INTRODUCTION

Drying can be described by three processes operating simultaneously which, energy transfer
from an external source to the water or organic solvent (direct or indirect Heat Transfer),
phase transformation of water or solvent from a liquid- like state to a vapour state (mass
transfer) and transfer vapour generated away from the API and out of the drying
equipment. Drying API is an important operation for the production of consistent, stable,
free-flowing materials for formulation, packaging, storage and transport. Particle attrition or
agglomeration can result in major differences in particle size distribution (PSD),
compressibility and flow characteristics.

Dryers are utilized in numerous industrial processes. The function of a dryer is to use heat
transfer processes to dry solids. A variety of dryer types exist. Adiabatic dryers use
convection and direct contact with gases to dry solids, whereas non-adiabatic dryers use
methods other than heated gas contact to dry, including conduction, radiation, and radio
frequency drying. Dryers can be used for batch processes or they be in continuous use.

The efficiency of drying, with increasing concern about environmental degradation, it is

desirable to decrease energy consumption in all sectors. Drying processes are one of the
most energy-intensive unit operations in the CPI. One measure of efficiency is the ratio of
the minimum quantity of heat that will remove the required water to the energy actually
provided for the process. Sensible heat can also be added to the minimum, as this added
heat in the material often cannot be economically recovered. Other newer technologies
have been developed, such as sonic drying, superheated steam, heat-pump-assisted drying
and others.

This is the constant Rate Drying period, which ends when the solid reaches the Critical
Moisture Content. Beyond this point, the Surface Temperature rises, and the Drying Rate
falls off rapidly. The falling rate period can take a far longer time than the constant rate
period even though the moisture removal may be less. The Drying Rate approaches zero at
some equilibrium Moisture Content which is the lowest Moisture Content obtainable with
the Solid under the Drying condition used the Moisture Content (X) of a Wet Solid is
measured in terms of the weight of moisture per unit weight of Dry Material.
 Process of drying

TUTORIAL

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using tray dryer in drying process.
Describe an example of industrial applications that utilized tray dryer in its process.

Advantage of tray dryer are, no loss of substances during handling. It is a batch dryer. Thus,
small amount of wet solid mixtures can also be dried separately, no attrition is observed, the
machine is also easier to operate and repair, tray dryer is a good control to heat and
humidity, it may be operated under vacuum and through circulation drying can be provided
by modifying it. The disadvantage of tray dryer is a long during cycle 5 to 45 hour per batch
and it is expensive to operate due to high labour requirement for loading and unloading. It is
also not suitable for large scale production and thermolabile drugs, liquid, slurries, cannot
be dried. For industrial applications that utilized tray dryer is drying in food industry, it
typically includes dairy products production such as milk, whey and creamer, coffee, coffee
surrogates, tea, flavours, powdered drinks, processed cereal-based foods, potatoes, starch
derivatives, sugar beet pulp, fruits, vegetables and spices. The water removal from the wet
germinated grain is applied in the production of malt, a process which is called kilning. For
the malting process, the drying step is essential and is required to create the desired colour
and flavour.

2. Write a one-paragraph summary of any journal article that studies drying process.
The article must have been published within the last 5 years. Explain on the drying
equipment used in the study and its significance to the study done.
In this paper we present a new model for thermodynamic analysis, in terms of exergy, of a
drying process. Exergy efficiencies are derived as functions of heat and mass transfer
parameters. An illustrative example is considered to verify the present model and to
illustrate the applicability of the model to actual drying processes at different drying air
temperatures, specific exergies of drying air, exergy differences of inlet and outlet products,
product weights, moisture contents of drying air, and humidity ratios of drying air. As a
result, this work is intended not only to demonstrate the usefulness of exergy analysis in
thermodynamic assessments of drying processes, but also to provide insights into their
performances and efficiencies. It is believed that the present model should be useful to
people seeking to optimize the design of drying systems and their components and to
identify appropriate applications and optimal configurations for drying systems.