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WritePaper.info = So make sure to check it out! 3 months ago ‘Are you sure you want to Yes No Your message goes here—Differences already exist * Ex post facto = Much research in medi sociology sustrtes= ee No Downloads Views Total views 10,558 On SlideShare 0 From Embeds 0 Number of Embeds 38 Actions Shares 0 Downloads 260 ‘Comments 5 Likes 8 Embeds 0 No embeds No notes for slide Causal Comparative Research / Ex- Post Facto1: 1; Causal-ComiparativeCausal-Comparative ResearchResearch July 23, 2001Suly 23, 2001 BAF 410F.AF 410 2. 2 What is it?What is it? + AssociationalAssociational « Differences between/among groupsDitictences i i GistDifferences already Much research in medicine & ° How ied 2 yee administratiy: ‘Gecisions att Dften lead to experimental researchOfen lead to experimental research * Don't allow variable manipulationDon't allow variable manipulation + Attempt to explore causationAttempt to explore causation Causal-ComparativeCausal-Comparative -compare groups-compare groups -categorical variable(s)- categorical variable(s) -crossbreak tables-crossbreak tables CorrelationalCorrelational -individual scores- individual scores -quantitative variables-quantitative variables -scatterplots &-scatterplots & rr Similarities withSimilarities with Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research Steps InvolvedSteps Involved ¢ Identify & clarify research problemIdentify & clarify research problem = Several alternative hypothesesSeveral alternative hypotheses * Select subjects (groups)Select subjects (groups) — Homogenous on some variablesHomogenous on some variables + InstrumentationInstrumentation — No limitsNo limits Steps InvolvedSteps Involved (continued)(continued) * DesignDesign — Groups differ on specific variableGroups differ on specific variable — Groups compared on other variable(s)Groups compared on other variable(s) Evaluating ThreatsEvaluating Threats * What other factors affect theWhat other factors affect the comparison variable?comparison variable? * What is the likelihood of the What is the likelihood of the groups differing on these factors?groups differing on these factors? « Evaluate threats on likelihood ofEvaluate threats on likelihood of their effect and plan to control.their effect and plan to control. Survey ResearchSurvey Research July 23, 2001 July 23, 2001 EAF 410EAF 410 ‘Three CharacteristicsThree Characteristics * Information collected to describeInformation collected to describe + Information collected by askingInformation collected by asking questionsquestions + Information collected from alnformation collected from a samplesample Major PurposeMajor Purpose + To describe the characteristics of aTo describe the characteristics of a populationpopulation * Not so concerned aboutNot so concerned about whywhy * Concerned aboutConcerned about what iswhat is Types of SurveysTypes of Surveys + Cross-sectional StudyCross-sectional Study ~ information collected at just oneinformation collected at just one point in timepoint in time * Longitudinal ‘StudyLongitudinal Study — information collected at differentinformation collected at different points in timepoints in time ‘Types of LongitudinalTypes of Longitudinal StudiesStudies * TrendTrend — Different samplesDifferent samples — Population may changePopulation may change + CohortCohort — Different samplesDifferent samples — Population doesn’t changePopulation doesn’t change “Types of LongitudinalTypes of Longitudinal StudiesStudies (continued)(continued) * PanelPanel — Same sampleSame sample ~ Population doesn’t changePopulation doesn’t change Steps in Survey ResearchSteps in Survey Research + Clearly define objectivesClearly define objectives + Construct clear questionsConstruct clear questions + Sample (unit of analysis)Sample (unit of analysis) + Collect dataCollect data — “live” to a grouplive” to a group — mailmail — phonephone — face-to-face interviewsface-to-face interviews Preparing the InstrumentPreparing the Instrument + Not too longNot too long * Questions easy to answerQuestions easy to answer Carefully wordedCarefully worded — can be asked as writtencan be asked as written — will mean same to allwill mean same to all — can be answeredcan be answered — will be answeredwill be answered 22, 22. Types of Questions Types of Questions * Closed-endedClosed-ended — answers providedanswers provided * Open-endedOpen-ended — respondent provides answersrespondent provides answers2, ‘Suggestions for Closed-Suiggestions Tor Closed- Ended QuestionsEnded Questions ‘UnambiguousUnambiguous « Simple focusSimple focus « ShortShort » Common languageCo:nmon “Unbiased” termsUnbiased” terms * Not leading questionsNot leading questions > Nw double nbership in a group ut differences in student beh: saused by gender? as Sn Seas* Studies causes of group membership —Why do ISU students enroll in EAF 410 during the summer session? O ‘No public clipboards found for this slide Select another clipboard O Looks like you've clipped this slide to already. ‘Search for a clipboard Create a clipboard You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a Clipboard to store your clips. ‘Name* Best of Slides Description Add a brief description so otf Visibility Others can see my Clipboard Cancel Save Save this presentation* Studies the consequences of an intervention. —How do students who have taken EAF 410 evaluate research articles?° Does gender cause differences? —Girls read better —Boys ar * Other probable links in the causal chain° Noted difference between two groups * Look for causes/consequerSimilarities withSimilarities with Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research + AssociationalAssociational * Attempt to .sal-Comparative -compare groups-compare groups -categorical variable(s)= categorical variable(s) -cros...Steps InvolvedSteps Involved + Identify & clarify research problemldentify & clarify research problem — Several alternativ...Steps InvolvedSteps Involved (continued)(continued) + DesignDesign — Groups differ on specific variableGroups differ on sp..Evaluating ThreatsEvaluating Threats + What other factors affect theWhat other factors affect the comparison variable?eomp..Survey ResearchSurvey Research July 23, , 2001 July 23, 2001 EAF 410EAF 410jaracteristics + Information collected to describeInformation collected to describe + Informat.,Major PurposeMajor Purpose + To describe the characteristics of ao describe the characteristics of a populationpopulation...‘Types of Surveys Types of Surveys + Cross-sectional Study ctional Study — information collected at just oneinformati...‘Types of LongitudinalTypes of Longitudinal StudiesStudies + Trend Trend — Different samplesDifferent samples ~ Population m...‘Types of Longitudinal Types of Longitudinal StudiesStudies (continued)(continued) + PanelPanel — Same sampleSame sample - P,Steps in Survey ResearchSteps in Survey Research + Clearly define objectivesClearly define objectives + Construct clear qu.Preparing the InstrumentPreparing the Instrument + Not too longNot too long + Questions easy to answerQuestions easy to an...‘Types of Questions Types of Questions * Closed-endedClosed-ended — answers providedanswers provided + Open-endedOpen-ended ...Suggestions for Closed-Suggestions for Closed Ended QuestionsEnded Questions * UnambiguousUnambiguous + Simple focusSimpl.Suggestions for QuestionsSuggestions for Questions * Try them out on a similar sampleTry them out on similar sample * Ma...NonresponseNonresponse * Some will not return surveySome will not return survey + Some items will not be answeredSome item.Upcoming SlideShareLoading in ...5