. Keoladeo Ghana Rajasthan Siberian Creanes, Storks, Sambar,

National Park (Bharatpur) Cheetal, Black buck, Civet Cat.

(14)

14 . Pinvalley National Himachal Pradesh Snow Leopard, Wild goat, Ibex.

Park 
15 . Jim Corbett Uttranchal Panda, Tiger, Elephant etc.
National Park 
Tiger and Elephant Project -
Tiger project was started in 1973 in the country. Its main objective is to protect and
conserve the tiger. There are 27 tiger reserves in the country. To protect and conserve
elephants, elephant project was started 14 elephant projects are running in the country.
Biosphere Reserves -
Biosphere reserves are established in the country to conserve the ecosystem and
preserve the biological diversity. 14 Biosphere reserves have been established in the
country.

Terms

Humus - Decomposed organic matter of plants and animals is called humus.

It is found in the top soil and makes the soil fertile.
Soil Profile - A vertical
vertical section
section of
of soil showing the sequence
sequence of
of horizons
horizons
downwards from the surface to the parent material
Soil Depletion - Deteriorat
Deterioration
ion in the fertility
fertility of soil is called soil
soil depletion
depletion
Soil Erosion - Drain
Draining
ing of soil
soil due to running
running water
water or wind
wind is called
called soil erosio
erosion
n
Soil Conservation- Prevention of soil erosion or deplition is called soil conservation.
Weathering - Dis
Disinte
integrat
gration
ion of rocks
rocks on the earth
earth surface
surface due to weathe
weatherr
Surface Water - Water avail
available
able on
on the earth surf
surface
ace
Ridge - To form a raised
raised line
line of soil to preven
preventt soil erosio
erosion
n
Permea
Permeable Rockss - A rock that allows free passage of surface water through it owing
ble Rock
to its property.
 Impermeable Rocks -  A rock which does not allow surface water to soak into and
through it because it is non porous.
Watershed - Areas filled with water

(15)
(15)

Exercise
Choose the correct option :

1. Which fac
Which factor
tor do
does
es no
nott help
help in the for
format
mation
ion of th
thee soi
soil?
l?
( i) Wind and water (ii) Decomposed plants and animals
(iii
(iii)) Rocks and temperature (iv) Water accumulation
2. Which soil
Which soil is
is genera
generally
lly fou
found
nd in the delt
deltaa region
region of
of Andhr
Andhraa Prades
Pradesh
h and
and
Orissa and the plains of Ganges?
(i) Red Soil (i i ) Alluvial soil
(iii) Black soil (iv) Laterite soil
3. In whi
which
ch regi
region
on is
is the
the metho
method
d of maki
making
ng con
contou
tourr bunds
bunds us
used
ed for
for soi
soill
conservation?
(i) Delta region (i i ) Plateau Region
(iii) Hills (iv) Plains
4. Man us
uses --
------- th
the mo
most.
(i) Underground water (i i ) oceanic water
(iii) Surface water (iv) Atmospheric water
5. Which
Which of the fol
follo
lowin
wing
g stat
states
es is kn
know
own
n as
as Tig
Tiger
er sta
state?
te?
(i) Rajasthan (i i ) Madhya Pradesh
(iii) Uttarakhand (iv) Assam
6. Thee fou
Th found
nder
er of Van
anma
maho
hots
tsav
avaa was
was--
(i) Mahatma Gandhi (i i ) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

(ii) K.M.Munshi (iv) Acharya Vinoba Bhawe

7. Most forested state is-
(i) Madhya Pradesh (i i ) Uttar Pradesh
(iii) Assam (iv) Tamil Nadu
8. Ghan
Ghanaa Bi
Bird
rd Sa
Sanc
nctu
tuar
ary
y is lo
loca
cate
ted
d in -
(i) Kerala (i i ) Rajasthan
 (iii) West Bengal (iv) Madhya Pradesh
Fill in the blanks :
1. ----
------
----
----
----
-- ha
hass an
an imp
impor
orta
tant
nt pl
plac
acee in
in Joi
Joint
nt Fo
Fore
rest
st Ma
Mana
nage
geme
ment
nt Sy
Syst
stem
em..
2. Soci
Social
al Fo
Fore
rest
stry
ry Sc
Sche
heme
me is ge
gett
ttin
ing
g fin
finan
anci
cial
al as
assi
sist
stan
ance
ce fr
from
om --
----
----
----
3. Fore
Forest
st Fi
Fire
re Co
Cont
ntro
roll Pro
Proje
ject
ct is wo
work
rkin
ing
g in
in ass
assoc
ocia
iati
tion
on wi
with
th --
----
----
----
--
4. ----
------
----
----
---- and
and --
----
----
----
---- are
are es
esta
tabl
blis
ishe
hed
d to pr
prot
otec
ectt and
and co
cons
nser
erve
ve wi
wild
ld li
life
fe..

(16)

Match the column :

1. Corbett - Uttara Khand

2. Dachigam - Assam
3. Manas - Jammu and Kashmir
4. Periyar - Chandrapur
4. Forest Fire control Project - Kerala
Very short answer type questions
1. What is me
mean
antt by soil ero
rossio
ion
n?
2. What
What do yo
you
u mea
mean
n by
by soi
soill con
conse
serv
rvat
atio
ion?
n?
3. What
What ar
aree the
the so
sour
urce
cess of
of und
under
ergr
grou
ound
nd wa
wate
ter?
r?
4. What
What is th
thee bas
basis
is of mo
modi
difi
fied
ed fo
fore
rest
st po
poli
licy
cy of 19
1988
88??
5. What
What is th
thee bas
basis
is of th
thee suc
succe
cess
ss of so
soci
cial
al fo
fore
rest
stry
ry??
6. Why
Why has
has Indi
Indian
an Ins
Instit
titute
ute of For
Forest
est Man
Manage
agemen
mentt been
been est
establ
ablish
ished?
ed?
Short answer type Questions-
1. What
What is me
mean
antt by so
soil
il pr
prof
ofil
ile?
e? Ex
Expl
plai
ain.
n.
2. What
What is th
thee impo
importa
rtance
nce of soi
soill in
in huma
human
n life
life?? Exp
Explai
lain.
n.
3. Diff
Differ
eren
enti
tiat
atee betw
betwee
een
n Red
Red Soil
Soil and
and Lat
Later
erit
itee Soil
Soil..
4. What
What ar
aree the
the me
meas
asur
ures
es of wa
wate
terr con
conse
serv
rvat
atio
ion?
n?
5. Rain
Rain wa
wate
terr har
harve
vest
stin
ing
g is
is imp
impor
orta
tant
nt.. Why
Why??
6. Cons
Conser
erva
vati
tion
on of
of fore
forest
stss is ne
nece
cess
ssar
ary
y. Why
Why??
7. Expl
Explai
ain
n for
fores
estt bas
based
ed In
Indu
dust
stri
ries
es..
8. How
How doe
doess for
fores
estt con
contr
trol
ol th
thee cli
clima
mate
te??
9. Write down the chie
chieff charac
characteri
teristic
sticss of
of the
the Forest
Forest Poli
Policy
cy of Decemb
December
er 1988
1988..
10. Wh
What
at is So
Socia
ciall For
Fores
estry
try Sch
Scheme
eme??
Long answer type questions
1. What
What is soil
soil?? Descri
Describe
be diffe
differen
rentt types
types of soil,
soil, thei
theirr charac
character
teris
istic
ticss and
 distribution.
2. What is Soi
What Soill Erosi
Erosion
on?? Explai
Explain
n the
the causes
causes of soil
soil ero
erosi
sion
on and
and metho
methods
ds of 
of 
conservation of soil.
3. Explain
Expla in the
the agent
agentss of soi
soill forma
formatio
tion
n and
and draw
draw a labe
labell
lled
ed diag
diagram
ram of
of soil
soil
profile.
4. What are
What are the
the main
main sour
sources
ces of
of water
water res
resou
ource
rce?? What
What is
is the
the impor
importan
tance
ce of 
water resource in human life?

(17)
(17)

5. Descri
Describe
be th
thee meth
method
odss of
of wate
waterr cons
conserv
ervati
ation
on.. Why
Why is it nec
necess
essary
ary??
6. Desc
Descri
ribe
be di
dire
rect
ct an
and
d ind
indir
irec
ectt adv
advan
anta
tage
gess of
of fore
forest
sts.
s.

7. Describe
Descri be th
thee role
role of gov
govern
ernmen
mentt agen
agencie
ciess in
in fore
forest
st con
conser
servat
vation
ion..
8. Why
Wh y is wil
wild
d life
life cons
conserv
ervati
ation
on nece
necess
ssary
ary?? What
What are
are the
the meas
measur
ures
es of
of the
the wild
wild
life conservation?
Project work-
● Prepare a plan for a geographical tour of your area and collect the following
information-
❖ Type of soil in your region and its characteristics
❖ Causes of soil erosion in the area
❖ What could be the measures to prevent soil erosion in that area
❖ Characteristics of soil on the basis of crops grown in that area
● Prepare a map of India and show the followin
following.
g.
Kaziranga, Gir, Gim, Keoladeo, Simlipal National Park, Sunderban,
Ranthambore, Savisca, Manas, Corbett tiger project, Nilgiri, Nandadevi, Great
Nicobar, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
● Visit a National Park and prepare a report on the following points.
1. Wil
ild
d li
life
fe
2. Hab
Habita
itatt of wild
wild animal
animalss
3. Thei
Theirr food and method
methodss of hunti
hunting
ng
4. Fore
Forest
st produce
produce collec
collected
ted from
from that park 
park 

❖ ❖ ❖
 (18)



Resources of India (II)

(Agricultural Crops, Minerals and Power Resources)
Presently the term agriculture is used
We shall learn  in a broad sense. It not only includes
2.1 RoRole
le of agagri
ricu
cult
ltur
uree in In Indi an cultivation but also forest, fisheries, animal
dian
economy rearing and dairying in it. India is an
2.2 MaMajojorr Cro
Cropsps of In
Indi
dia
aa and
nd th eirr agricultural country. Geographical diversities
thei
distribution in India create favourable climatic conditions
2.3 RoRole
le of go
gove
vern
rnme
mentnt ag
agenenci es in for the production of different types of crops.
cies
agricultural development Eleven percent of the total area of the
2.4 MeMedidici
cina
nall an
and d HoHortrtic
icul
ultu rall world is cultivable. India has 51 percent area
tura
Crops- Methods, utility and under cultivation. Only one crop is grown in
security many countries of the world but in India two
2.5 MiMine
nera
rals
ls : Typ
Typeses,, dist
distri
ribu
buti on,, or three crops are grown in some areas. Total
tion
Importance and Conservation area which could be irrigated in India is equal
2.6 PoPowe
werr reso
resour
urceces:
s: Typ
Types
es,, to total cultivable area of China. 58.2 percent
distribution, uses and labourers of India depend on agriculture for
conservation their livelihood, 66 percent of the agricultural
land is used for growing food crops and 34
percent for commercial crops. Agriculture contributes 56.1 percent in Gross National
Product.
2.1 Role
Role of Ag
Agri
ricu
cult
ltur
uree in
in Ind
India
ian
n Eco
Econo
nomy
my
Agriculture is our primary occupation. It includes both cultivation of crops and
animal rearing. Contribution and importance of agriculture can be seen in Indian
economy as follow-
● 17 percent population of the world survives on Indian agriculture, 2/3rd
 population of India depends on agriculture for their livelihood.
● Two third labour power of the country is engaged in Indian agriculture. Many
people get their employment indirectly also. Either they are engaged in handicrafts or in
small industries based on agricultural products in rural areas. Agriculture can give
employment to large number of people.
● Agriculture gives raw material for clothing. Cloth is made from cotton, jute,
silk, wool and wood pulp. Leather industry is also based on agriculture. It is the basis of 
all the industries using agricultural products as raw material. Cotton industry, jute

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(19)

Industry, edible oil industry, Sugar and Tobacco all these industries are based on
agricultural products. Agriculture contributes about 34 percent to the income from
agricultural products.
● Indian agriculture is sustaining the increasing population. Agricultural products
gives carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins from food products. Mahatma Gandhi
says- "Life depends on agriculture. Where agriculture is not beneficial, life itself could
not be beneficial there."
Indian agriculture is the foundation stone of our country's economy. Its success
or failure directly affects the food problem, internal and external trade, means of 
transport and the national income. Therefore, it is said that importance of agriculture in
the economy of India is same as the importance of soul in human body.
2.2 Impo
Import
rtan
antt Cr
Crop
opss of
of Ind
India
ia an
and
d the
their
ir di
dist
stri
ribu
buti
tion
on

Distribution of Crops in India

According to season According to study

Kharif Crops Rabi Crops Zaid Crops Food Crops Cash and
Commercial
Crops
● Kharif Crops - The crops which are sown in the beginning of rainy season
(June- July) and ready to reap by the end of spring season after Dusherra (October-
November) are called Kharif crops. Rice, jawar, bajra, maize, soyabean, sugarcane,
cotton, groundnut, sesamum are the chief kharif crops.
● Rabi Crops - - The crops, which are sown in October-November after Dussera
and are ready to reap by the beginning of summer season in March-April are called Rabi
 crops. Wheat, gram, barely, mustard, tobacco are the main Rabi Crops.
● Zaid Crops - -  The crops grown in summer especially vegetables and green
fodder are called Zaid crops.
● Food Crops -  -  By food crops we mean the crops which are the main
component of food. Rice, wheat, jawar, maize, bajra, gram, tur and other pulses are
included in food crops.
● Cash and Commercial Crops -  -  Cash and commercial crop means the crops
which are not used as food directly but they are sold to generate cash. These crops
include cotton, jute, tea, coffee, soyabean, oil seed, sugarcane, tobacco, rubber etc.

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The table given below shows the position of India in the world in production of 
some crops and their main producing states.
The main crops of India and the distribution of their producing areas is given here.
● Wheat - -  Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, West Bengal,
Uttarkhand and Gujrat. Position of India in the production of crops
● Rice - West Bengal, Crops Position of Highest producing
Indi
Indiaa in
in wor
world
ld St
Stat
atee in In
Indi
dia
a
U.P., Punjab, Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Wheat Fourth Uttar Pradesh
Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Rice Second West Bengal
Assam. Jawar First Maharashtra
● Bajra - -  Rajasthan, Maize Tenth Uttar Pradesh
Cotton Fifth Maharashtra
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Jute Second West Bengal
Punjab.
Sugarcane First Uttar Pradesh
● Barley - Uttar
Tea First Assam
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and
Soyabean First Madhya Pradesh
Punjab
● Gram and Pulses -  -  Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Punjab and Karnataka
● -  Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Maize - 
Bihar and Punjab
● Oil Seed - Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal
● Groundnut - -  Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh. India ranks first in world in the production of groundnut.
● Rapseed and Mustard - 
-  Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana
● Soyabean - 
- Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
 ● Sunflower - Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
● Tea - Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh
● Coffee - 
- Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
● Tobacco - Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West

Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka

● Sugarcane - -  Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar and Gujarat
● Cotton - 
-  Gujrat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh,

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Punjab, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu

● Jute - 
- West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya
and Orissa
● Opium - 
-  Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and
Jammu and Kashmir
● Rubber - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andman-Nicobar islands. 90 percent
rubber of India is produced in Kerala.
● Spices - (Black Pepper) In Kerala and Tamil Nadu, (Red chillies) - Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Bihar, (Cardamom) - Kerala, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu, (Cloves) - Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Turmeric - Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil
Nadu and Maharashtra, (Arecanut) - Karnataka, Kerala, Assam and West Bengal
● Cashewnut - Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Orissa
● Flax (San) - Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
● Silk - Karnataka, Kashmir, Assam, West Bengal
● Potato - 
-  Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar
Rice is the main food crop of India and wheat ranks second. In the total production
of food grains wheat contributes 12.7% Rice 40.5%, Millets 30.3% and Pulses 16.5%
2.3 Role of Government agencies in agricultural development
In 1966-67 a new era was started due to a technologic
technological
al change by green revolution
for the improvement in agriculture in India.
❒ Green Revolution -   Green revolution means rapid increase in agricultural
production by the use of seeds of high yielding variety, chemical fertilizers and new
technology. The impact of Green Revolution in India is visible in the form of increased
food grain production. Adoption of high yielding variety of seeds is increasing in Indian
agriculture. Increase in production of Wheat and rice in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh is due to the adoption of seeds of H.Y.V.
 characteristics of Green Revolution are as follows-
❖ Use of high yielding variety seeds
❖ Use of chemical fertilizers
❖ Use of pesticides
❖ Extension of agricultural machinery, tools and implements
❖ Extension of small and medium irrigation projects
❖ Use of new techniques for soil conservation
❖ Fixation of support price of agricultural products
❖ Encouragement to agricultural research and soil testing

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❖ To improve good facilities for agricultural marketing.

❖ Extention of finance and loan facilities for agriculture
❒ White Revolution - White revolution is closely related to animal rearing.
White revolution means increase in milk production with the help of dairy development
programmes in rural areas. This is also known as operation flood. Government has
developed new species by interbreeding local cows and cows of foreign race. They are
producing more milk. Dairy cooperative societies were organised in rural areas. These
societies collect the milk from milk producers and help them in marketing. Loan and
medical facilities for animals are also given by these societies. This mission was started
from Khera district of Gujarat and covered other states like Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In 1999-2000 total milk production
in the country was 781 lakh tonnes which has increased to 850 Lakh tonnes in 2001-02.

❒ Yellow Revolution -  -  The strategy of research and development in the field

of production of crops for edible oil and oil seeds is known as yellow revolution. India
was self-sufficient till sixties in oilseed production but due to decreased area of oil seed
crops in total cultivable land, negligible use of manures and fertilizer, limited irrigation
facilities, increasing population, crop security and no use of scientific technology has
reduced the production in the country. Various efforts have been made to increase
oilseed production. Technology mission was started in 1987-88 by Government of India
in which oilseed production achieved a major break through with the help of societies
organised at national, state and local level, agricultural research institutions and loan
providing agencies. Government has increased the facilities of storage, distribution and
declaration of support price of oil seeds.
❒ Blue Revolution -  -  Progress in production and productivity in fisheries
sector in the country is called
ca lled Blue Revolution. India is the world's third largest producer
of fish. A project is launched in five states in collaboration with World Bank to increase
fish production in the country. It helps in augmenting food supply, raising nutritional
 level, generating employment and earning foreign exchange. In the year 2006-07 the
country produced 63.99 lakh tonnes of fish and exported worth Rs.5739 crores.
❒ Pink Revolution - Natural minerals and vitamins play an important role to
enhance resistance capacity in the body. Emphasis is given on growing fruits in tropical
and temperate climate (Apple, Mango, Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, Cashewnut, Oranges,
Lemon, Almond) using the soil and varied climate of our country, this is named as pink 
revolution.
2.4 Medici
Medicinal
nal and Hor
Hortic
ticult
ultura
urall Crop
Cropss - Meth
Method,
od, uti
utility
lity and sec
securi
urity
ty
India has a great potential of producing horticultural crops like fruits, vegetables,
herbs, aromatic plants, spices due to large veriety of soil and and varied climate. India
is the world's second largest producer of vegetables and fruits. Area under fruit

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cultivation is 48.1 lakh hectares and 63 lakh hectares under vegetable cultivation. India
produces 10% of fruits and 13.28% of the total world's production. Following horticultural
crops may be grown in India.
● Fruits - The fruits of tropical areas like mango, banana, lemon, pineapple,
papaya, guava, chickoo, jack fruit, litchi, grapes, fruits of temperate areas like apple,
pears, apricots, almond, walnuts and fruits of dry areas like amla, ber, pomegranate, fig
are produced in India. India leads the world in the production of mango, banana, chikoo
and lemon. India produces 39% of Mango and 23% of banana of the total world's
production.
● Vegetable - - Vegetables like tomato, onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, peas,
potato and cucumber are grown in India. India ranks second after China in the production
of vegetables. India ranks first in the production of cauliflower, second in onion and third

in cabbage production.
● Flowers - Traditional techniques of cultivation of flowers are in practice in
India. Production of rose tuberose, has increased. Approximately 1.14 lakh hectare land
is under flower cultivation.
● Spices - India is known as the house of spices. Black pepper, cardamom,
ginger, garlic, turmeric, chilies etc. are produced here. India is the largest producer,
consumer and exporter of spices. spices are grown on 25.6 lakh hectare area.
● Medicinal and Aromatic plants -   These plants are used in India from
ancient times. About 2000 indigenous species are identified as medicinal plants, 1300
species as aromatic plants. There is great demand of these plants and herbs in Indian
system of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Looking to the demand of these
plants the systematic cultivation of these indigenous species has been started. Ministry
of Forest and Environment has identified 9500 species of plants which are used as
medicine. Out of them 65 species are in great demand in the world market. India ranks
 sixth in the production of valuable herbs and medicinal plants.
Horticulture Development Programme - National Horticulture Mission and
National Horticalture centre are the sponsored programme of Central Government which
was started in 2005. These programmes include the production and marketing of 
horticultural products.
Provisions
● To establish graft bank to increase
increase the production of quality plants and fulfill
its demand
● To increase the production and productivity of horticultural crops
● For testing soil and leaves facilities of laboratories, nurseries, pali house and
green house has to be increased
● Production of high quality horticultural crops has to be increased for export.

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● To increase the production of high quality hybrid products

●
To enhance the basic amenities for marketing and export
Achievements
● 97503 hectare additional area was found under horticultural crops.
● To include 50667 hectare 16252 hectare and 20262 hectares area under
fruits, vegetables and spices respectively
● 5858 hectare area has been included for high price value crops like medicinal
and aromatic plants and flowers.
Horticulture Development Programme has been implemented in Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. Increase in production and protection of fruits,
flowers and vegetables is important. For the development of horticulture fertility of the
soil should be maintained by continuous use of manures and chemical fertilizers in
appropriate quantity. Means of irrigation should be sufficient. Boundary of gardens
(protective circle) should be strong so that unwanted elements may not damage the crop.
Weather forecasting should be done by radio etc. so that products could be protected
from extreme weather. Market and export system should be decided by the state and the
central government. Loan should be made available to horticulturists by the banks and the
other loan giving agencies liberally. Agriculture Research Institutions should develop
high yielding species of fruits, flowers and vegetables and motivate producers to adopt
such varieties. In this way progress in the field of horticulture is possible
possible in the country.
country.
 2.5 Minera
Minerals
ls - Type
Types,
s, Distr
Distribu
ibutio
tion,
n, Impor
Importan
tance
ce and
and Conser
Conservat
vation
ion
Substances which are extracted by digging the earth surface deeply are called
mineral substances. Sometimes they are found near the earth surface due to soil erosion.
Nature has deposited them very deep in the earth. Most minerals are found in the old
rocks.
Minerals are the basis of modern industrial development. Machines in the industries,
 ships, high buildings, different types of weapons, coins and other metallic things we use,
all are the gift of mineral substances. Minerals are the basis of industrial development
in the country. There would have been no industrial production and development if we
were not having metals and minerals. In ancient times when man was not aware of metals
and power resources, he use to make use of stones and other hard substances for him.
Later on he identified iron and coal and made use of these. Today man is aware of many
minerals. Every country is importing the minerals important for their economic
development.
Minerals are classified into two categories -
1. Metallic MiMinerals - Minerals which contain metals in sufficient quantity are
called metallic minerals. Metallic minerals are subdivided into ferrous and non-ferrous.
Some common ferrous minerals are ironore, manganeseore, chromite, pyrite, tungston.

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(25)

 
 Country Boundary line based on Survey of India Map 2008

Some non ferrous metals are gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, zinc and bauxite etc.
2. Non-Metallic Minerals - These are the minerals in which metals are not
present. Some of the common non-metallic minerals are diamond, mica, coal, salt,
gypsum, limestone etc.
India has reserves of mineral wealth. Variety of minerals are found in our country.
Chota Nagpur plateau contains rich deposits of minerals and is known as Mineral wonder

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of world. India's 40 percent minerals are found here. India is independent in some

minerals and some minerals are exported after fulfilling our requirement. In the
production of minerals, Bihar and Jharkhand contributes 37 percent, West Bengal 22
percent and Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh 16 per cent.
❒ Iron Ore -  Iron ore is the backbone of modern industrial civilization. India
ranks eighth in iron producing country of the world but with regard to high grade iron
ore it ranks second. There are four varieties of iron ore Haematite, Magnetite, Limonite
and Siderite.
Haematite -  It is red and brown in colour, contains 60 to 70 percent of iron. This
is the best quality iron ore found in abundance in India. It is found in aqueous rocks.
Magnatite -  It is a black coloured oxide of magnetie iron, containing 72 percent
of iron. It is found in igneous rocks. Mainly found in Karnataka and Tamilnadu.
Limonite -  It is formed by the combination of oxygen, water and iron. It contains
10 to 40 percent of iron. It is yellow in colour and found in sedimentary rocks.
Siderite - This is also known as iron carbonate formed by the combination of iron
and carbon. It is brown in colour. 10 to 48 percent of iron is present in it.
Mines of iron ore be divided into following regions :
North Eastern Region -  The main iron reserves of Singhbhum district of 
Jharkhand State are Manoharpur, Pansiraburu, Budaburu, Gua, Noamandi. In Orissa iron
reserves are located in Gorumahisani, Sulaipat and Badampahar in Mayurbhanj district.
Central India Region -  In this region iron reserves are located in Goa, in Jabalpur,
Mandla and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh, in Durg, Raigarh and Bilaspur districts
of Chhattisgarh and in Chanda and Ratnagiri districts of Maharashtra. Important mines of 
Durg districts are Dhalli, Rajhara and Bailadila of Bastar.
 Peninsular region - In Karnataka deposits occur in Chikmangalur, Bellary, North
Kannad and Chitradurga districts, in Tiruchirapalli, Salem, South Arcadu districts of 
Tamil Nadu and in Andhra Pradesh ores are scattered through Anantapur, Kurnool and
Nellore districts.
Other Regions -  Small deposits of the ore are found in Mahendragarh district of 
Haryana, Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, Garhwal, Almora and Nainital districts of 
Uttaranchal,Kozhikode district of Kerala, Jammu and Udhampur districts of Jammu and
Kashmir and in Nagaland.

❒ Manganese Ore - Manganese has variety of uses therefore it is known as

 jack of trades. India stands second in the productio
production n of manganese in the world. 19
percent of the total production of the world is extracted from here. Metal which contain
manganese and iron both in excess is known as ferro-manganese alloy and when it is less

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than 5 percent it is called Ferro alloy.

Manganese ore is used in Iron and Steel industry. When it is mixed with iron strong
steel is manufactured. It is also used to clean glass, to manufacture bleaching powder,
paints, batteries, insecticides, and other chemical substances.
Manganese deposits in India are divided into three regions, (See the given map)
Central India Region - This region contributes 50 percent of the total manganese
produced in India. The deposits in Maharashtra are located in Bhandara, Ratnagiri and
Nagpur districts. Balaghat, Chhindwara, Seoni, Mandla, Dhar and Jhabua districts of 
Madhya Pradesh, Bastar district of Chattisgarh, Kheda and Panchmahal districts of 
Gujarat and Udaipur and Banswada districts of Rajasthan.
Peninsular Region -  The deposits of Manganese ore in Karnataka are in North

Kanara, Chitradurga,
Pradesh it Chikmagalur, Shimoga,
occurs in Visakhapatnam, CuddapahBellary and Tumkur
and Srikakulam districts. In Andhra
districts.
North Eastern Region - In this region deposits of magnanese ore are located in
Singbhum district of Jharkhand and Keonjhar,
Keonjhar, Ganjam, Sundragarh and Belagiri districts
of Orissa
❒ Mica - 
-  It is found in old metamorphic rock. It is layered, lighter and
bright. It has insulating properties. It is used in many industries like pharmaceuticals,
electric appliances, telephone, radio, aircraft, motor vehicles etc. India ranks second in
the world in the production of mica. India contributes 26 percent of the world production.
In India mica reserves are confined to Bihar, Tamil
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan
and Karnataka. Bihar and Jharkhand contribute 60 percent of the total production in India.
Deposites of mica occur in Gaya, Monghyr and Hazaribagh districts of Bihar. The world
famous high quality bright white mica is found in Bihar, therefore the mica of Bihar is
 known as Ruby Mica. Mica is found in Nilgiri, Madurai, Coimbatore and Salem districts
of Tamil
Tamil Nadu, Nellore, Guntur, Visakhapatnam and Western Godavari districts of Andhra
Pradesh. Here the colour of the mica is green and is easily identified. In Rajasthan it is
found in Bhilwara,
Bhilwara , Jaipur, Udaipur,
Udaipur, Tonk,
Tonk, Sikar and Ajmer districts, Gwalior districts of 
Madhya Pradesh, Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Hassan district of Karnataka, Punnallore
district of Kerala, Mahendragarh and Gurgaon districts of Haryana and Kinnaur district
of Himachal Pradesh also have deposits of mica.
❒ Copper Ore -  Copper is found in metamorphic rocks. Other metals like
Silver, Tin, Lead, Gold etc. are also mixed with copper.
Copper is very flexible. It is red-brown in colour. It is Copper + Zinc = Brass
Copper + Lead = Bronze
a good conductor of electricity and ductile. Other
Copper + Gold = Rolled Gold
metals when mixed with copper forms a new metal.
Therefore, copper is considered as key metal. Copper is used in India from ancient
times. It is used in manufacturing electric cables, telphone and telegraphic instruments,

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utensils and coins.

India ranks third among the copper producing countries of the world. Major
deposits are located in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, Alwar, Jhunjunu, Banswara and
Jhalawar districts of Rajasthan, Darjeeling district of West Bengal, Guntur district of 
Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Chitradurg district of Karnataka, Garhwal, Almorha and Dehradoon
districts of Uttarkhand, in Kullu and Kangra valley of Himacha and Balaghat district of 
Madhya Pradesh.
❒ Bauxite - Bauxite is a non-metallic mineral. It is used in preparing
aluminium. India plays an important role in world reserves, but in production India ranks
ninth. In India it is found in Ranchi and Palamu of Jharkhand, Balaghat, Jabalpur and
Mandla districts of Madhya Pradesh, Kolhapur
Kolhapur,, Thane, Beed, Ratnagiri, Satara and Colaba
districts of Maharashtra, Salem district of Tamil Nadu, Banda district of Uttar Pradesh
and Durg district of Chhattisgarh.
❒ Gold - It is a precious metal and is used in manufacturing coins, jewellery,
jewellery,
medicines and in chemical industries. India produces only 2 per cent of the world's total
gold. There are two sources of gold in India - auriferous lode deposits and alluvial or
detrital gold or placer deposits. In Karnataka it is found in the Dharwar rocks of Kolar
district. The place is called Kolar gold fields. It is one of the deepest mines of the world
and is 2736 metres deep. Kolar gold field produces 99 percent gold of the country. Gold
fields also are in Ramgiri in Andhra Pradesh, Wynad in Kerala and Salem in Tamil Nadu.
Placer deposits occur in Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh. Gold is produced from the
sand of rivers Subarana Rekha (Jharkhand) and Subansri (Arunachal Pradesh).

❒ Diamond - It is a very precious element. It was initially found in India.

Kohinoor diamond of India is world known. In India, diamond mines are in Panna, Satna