Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev.

01-2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : En. Wan Sulaiman bin Wan Mohamad
Group : EMD4M3B
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Free Vibration Experiment – Natural Frequency of Spring

Mass System Without Damping

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 Wan Mohamad Alif B Mohd Roslan 2019688994
2 Wan Haziq Idham Bin Wan Mohd DIn 2019818916
3 Zul Adam bin Yahya 2019630878
4 Zulfazli bin Mohd Sofiuddin 2019452196
5 Tengku Fakhruddin Firdaus Bin Tengku 2019495778
Mohd Faris

LABORATORY SESSION : 30/6/2020

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 5/7/2020

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
msconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Zulfazli bin Mohd Sofiuddin

Member’s Name 1. Tengku Fakhruddin Firdaus Bin Tengku Mohd Faris

2. Wan Haziq Idham bin Wan Mohd Din

3. Wan Muhammad Alif bin Mohd Roslan

4. Zul Adam bin Yahya

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 4 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 4 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 48 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: I enjoyed doing my task with responsible and hardworking members, so do I.

Member 1: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

Member 2: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

Member 3: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

Member 4: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Abstract
Free Vibration Experiment - Natural Frequency of Spring Mass System without
Damping is conducted in order to determine the spring constant (k) and natural frequency of
the system (f). For the spring constant (k) of the system, we need to use Mass Spring Vibration
machine. By adjusting the plotter point on 20 mm line on the chart paper and load the spring on
the carriage, we managed to record the data at the end of this experiment. By observing the
experimental graph, we concluded that the extension of the spring is affected by the loads. As
for natural frequency of the system (f), we also need to use Mass Spring Vibration machine. In
order to obtain the required data, we need to start recording the oscillation on the machine right
after the carriage deflected downwards and oscillate freely until it comes to rest. By observing
the experimental graph, we concluded that the natural frequency (f) decreases as the mass
added increases due to the lengthen of the period of oscillation during the experiment.

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Table of Content

Number Contents Pages

Teamwork assessment form 2

Abstract 3

Table of content 4

1.0 Introduction 5

3.0 Theory 6

4.0 Experimental procedures 7

5.0 Result and discussion 8-13

6.0 Conclusion 14

7.0 References 15

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

INTRODUCTION

Free vibration is vibration that occur when a system oscillates under the action of forces
built-in the system itself. Vibration is commonly known as an oscillatory motion. Simple
vibration is determined by three factors which are amplitude, frequency, and timing of
oscillations. The system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural
frequencies. Natural frequency is a free frequency of any vibrating system and does not depend
on the intensity of stress, but only on physical characteristics of the system.

This experiment involves no damper. In the free un-damped vibratory system, there is no
element that causes dissipation of energy during the motion of mass, the amplitude of motion
remains constant with time. In real practice, there is a decrease in the amplitude of vibration
with time due to resistance offered by surrounding medium. This type of vibratory system is
known as damped vibratory system.

Last but not least, this experiment is related to the principle of Hooke’s Law which is a
principle of physics that states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by
some distance (x) is proportional to that distance. Hooke’s Law is stated in equation as below: -

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥

Where: -

k = spring constant (N/m)

x = displacement of the spring’s end from its equilibrium position (m)

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

THEORY
In view of the experiment procedure, the benefit of spring consistent, k and natural frequency, f
is resolved. Hooke's Law expresses that the reestablishing power of a spring is legitimately
relative to a small displacement.
For experiment to decide spring consistent, the formula use based on
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
As we know that K is constant and can be determined by finding of the slope gradient
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑘=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
But,in the theoretical spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm.

𝑘
Theoretically,we know that 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 and 𝜔𝑛 = 2𝜋𝑓

𝑘
So, 2𝜋𝑓 = √𝑚

1 𝑘
and the frequency can be determined by , 𝑓 = 2𝜋 √𝑚

To find the period, T we can identified based on the below diagram

1
Thus, natural frequency, 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 = 𝑇

And for the complete one cycle of 𝑇, we can determine by using the formula
Length of complete cycles
𝑇= ÷ 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Speed of recorder

For calculating percentage error for both experiment we use formula of:
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙

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 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Determination of Spring Constant, k.

1. Firstly, graph was set at the mechanical recorder.

2. After that, the plotter pen was fitted to the mechanical recorder.
3. Additional mass was added to the carriage and secured with knurled nut.
4. Adjuster was used to set the height of carriage as the plotter was centered on the graph
paper.
5. The deflection of apparatus on the graph paper were recorded.
6. Repeated step 1 to 5 with different mass.
Determination of Natural Frequency of Undamped Oscillations.

1. At first, graph paper was to be set at mechanical recorder.

2. Then, plotter pen was fitted to the mechanical recorder.
3. Additional mass was attached to the carriage and secured with knurled out.
4. Adjuster was used to set the height of carriage such that the plotter was centered on the
graph paper.
5. Recorder was started.
6. Carriage was deflected downward by hand and allowed to oscillate freely until it comes
to rest.
7. The recorder was stopped.
8. Data was taken.
9. Steps 1 to 6 were repeated using different masses.

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 ZULFAZLI BIN MOHD SOFIUDDIN
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RESULT

Spring Constant:

Mass (kg) Additional Mass (kg) Extension reading

Load (N)
(mm)
12.26 1.25 0 0
31.88 3.25 2 11
51.50 5.25 4 22
71.12 7.25 6 33
90.74 9.25 8 44
110.36 11.25 10 54

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140

120

100
FORCE LOAD (N)

80

60

40

20

0
0 11 22 33 44 54
EXTENSION (mm)

Graph of Force (N) vs Spring Elongation (mm)

Sample of calculation

Experimental spring constant:

m1−m
K=
(X 1− X)

( 90.74−71.12)
K= (44−33 )

K= 1.784 N/mm

Compare theoretical value and experimental value of spring constant.

1.710−1.780
Percentage Error = x 100 %
1.710

= 4.09 %
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 ZULFAZLI BIN MOHD SOFIUDDIN
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Natural Frequency:

k = 1.71 N/mm
Recorder speed = 20 mm/s

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 ZULFAZLI BIN MOHD SOFIUDDIN
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Mass
Experimental Frequency Theoretical Frequency Difference
(kg)
(Hz) (Hz) %
1.25 5.333 5.887 9.5
3.25 3.448 3.651 5.5
5.25 2.778 2.872 3.3
7.25 2.326 2.444 4.9
9.25 2.083 2.164 3.7
11.25 1.852 1.962 5.7

Sample of Calculation
Experimental

𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟔 𝐎𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Time For 6 Oscillation = 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫

𝟒𝟑. 𝟐
=
𝟐𝟎

= 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝐬

𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝟔 𝐎𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Time For 1 Oscillation = 𝟔

𝟐.𝟏𝟔 𝐬
= 𝟔

= 0.36 s

𝟏
Frequency Of 1 Oscillation = 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟏 𝐎𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟏
= 𝟎.𝟑𝟔

= 2.78 Hz

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 ZULFAZLI BIN MOHD SOFIUDDIN
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Theoretical
𝑲
𝛚=√
𝑴

𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟎
2πϯ =√
𝟓.𝟐𝟓

=2.872

Percentage Error

𝟐.𝟖𝟕−𝟐.𝟕𝟖
= x 100
𝟐.𝟖𝟕

= 3.14 %

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DISCUSSION

First of all, vibration of an experiment includes two segments. The first is latency
which the inclination of a framework to stay in its way of movement. The second is elasticity
which is the tendency of a system to return to its state of equilibrium. In vibration the two-part
act against one another in inverse ways bringing about a harmonic movement with the formula
of frequency can be determined by the square root of the ratio of the elasticity over inertia. In
damped vibration, resistance exist in the component to removes energy away from the system
until it reaches its state of equilibrium.

Next, experiment 1 we can find out that the spring constant, k is 1.784 N/mm which is
higher than the given theoretical value of 1.710 N/mm. So, by using formula of percentage the
difference is about 4.09% which is within acceptable range.

Lastly, the second experiment is to find the natural frequency of a system. The way to
find the natural frequency is by using vibration of the system and projected onto a moving
graph paper of constant velocity. The graph that been produced are a simple harmonic motion.
The natural frequency of the system with different masses is derived directly from the graph.
After that, it will be compared to the natural frequency that has been derived from the mass and
the theoretical value of the spring constant. The results were calculated, and they vary from
about 10% to 3% deviation. Except for the first entry with 9.5% deviation, the rest of the result
falls within acceptable range. This is because could be due to the low mass of the system
resulting in a displacement that is within and dominated by the non-linear range of the spring.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Hooke's law nature of the spring make that the force exerts on the
block is proportional to the block's displacement which is from zero. Furthermore, the potential
energy of the system, for whatever reason is higher at other locations than it is at zero. It is a
fundamental principle in dynamical systems, and all of nature for that matter that systems tend
to seek their least energy configuration. Moreover, The experiment obeyed Hooke's law. So,
Spring constant is not affected by the load apply at it and natural frequency of the spring is
directly proportional to the load we applied. If we see from the graph, the amplitude is
decreasing. If the movement are been continued, the spring will be stop oscillate. This is
because from the resistance in the spring itself.

REFERENCES

1. http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/physics/GENERAL/KENNETH/HOOKE.HTM
2. J.L Meriam (2009). Engineering Mechanics-DYNAMICS. 6th ed. United States of
America: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Pages 33-35.
3. R.C. Hibbeler (2007). Engineering Mechanics-DYNAMICS. 11th ed. Singapore:
Pearson Education. Pages 619-622.
4. http://cumak.cu.edu.tr/Experiment%20of%20Simple%20Vibration.pdf
5. https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En4/Notes/vibrations_free
_damped/vibrations_free_damped.htm

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