Engr.

IPDQuines
 INTRODUCTION

Highway Engineering is a subfield of

Transportation Engineering which deals with provisions
for meeting public needs for Highways; Environmental
Impact of Highways; Planning, Designing, Constructing,
Maintaining, and Rehabilitating Highways; Access to
and exit from Highways; Economics and Financing of
Highway Construction; and Safety of those using or
affected by the use of highways.
HISTORY OF ROADS
• BRIEF HISTORY OF ROAD
DEVELOPMENT
• HIGHWAYS IN THE PHILIPPINES
 BRIEF HISTORY
OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT
Early roads with hard surfaces were found in the land
of Mesopotamia. These roads were constructed as early as 3,
500 B.C. These systems were constructed primarily for the
following purposes:
1. For the movement of armies in their conquest and
for defense against invasion.
2. For transport of food and trade of goods between
neighboring towns and
cities.
 BRIEF HISTORY
OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT
The Romans, who discovered cement, expanded their
vast empire through extensive road networks radiating in
many directions from the capital city of Rome. Many of the
roads built by the Romans still exist after 2,000 years.
In 1700s, Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet, French
Engineer introduces new methods and maintenance of stone
roads by improving the crown, the drainage and the grade of
the road. He was accredited as the “Father of Modern Road
Building”.
 BRIEF HISTORY
OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT

In Scotland, a stone mason apprentice, Thomas

Telford, progressed his works into designing bridges and
building roads. He placed great emphasis on two features:
(1) maintaining a level roadway with a maximum
gradient of 1 in 30
(2) building a stone surface capable of carrying the
heaviest anticipated loads.
 BRIEF HISTORY
OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT

England followed the ongoing highway development

started by France. The Macadam road concept named after
John Louden McAdam, a Scottish Engineer, was developed
and widely accepted.
 BRIEF HISTORY
OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT
 HIGHWAYS
IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the 1900s, transportation in the Philippines depends

mainly on trails, waterways, railroads, earth roads and partially
graveled roads/macadam roads. The American government
initiated the development of roadways in the country connecting
towns, cities and provinces.
After the second World War, the government continued
the rehabilitation and construction of roads and bridges through
war damages paid by the Japanese government. Others coming
from financial grants by the US government.
 HIGHWAYS
IN THE PHILIPPINES

Fifty years later , major highways and expressways were

constructed through the financial assistance and loans from
foreign banks. Alongside with the industrialization program of
the government, vehicles of various types started flooding the
Philippine roadways.
Statistics revealed that more than 80,000 brand new
vehicles were added to their lists every year. The DPWH must
open 400 kilometers new roads every year. With this statistics,
traffic problems are expected to worsen year after year.
 HIGHWAYS
IN THE PHILIPPINES

The year 1960-1980 was considered an automobile age. It

was during this decade that road construction becomes a matter
of priority of the government.
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
OF HIGHWAYS AND STREETS
• ACCORDING TO FUNCTION (CLASS)
• ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

The American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) developed the
classification system for highways and is referred to as
the Functional Classification of Highways.
First, highway facilities are classified as urban or
rural, and second, are classified separately for urban
and rural as arterials, collectors, and local roads.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 1ST CLASSIFICATION

Highways and streets are categorized as Rural

Roads or Urban Roads, depending on the area in
which they are located.
This initial classification is necessary because
urban and rural areas have significantly different
characteristics with respect to the type of land use and
population density, which in turn influences travel
patterns.
 1ST CLASSIFICATION
URBAN ROADS
Are roads located in areas
designated as such by local
officials with population of 5000
or more. Such roads are designed
with the speed limit of 60 kph or
less.
ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
 1ST CLASSIFICATION

RURAL ROADS
Are roads located outside
the urban areas and whose
speed limit is over 60kph.

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 2ND CLASSIFICATION

ARTERIALS
Roads that provide direct service to major
population centers, and are classified into two:
– PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
(includes Freeways and Expressways)
– MINOR ARTERIAL
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 2ND CLASSIFICATION

COLLECTORS
Roads that provide direct service to towns and
link up with arterials, and are also classified into two:
– MAJOR COLLECTOR
– MINOR COLLECTOR
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 2ND CLASSIFICATION

LOCAL STREETS/ROADS
Roads that that connect various regions of a
municipality and tie into the system of collectors.
 SCHEMATIC OF THE
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES
OF URBAN ROADS
SOURCE: Transportation
Infrastructure Engineering
 SCHEMATIC OF THE
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES
OF RURAL ROADS
SOURCE: Transportation
Infrastructure Engineering
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

A ROAD NETWORK is defined as the hierarchy in

terms of road types and according to the major
functions the roads will serve. The main classification
is whether the road is to be used primarily for
movement or for any access. The five classification
according to hierarchy are as follows:
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

NATIONAL ROADS
Continuous roads that in extent forms the main
trunk line system; all roads leading to national ports,
national seaports, parks or coast-to-coast roads.
These roads are also classified again to 3
classifications: Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY
NATIONAL ROADS
NATIONAL PRIMARY
Roads that directly connects Major Cities (at
least around 100,000 people)

Cities within Metropolitan Areas are not covered by the criteria

 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY
NATIONAL ROADS
NATIONAL SECONDARY
These roads directly connects:
– Cities to National Primary Roads, except in Metropolitan
Area
– Major Ports and Ferry Terminals to National Primary Road
– Major Airports to National Primary Road
– Tourist Service Centers to National Primary Roads
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY
NATIONAL ROADS
NATIONAL SECONDARY (Cont.)
– Cities (not included in the category of Major Cities)
– Provincial Capitals within the same Region
– Major National Government Infrastructure to National
Primary
– Roads or Other National Secondary Roads
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY
NATIONAL ROADS

NATIONAL TERTIARY
These roads connects other existing roads under
DPWH which perform a local function.
 In the Philippines,
the Pan-Philippine
Highway or Maharlika
Highway (Daang Maharlika)
forms the country’s
north-south backbone that
connects Luzon, Samar, Leyte,
and Mindanao, and spans
3,517 kilometer of national
road.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

PROVINCIAL ROADS
Roads connecting one municipality with one
another; all roads extending from a municipality or
from a provincial or national road to a public wharf or
railway station; and any other road to be designated as
such by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

CITY ROADS
These roads/streets within the urban area of
the city to be designated as such by the Sangguniang
Panglungsod.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

MUNICIPAL ROADS
These roads/streets within the poblacion area
of a municipality to be designated as such by the
Sangguniang Bayan.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

BARANGAY ROADS
Are rural roads located either outside the urban
area of city or outside industrial, commercial or
residential subdivisions which act as feeder farm-to-
market roads, and which are not otherwise classified
as national, provincial, city, or municipal roads.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

EXPRESSWAYS/FREEWAYS
A major divided highway designed for high-
speed travel, having few or no intersections, and are
separated in classification because they have a unique
geometric criteria that should be considered during
their designs.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

ACCORDING TO HEIRARCHY

BYPASSES
Are roads or highways that avoid a built-up
area, town or city proper to let through traffic flow
without interference from local traffic reduce
congestion and improve road safety where a toll for
passage is levied in an open or closed system.
ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
Also known as the Great Asian
Highway is an intercontinental highway
network of roads that spans 141,000km
which runs across 32 countries. The network
is being built with an intention to improve
transport facilities throughout the 32 nations
and to provide road links to Europe.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK

It runs through 4,247km in Afghanistan, 958km in

Armenia, 1,442km in Azerbaijan, 1,804km in Bangladesh
and 167km in Bhutan. In Cambodia, the highway extends
to 1,339km, in China to 25,579km, North Korea 1,320km
and Georgia 1,154km.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK

The highway covers 11,432km in India, 3,989km in

Indonesia, 11,152km in Iran, 1,200km in Japan,
13,189km in Kazakhstan and 1,695km in Kyrgyzstan. It
spans 2,297km in Lao PDR, 1,595km in Malaysia,
4,286km in Mongolia, 3,003km in Myanmar, 1,321km
through Nepal, 5,377km in Pakistan, 3,517km in the
Philippines, 907km in South Korea, 16,869km Russia and
19km in Singapore.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK

Some parts of the highway network is in Sri Lanka

that is 650km long, 1,925km in Tajikistan, 5,112km in
Thailand, 5,254km in Turkey, 2,204km in Turkmenistan,
2,966km in Uzbekistan and 2,678km in Vietnam.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
AH ROUTES & THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD SYSTEM

The whole length of the Asian highway network is

divided into various stretches, numbered from AH1 to
AH87. Single digit roads are major roads in the network
which connect more than one sub-region, and they are
also called as the Continent-Wide Routes.
AH1 is a 20,557km highway from Tokyo to the
Turkey-Bulgaria border. It is the longest among the entire
network and passes through Korea, China, south-east Asia,
India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
AH ROUTES & THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD SYSTEM

AH2 is a 13,177km roadway from Denpasar in

Indonesia to Khosravi in Iran. It passes through Indonesia,
Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Iran.
The 7,331km AH3 runs from Ulan-Ude in Russia to
Tanggu in China and from Shanghai in China to Chiang Rai
in Thailand and Kengtung in Myanmar.
The AH4 is a 6,024km route from Novosibirsk in
Russia to Yarantai in Mongolia, and then from Urumqi in
China to Karachi in Pakistan.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
AH ROUTES & THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD SYSTEM

The AH5 is 10,380km long from Shanghai in China

to the Turkish-Bulgarian border. It passes through
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Azerbaijan and Georgia. It connects to AH1 at the west of
Istanbul.
The 10,475km AH6 connects from Busan, South
Korea, to the Russia-Belarus border. It mostly coincides
with the Trans-Siberian Highway and European Route E30.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
AH ROUTES & THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD SYSTEM

AH7 is a 5,868km highway between Yekaterinburg

in Russia and Karachi in Pakistan. The AH8 is a 4,718km
route from the Russia-Finland border to Bandar Imam in
Iran.
The routes AH10 to AH29 are mostly in south-east
Asia. The AH30 to AH39 are assigned to East Asia and
north-east Asia. The AH40 to AH59 run in South Asia. The
AH60 to AH89 are in North and central Asia, and south-
west Asia.
THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
AH ROUTES & THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD SYSTEM
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
ROAD TYPE CLASSIFICATIONS & STANDARDS

Various classification and design standards were

put forth for constructing new roads and upgrading
existing ones. The whole network is classified into four
types:

*Primary *Class I *Class II *Class III.

 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
ROAD TYPES CLASSIFICATIONS & STANDARDS

PRIMARY CLASS
These class are access-controlled highways,
where two-wheelers, lightweight vehicles and
pedestrians are not allowed. The speed limit for these
roads varies between 60 and 120kmph. They are laid
with asphalt or cement concrete.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
ROAD TYPES CLASSIFICATIONS & STANDARDS

CLASS I
These are roads that have four or more lanes.
These are built with asphalt or cement concrete and
have a speed limit of 50 to 100kmph.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
ROAD TYPES CLASSIFICATIONS & STANDARDS

CLASS II
These are two lane roads built with asphalt or
cement concrete. The speed limit on these roads is
80kmph.
 THE ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK
ROAD TYPES CLASSIFICATIONS & STANDARDS

CLASS III
These are two-lane roads built using double
bituminous treatment. The speed limit is 60kmph.
Class III is the minimum desirable standard and is
preferred where the funding is less or land for the
construction is limited.
DESIGN CRITERIA
OF HIGHWAYS
• HIGHWAY PLANNING, DIFFICULTIES &
PROGRAMING
• HIGHWAY PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
 HIGHWAY PLANNING,
DIFFICULTIES & PROGRAMMING

The development and maintenance of roads

and highways is a continuing process alongside with
the technological advancement. New equipment and
management techniques revolutionized the
construction and maintenance methods. Advance
knowledge in the field of soils, highway materials, and
designs were adopted for reliability and economic
considerations.
 HIGHWAY PLANNING,
DIFFICULTIES & PROGRAMMING

In highway planning, engineers are now conscious

of the need for roadways to be safe, useful, and attractive.
However, such needs include the improvement of the
roadside, erosion control, and noise abatement.
Also, despite being aware of the fact that highways
are the vital role of a country’s development, highway
planners are being confronted by financial, political, and
technical problems.
 HIGHWAY PLANNING,
DIFFICULTIES & PROGRAMMING

In highway programming, projects are prioritized

based on the reliance of three inseparable sets of inputs
such as Economic, Financial, and Political &
Administration.
Projects that are most economically viable are
selected if and only if they fit into the financial capability
of the governing body, and of course, its impact to political
concerns and criteria of those who holds a position in the
political administration.
 HIGHWAY PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

A plan contains engineering drawings of the

project. Specifications on the other hand are written
instructions and conditions that are considered as
integral part of the contract between the contractor
and highway agency that are as classified legal
documents
 HIGHWAY PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

The complete detailed 1. Traffic

scheme for the road 2. Drainage
which are incorporated 3. Erosion Control
4. Roadside
in the geometric designs Development
are: 5. Structure
6. Soils
7. Pavement
 HIGHWAY PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

Partial lists of subjects covered by the standard drawing:

1. Pipe Culverts 8. Drainage Inlet and Outlet
2. Concrete Box Culverts Structures of numerous types.
3. Guard Rail and Parapets 9. Manholes
4. Curbs 10. Rip-rap and other devices
used for bank protection.
5. Gutters
11. Fences and Right-of-Way
6. Curb Structures
12. Other Survey Markers
7. Sidewalks
 HIGHWAY PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications writing is generally different and a

delicate work requiring the knowledge of the law of
contracts as well as highway practices and expertise.
Highway specifications are then divided into two:
• Standard Specifications
• Special Provisions
 HIGHWAY PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

1. Standard Specifications
- are applied to projects that are implemented, by
administration, as repeatedly occurring in the agency work.
2. Special Provisions
- covers peculiar item of the project in question that
include additional modification to standard specifications. This
includes copies of all documents required in securing
competitive bids and contracts.
 HIGHWAY PLANS
AND SPECIFICATIONS

Special Provision Specifications are subdivided as:

a) The general clause that deals with the bidding procedures and
award execution and control of work and other legal matters.
b) Specifying detail regarding the materials, manner of work
execution and how pay quantities are to be measured.