UNIT - 3 – CONSERVATION PRACTICE

DOCUMENTATION & LISTING OF MONUMENTS

Why recording or documentation:-
 To acquire knowledge.
 To increase the interest of the people once the information is gathered.
 To permit informed management.
 To ensure proper and ethical maintenance and conservation.
How much
 Help in identification, understanding and documentation.
 Provide information for administration.

When is it a priority
 Compiling a national, regional or local inventory.
 As a part of a research activity.
 Before and after alterations or major calamities.

Documentation should satisfy the following conditions

1. It should illustrate significance.
2. It should be of high Quality and Accuracy
3. Once completed it should be made Available for further research - Accessibility.
4. Clarity.

The process of any documentation typically requires three stages

i. Background research.
ii. Field survey.
iii. Post processing –analysis and dissemination / presentation.

 Based on the background research the method to be adopted for field survey should be
decided upon.
 The method and type of documentation should be appropriate to the nature of heritage,
the purpose of documentation and funding.
 Use a non-intrusive technique that does not cause danger.

The documentation should at least contain the following

a) Name of the building.
b) Photographs.
c) A unique reference or serial number.
d) Location of the building structure or site.
e) Brief description.
f) Date of documentation.
g) Name of the person documenting or organisation.
 h) Acknowledgement.

Usually three levels of documentation are done with respect to the conservation projects. It can
either be National level, Regional level, City level, precinct level or individual building level.L

Level -I:-
 Inventory form with written description and photographs showing its significant
characteristics.
 Generally adopted when information of large number of building is required for
planning.
 Mostly exterior photographs and description, interiors of very good and fine buildings
sometimes done.
 Part of the description can also be based on secondary sources.

Level -II:-
 Scaled plans with description on the inventory form with additional photographs of
both exterior and interior view and written description on the cultural significance,
history, historic evolution, or architectural and decorative aspects, present condition.
 Most of the information will be primary and collected on site.
 Generally done as preliminary feasibility inspection for determining further
conservation of documentation and requirements.

Level-III:-
 A full set of measured drawings with extensive photo documentation of both exteriors
and interiors (also of various architectural features and details), written data on history,
historic evolution, architectural, structural and decorative aspects, present condition
and views.
 This is most extensive and hence expensive type of documentation and is generally
employed for highly significant buildings.

Types of works demanding documentation :- (examples)

LVL 1, 2 - Strategic heritage planning at national, regional or local level.

LVL 2 - Management planning for historic sites.
LVL 3 - Extensive repairs or alterations to a significant building.
LVL 1, 2 - Catastrophic damage to a significant building eg :- fire, earthquake etc.
LVL 2, 3 - Dismantling prior to re-erection.
LVL 2, 3 - Proposed demolition (should not be allowed).

Skills for documentation:-

 Knowledge of the history of architecture to be able to understand the significance of

 the building and site.
 Knowledge of construction techniques to comprehend the construction systems to be
able to represent them on paper.
 Knowledge of architectural vocabulary to represent the same on drawings and text.
 Knowledge of geometry and survey.
 Other skills eg :- specialists in GIS, total stations, CAD operators etc.

Inventory and Listing:-

Once the first level of documentation is done the process is called the making of
inventory. The government approved inventory becomes the list, and the building is called the
listed building. In addition to inventory and listing, grading of the listed building on the basis of
their importance is also done. Doing any intervention to a listed building without getting prior
permission is an offence.

LISTING IN INDIA BY INTACH:

Through the ASI, the Central Government protects monuments more than 100 years old declared
to be of national importance. Monuments of importance to States are protected by the respective
SDAs (State Department of Archaeology). However, the existing legislation covers only about
5,000 monuments at the national level and approximately 3,500 at the state level. Considering
India’s vast cultural heritage, these numbers are inadequate and their focus monument-centric.

INTACH has undertaken an inventory of built heritage in India which includes notable buildings
aged 50 years or more which are deemed to be of architectural, historical, archaeological or
aesthetic importance.

This inventory will become INTACH’s National Register of Historic Properties. It attempts to
create a systematic, accessible and retrievable inventory of the built heritage of this country. It will
serve as resource material for developing heritage conservation policies and regulations. In due
course, this database should be made more comprehensive and the information compiled should be
available online. It should also be made compatible with similar registers of other countries to
facilitate international research.

A similar Register of Crafts people associated with the architectural heritage must be undertaken
by specialist cultural organizations (Article 8.6.3). It is important to reiterate that both buildings
being listed and associated activities that keep these building in use constitute the ‘living’ heritage.
The Register of Craftspeople is, therefore, essential to viewing the architectural heritage in a
holistic manner.

Inventory of properties / buildings

Since a large part of India’s cultural heritage has so far remained undocumented, preparing an
inventory of heritage buildings worthy of preservation is the most important task with which to
begin the process of conservation.
The primary aim of listing is to document the fast disappearing built heritage and then present it to
scholars and the general public in a user-friendly format, which aids conservation by generating
public awareness. Once a property/ building is included in such a list, it becomes justifiable to
undertake necessary conservation activities by formulating special regulations for its conservation
or according it due protection under Town Planning Acts. Ideally, the footprints of all listed
buildings should be included in the Master Plan documents of cities.

Buildings protected by the ASI and SDA should also be included in the list prepared by INTACH.

The three key concepts need to be understood to determine whether a property is worthy of
listing.
• Historic significance
• Historic integrity
• Historic context

Historic significance is the importance of a property to the history, architecture, archaeology,

engineering or culture of a community, region or nation. In selecting a building, particular
attention should be paid to the following:
 Association with events, activities or patterns
 Association with important persons
 Distinctive physical characteristics of design, construction
or form, representing work of a master
 Potential to yield important information such as illustrating social,
economic history, such as railway stations, town halls, clubs, markets,
water works, etc.
 Technological innovations such as dams, bridges, etc.
 Distinct town planning features like squares, streets, avenues, e.g. Rajpath
in Lutyen's New Delhi

Historic integrity is the authenticity of a property's historic identity, evidenced by the survival
of physical characteristics that existed during the property's historic period. Historic integrity
enables a property to illustrate significant aspects of its past. Not only must a property resemble
the historic appearance but it must also retain physical materials, design features and aspects of
construction dating from the period when it attained significance.

Historic context is information about historic trends and properties grouped by an important
theme in the history of a community, region or nation during a particular period of time. Having
knowledge of historic context enables lister’s to understand a historic property as a product of its
time.

Methodology for Listing:

Listing work comprises of two phases.

1. Background research
2. Field work

Background Research

Before commencing the actual fieldwork, the basic information is gathered from various sources
including gazetteers, travel books, and several other specialized books on the history of the area to
be listed. This work could be done in the libraries and archives of various universities and other
institutions of the central government, the state government and private individuals or trusts. Many
of the museums established by the central government or state governments or even private
museums can provide interesting information. In a given area, local experts, professionals and
scholars could also provide the required guidance and help. This would ensure that no important
structure or representative style of building is left out.

Background research essentially helps in identifying historic areas, historic developments in the
area, significance of the events that may have taken place at different times, important persons
who may have shaped historical developments, cultural developments, and similar features that
may be unique to the area. In some well documented areas, distinctive physical characteristics of
design, construction, materials, and forms of buildings can also be identified.

Field Work

Before launching into field work, a reliable map of the area should be collected and its various
constituents. Survey of India maps and those available with the state department of town and
country planning should prove useful. However, at the field level, ward maps available with the
municipal/ cantonment/ panchayat authorities may be of greater help. In some cities, transport
network maps (such as by Eicher in Delhi) may be equally useful.

Field work requires lot of work to scan the heritage properties and recording information for each
property in the prescribed format. This comprises of physically inspecting the property as well as
meeting local people such as owners of the property, talking to other residents and local ward or
panchayat members, and knowledgeable residents and representatives of institutions. By
physically inspecting the property the lister can gather facts such as physical characteristics of the
property, the date of construction, style of construction, design characteristics, etc. that are
relevant for recording in the format prescribed for listing. By conducting a dialogue with the
residents, one can determine the changes to the property over time, ownership details, historic
function and activities, association with events and persons, and the role of the property in local,
regional or national history.
Photography is an important component of the listing. A photograph freezes the building and its
setting to the time when it is taken. In this context, old photographs, if available, can constitute a
very important record in the listing. A comparison would show the changes that have occurred
over time to the building and, in particular, to its embellishments.

Grading
The primary objective of listing is to record extant architectural heritage and sites. But the
outcome of this process should invariably be to grade the listed heritage into a hierarchical series.
This process must be undertaken in a rigorous and transparent manner by a multi-disciplinary team
of experts whose recommendations should be available for public scrutiny. The importance of this
process cannot be underestimated because its results determine subsequent conservation decisions.
Such hierarchical categorisation facilitates the prioritisation of decisions relating to the future of
architectural heritage and sites.

This Charter recommends that buildings and sites be classified as Grade I*, I, II and III in
descending order of importance.

Buildings and sites classified as Grade I*, I and II should be conserved in accordance with the
provisions of official and legal manuals of practice (for example, ASI’s Works Manual). Some
Grade II buildings, however, and all other listed buildings and sites, i.e. Grade III, may be
conserved in accordance with principles enunciated in this Charter (Article 2.6). The decision to
apply the principles enunciated in this Charter to Grade II buildings must invariably be based on
the concurrence of the Advisory Committees of INTACH (Article 7.2.5).

The process of listing should be constantly upgraded and the list updated in keeping with the
availability of fresh information, financial and material resources, advances in technology and
developments in the understanding of architectural heritage and its constituents.

RECORDING AND DOCUMENTATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS

P R I NC I P LE S FOR TH E R ECOR D I NG OF MONUMENTS, GROU P S OF BUILDINGS AN D SITES
(ICOMOS 1 9 9 6 )
Text ratified by the 11th ICOMOS General Assembly,
held in Sofia, Bulgaria, 5–9 October 1996

As the cultural heritage is a unique expression of human achievement; and as this cultural
heritage is continuously at risk; and as recording is one of the principal ways available to give
meaning, understanding, definition and recognition of the values of the cultural heritage; and as
the responsibility for conserving and maintaining the cultural heritage rests not only with the
owners but also with conservation specialists and the professionals, managers, politicians and
administrators working at all levels of government, and with the public; and as article 16 of the
Charter of Venice requires, it is essential that responsible organizations and individuals record
the nature of the cultural heritage. The purpose of this document is therefore to set out the
principal reasons, responsibilities, planning measures, contents, management and sharing
considerations for the recording of the cultural heritage.

The Reasons for Recording

1. The recording of the cultural heritage is essential:

a) to acquire knowledge in order to advance the understanding of cultural heritage, its values and
its evolution;
b) to promote the interest and involvement of the people in the preservation of the heritage
through the dissemination of recorded information;
c) to permit informed management and control of construction works and of all change to the
cultural heritage;
d) to ensure that the maintenance and conservation of the heritage is sensitive to its physical
form, its materials, construction, and its historical and cultural significance.

2. Recording should be undertaken to an appropriate level of detail in order to:

a) provide information for the process of identification, understanding, interpretation and
presentation of the heritage, and to promote the involvement of the public;
b) provide a permanent record of all monuments, groups of buildings and sites that are to be
destroyed or altered in any way, or where at risk from natural events or human activities;
c) provide information for administrators and planners at national, regional or local levels to
make sensitive planning and development control policies and decisions;
d) provide information upon which appropriate and sustainable use may be identified, and the
effective research, management, maintenance programs and construction works may be planned.

3. Recording of the cultural heritage should be seen as a priority, and should be

undertaken especially:
a) when compiling a national, regional, or local inventory;
b) as a fully integrated part of research and conservation activity;
c) before, during and after any works of repair, alteration, or other intervention, and when
evidence of its history is revealed during such works;
d) when total or partial demolition, destruction, abandonment or relocation is contemplated, or
where the heritage is at risk of damage from human or natural external forces;
e) during or following accidental or unforeseen disturbance which damages the cultural heritage;
f) when change of use or responsibility for management or control occurs.

Responsibility for Recording

1. The commitment at the national level to conserve the heritage requires an equal commitment
towards the recording process.
2. The complexity of the recording and interpretation processes requires the deployment of
individuals with adequate skill, knowledge and awareness for the associated tasks. It may be
necessary to initiate training programs to achieve this.
3. Typically the recording process may involve skilled individuals working in collaboration, such
as specialist heritage recorders, surveyors, conservators, architects, engineers, researchers,
architectural historians, archaeologists above and below ground, and other specialist advisors.
4. All managers of cultural heritage are responsible for ensuring the adequate recording, quality
and updating of the records.

Planning for Recording

1. Before new records are prepared, existing sources of information should be found and
examined for their adequacy.
a) The type of records containing such information should be searched for in surveys, drawings,
photographs, published and unpublished accounts and descriptions, and related documents
pertaining to the origins and history of the building, group of buildings or site. It is important to
search out recent as well as old records;
b) Existing records should be searched for in locations such as national and local public archives,
in professional, institutional or private archives, inventories and collections, in libraries or
museums;
c) Records should be searched for through consultation with individuals and organizations who
have owned occupied, recorded, constructed, conserved, or carried out research into or who
have knowledge of the building, group of buildings or site.

2. Arising out of the analysis above, selection of the appropriate scope, level and
methods of recording requires that:
a) The methods of recording and type of documentation produced should be appropriate to the
nature of the heritage, the purposes of the record, the cultural context, and the funding or other
resources available. Limitations of such resources may require a phased approach to recording.
Such methods might include written descriptions and analyses, photographs (aerial or terrestrial),
rectified photography, photo-grammetry, geophysical survey, maps, measured plans, drawings
and sketches, replicas or other traditional and modern technologies;
b) Recording methodologies should, wherever possible, use non-intrusive techniques, and should
not cause damage to the object being recorded;
c) The rationale for the intended scope and the recording method should be clearly stated;
d) The materials used for compiling the finished record must be archivally stable.

Content of Records

1. Any record should be identified by:

a) the name of the building, group of buildings or site;
b) a unique reference number;
c) the date of compilation of the record;
d) the name of the recording organization;
e) Cross-references to related building records and reports,
photographic, graphic, textual or bibliographic documentation,
archaeological and environmental records.

2. The location and extent of the monument, group of buildings or site must be given
accurately; this may be achieved by description, maps, plans or aerial photographs. In rural areas
a map reference or triangulation to known points may be the only methods available. In urban
areas an address or street reference may be sufficient.

3. New records should note the sources of all information not obtained directly
from the monument, group of buildings or site itself.

4. Records should include some or all of the following information:

a) the type, form and dimensions of the building, monument
 or site;
b) the interior and exterior characteristics, as appropriate,
of the monument, group of buildings or site;
c) the nature, quality, cultural, artistic and scientific significance of the heritage and its
components and the cultural, artistic and scientific significance of:
• the materials, constituent parts and construction, decoration, ornament or
inscriptions,
• services, fittings and machinery,
• ancillary structures, the gardens, landscape and the cultural, topographical and
natural features of the site;
d) the traditional and modern technology and skills used in construction and maintenance;
e) evidence to establish the date of origin, authorship, ownership, the original design, extent, use
and decoration;
f) evidence to establish the subsequent history of its uses, associated events, structural or
decorative alterations, and the impact of human or natural external forces;
g) the history of management, maintenance and repairs;
h) representative elements or samples of construction or site materials;
i) an assessment of the current condition of the heritage;
j) an assessment of the visual and functional relationship
between the heritage and its setting; k) an assessment of the conflicts and risks from human or
natural causes, and from environmental pollution or adjacent land uses.

GUIDELINES FOR PRESERVATION, REHABILITATION, AND RESTORATION

PRESERVATION

Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing
form, integrity, and materials of an historic property. Work, including preliminary measures to
protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of
historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. New exterior
additions are not within the scope of this treatment; however, the limited and sensitive upgrading of
mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties
functional is appropriate within a preservation project.

 A property will be used as it was historically, or be given a new use that maximizes the retention of
distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships. Where a treatment and use have not
been identified, a property will be protected and, if necessary, stabilized until additional work may be
undertaken.
 The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The replacement of intact or
repairable historic materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that
characterize a property will be avoided.
 Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Work needed to
stabilize, consolidate, and conserve existing historic materials and features will be physically and
visually compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly documented for future
research.
 Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right will be retained
 and preserved.

 Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that
characterize a property will be preserved.
 The existing condition of historic features will be evaluated to determine the appropriate level of
intervention needed. Where the severity of deterioration requires repair or limited replacement of a
distinctive feature, the new material will match the old in composition, design, color, and texture.
 Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means
possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used.
 Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be
disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.

PRESERVATION AS A TREATMENT
When the property's distinctive materials, features, and spaces are essentially intact and thus convey
the historic significance without extensive repair or replacement; when depiction at a particular
period of time is not appropriate; and when a continuing or new use does not require additions or
extensive alterations, Preservation may be considered as a treatment.

RESTORATION
Restoration is defined as the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character
of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from
other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period. The
limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-
required work to make properties functional is appropriate within a restoration project.

 A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use which reflects the property's
restoration period.
 Materials and features from the restoration period will be retained and preserved. The removal of
materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize the period will
not be undertaken.
 Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Work needed to
stabilize, consolidate and conserve materials and features from the restoration period will be
physically and visually compatible, identifiable upon close inspection, and properly documented for
future research.
 Materials, features, spaces, and finishes that characterize other historical periods will be
documented prior to their alteration or removal.
 Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that
characterize the restoration period will be preserved.
 Deteriorated features from the restoration period will be repaired rather than replaced. Where the
severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match
the old in design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials.
 Replacement of missing features from the restoration period will be substantiated by documentary
and physical evidence. A false sense of history will not be created by adding conjectural features,
features from other properties, or by combining features that never existed together historically.
 Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means
 possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used.
 Archeological resources affected by a project will be protected and preserved in place. If such
resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.
 Designs that were never executed historically will not be constructed.

RESTORATION AS A TREATMENT
When the property's design, architectural, or historical significance during a particular period of time
outweighs the potential loss of extant materials, features, spaces, and finishes that characterize other
historical periods; when there is substantial physical and documentary evidence for the work; and
when contemporary alterations and additions are not planned, Restoration may be considered as a
treatment. Prior to undertaking work, a particular period of time, i.e., the restoration period, should be
selected and justified, and a documentation plan for Restoration developed.

REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation is defined as the act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property
through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its
historical, cultural, or architectural values.

 A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use that requires minimal change to its
distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.
 The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The removal of distinctive
materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will
be avoided.
 Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that
create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or elements from
other historic properties, will not be undertaken.
 Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right will be retained and
preserved.
 Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that
characterize a property will be preserved.
 Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of
deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match the old in
design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features will be
substantiated by documentary and physical evidence.
 Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means
possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used.
 Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be
disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.
 New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction will not destroy historic materials,
features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work will be differentiated
from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion,
and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.
 New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in such a manner that, if
removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment
would be unimpaired.
REHABILITATION AS A TREATMENT
When repair and replacement of deteriorated features are necessary; when alterations or additions to
the property are planned for a new or continued use; and when its depiction at a particular period of
time is not appropriate, Rehabilitation may be considered as a treatment.

GUIDELINES FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE

The Standards that follow were originally published in 1977 and revised in 1990 as part of Department
of the Interior regulations (36 CFR Part 67, Historic Preservation Certifications). They pertain to
historic buildings of all materials, construction types, sizes, and occupancy and encompass the exterior
and the interior of historic buildings. The Standards also encompass related landscape features and the
building's site and environment as well as attached, adjacent or related new construction.

The Standards are to be applied to specific rehabilitation projects in a reasonable manner, taking
into consideration economic and technical feasibility.

1. A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires
minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment.
2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of historic
materials or alteration of features and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided.
3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes
that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or
architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken.
4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in
their own right shall be retained and preserved.
5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that
characterize a property shall be preserved.
6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of
deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the
old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials.
Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or
pictorial evidence.
7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic
materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be
undertaken using the gentlest means possible.
8. Significant archaeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If
such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken.
9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction shall not destroy historic
materials that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and
shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to protect the
historic integrity of the property and its environment.
10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner
that if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its
environment would be unimpaired.
SEISMIC RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES:

Seismic Retrofitting Techniques are required for concrete constructions which are vulnerable to damage
and failures by seismic forces. In the past thirty years, moderate to severe earthquakes occurs around the
world every year. Such events lead to damage to the concrete structures as well as failures.

Thus the aim is to Focus on a few specific procedures which may improve the practice for the evaluation
of seismic vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete buildings of more importance and for their
seismic retrofitting by means of various innovative techniques such as base isolation and mass reduction.

So Seismic Retrofitting is a collection of mitigation technique for Earthquake engineering. It is of utmost

importance for historic monuments, areas prone to severe earthquakes and tall or expensive structures.

Keywords: Retrofitting, Base Isolation, Retrofitting Techniques, Jacketing, Earthquake Resistance

1. Introduction to Seismic Retrofitting Techniques:

2. Earthquake creates great devastation in terms of life, money and failures of structures.
3. Upgrading of certain building systems (existing structures) to make them more resistant to seismic
activity (earthquake resistance) is really of more importance.
4. Structures can be (a) Earthquake damaged, (b) Earthquake vulnerable
5. Retrofitting proves to be a better economic consideration and immediate shelter to problems
rather than replacement of building.

1.1 Seismic Retrofitting of Concrete Structures:

Definition:

It is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground
motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.

The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, tornadoes,
and severe winds from thunderstorms.

1.2 Need for Seismic Retrofitting:

1. To ensure the safety and security of a building, employees, structure functionality, machinery and
inventory
2. Essential to reduce hazard and losses from non-structural elements.
3. predominantly concerned with structural improvement to reduce seismic hazard.
4. Important buildings must be strengthened whose services are assumed to be essential just after an
earthquake like hospitals.
1.3 Problems faced by Structural Engineers are:

Lack of standards for retrofitting methods – Effectiveness of each methods varies a lot depending upon
parameters like type of structures, material condition, amount of damage etc.,
1.4 Basic Concept of Retrofitting:
The aim is at:

 Upgradation of lateral strength of the structure

 Increase in the ductility of the structure
 Increase in strength and ductility

o Classification of Retrofitting Techniques:

Fig 1: Retrofitting Techniques for Reinforced Concrete Structures

2.1 Adding New Shear Walls:

 Frequently used for retrofitting of non ductile reinforced concrete frame buildings.
 The added elements can be either cast-in-place or precast concrete elements.
 New elements preferably be placed at the exterior of the building.
 Not preferred in the interior of the structure to avoid interior mouldings.
Fig 2: Additional Shear Wall

2.2 Adding Steel Bracings

 An effective solution when large openings are required.

 Potential advantages due to higher strength and stiffness, opening for natural light can be
provided, amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized and adds much less weight to
the existing structure.
Adding STEEL Bracings:
Fig 3: RC Building retrofitted by steel bracing

2.3 Jacketing (Local Retrofitting Technique):

This is the most popular method for strengthening of building columns.

Types of Jacketing:

1.Steel jacket,
2. Reinforced Concrete jacket,
o Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite (FRPC) jacket

Purpose for jacketing:

 To increase concrete confinement

 To increase shear strength
 To increase flexural strength

Fig 4: Column Jacketing

Fig 5: Beam Jacketing

2.4 Base Isolation (or Seismic Isolation):

Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation. It is the most powerful tool for
passive structural vibration control technique.

Fig 6: Base Isolated Structures (a) Model Under Test, (b) Diagrammatical Representation

2.4.1 Advantages of Base Isolation

 Isolates Building from ground motion – Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the
structure, -Minimal repair of superstructure.
 Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.
 Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure
2.4.2 Disadvantages of Base Isolation

 Expensive
 Cannot be applied partially to structures unlike other retrofitting
 Challenging to implement in an efficient manner
2.5 Mass Reduction Technique of Retrofitting:

This may be achieved, for instance, by removal of one or more storey’s as shown in Figure. In this case it
is evident that the removal of the mass will lead to a decrease in the period, which will lead to an increase
in the required strength.
 Fig 7: Seismic Retrofitting by Mass reduction (removal of Storey)

2.6 Wall Thickening Technique of Retrofitting:

The existing walls of a building are added certain thickness by adding bricks, concrete and steel aligned
at certain places as reinforcement, such that the weight of wall increases and it can bear more vertical and
horizontal loads, and also its designed under special conditions that the transverse loads does not cause
sudden failure of the wall.

3. Indian Standard Codes for Earthquake Design of Structures:

1. IS: 1893-2002 (part-1) Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Part 1 : General
Provision and Buildings) – Code of Practice
2. IS: 4326-1993 Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings – Code of Practice
3. IS: 13920-1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces
– Code of Practice
4. IS: 13935-1993 Repair and Seismic Strengthening of Buildings – Guidelines
5. IS: 13828-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings –
Guidelines
6. IS: 13827-1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings – Guidelines
4. Conclusion – Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for concrete structures:

 Seismic Retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a variety of structures.

 It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable technology.
 But, the expertise needed is not available in the basic level.
49
  The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance level at a minimum cost, which can be
achieved through a detailed nonlinear analysis.
 Optimization techniques are needed to know the most efficient retrofit for a particular structure.
 Proper Design Codes are needed to be published as code of practice for professionals related to
this field.

Services in Heritage buildings

Install new services (ductwork, pipe work, wiring conduits, air conditioners and TV antennae,
etc) inconspicuously to cause least damage to the fabric.

Use sub-floor or roof spaces or bury them underground. Pull cord switches are a viable
alternative to chasing electrical wiring.

Floor mounted power points are an alternative to damaging skirting.

It is preferable for fittings to be unobtrusive. Don’t use historical recreations unless you have
evidence for such designs being used in the original building.

Rewire existing electrical services to minimize the risk of fire.

Avoid powerful heating and cooling systems, which may cause dryness and cracking or internal
condensation. Supplementary humidity control may be appropriate.

Standard solutions to the requirement for new services and safety features can be detrimental to
heritage buildings.

Security Systems

Ensure that the building is secure.

Avoid using security doors and window grilles, unless original, particularly on houses. They are
visually intrusive and can be dangerous by restricting escape from a fire.

Good quality deadlocks on windows and doors and electronic security systems are just as
effective and often cheaper.

Advertising Signs

Conserve existing signs if they are of heritage significance.

Standard modern signs of product suppliers may be obtrusive on historic commercial buildings.
Traditional and appropriate locations for signage include:
  parapet panels above and below the cornice;
 front and side fascia of the verandah, or hanging below;
 string course bands and on other small individual elements;
 spandrel panels below windows and on ground floor
 piers (including plaques beside entries);
 ground and first floor windows, or glass; and
 side walls, upper storey; and panels on fences.

What is Heritage Management?

“Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations.
Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.” – The United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
The term ‘heritage’ has various interpretations, which ultimately depend on the background and interests
of the stakeholder.

It can be tangible or intangible, movable or immovable, old or new, owned privately, communally,
corporately, or not at all.

In the past, heritage ‘properties’ were often thought of as individual buildings or monuments, such as
churches and temples. Today it is generally recognised that the whole environment (or site) of a heritage
property is important and has been influenced by its interaction with humanity.

You may be familiar with World Heritage sites like the Angkor Temples, the Great Barrier Reef,
Yellowstone National Park, Stonehenge, and the Galapagos Islands.

Whilst physical structures generally come to mind when considering heritage, intangible forms are
equally important in many cultures. Intangible heritage represents the living culture of communities, it’s
components of its intrinsic identity, and its uniqueness and distinctiveness in comparison with all other
human groups.

Why Manage Heritage?

The broadening of properties under the heritage ‘umbrella’ has dramatically increased the number of
places and landscapes that require preservation, stewardship, and promotion.

There has also been an increase in complexities and threats to heritage properties in recent times, such as
tourism, climate change, human conflict, and resource constraints.

The practice of heritage management might involve strategic and financial planning, disaster preparation,
and people, project and site management.

It might also include fundraising, arts sponsorship, external funding, and the marketing of heritage sites.
Ultimately, heritage management is the practice of preserving, protecting and promoting heritage in its
various forms.

The Past, Present, and Future

Heritage shapes people’s lives, feelings, emotions, hopes, and memories. It can teach us about cultures
and peoples of the past… how they lived, the challenges they faced, and how they overcame them.

Heritage is also, therefore, a powerful lens through which to extract lessons from the past. Importantly,
those lessons can be applied to understand and tackle present and future world challenges, such as climate
change, migration, conflict, and decolonization.

Managing Heritage places

To ensure the on-going protection of a Heritage place, a management plan should be prepared
that sets out how the heritage values of the site will be protected or conserved.

Plans need to be consistent with the Heritage management principles. Where a National Heritage
place is in a state or territory, the Government must endeavor to ensure that a management plan is
prepared and implemented in cooperation with the relevant state or territory government.

The Owner of the heritage site (ASI, CPWD, PWD, PRIVATE etc) is responsible for preparing
management plans for Heritage places. Plans are required to be reviewed every five years.

Heritage management principles

The Heritage management principles provide a guiding framework for excellence in managing
heritage properties. They set the standard and the scope of the way places should be managed in
order to protect heritage values for future generations.

These principles should be used when preparing and implementing management plans and
programs. In the absence of a management plan, they should guide the management of heritage
values of a property.

1. The objective in managing Heritage places is to identify, protect, conserve, present and transmit,
to all generations, National Heritage values.
2. The management of Heritage places should use the best available knowledge, skills and
standards for those places, and include ongoing technical and community input to decisions and
actions that may have a significant impact on their Heritage values.
3. The management of Heritage places should respect all heritage values and seek to integrate,
where appropriate, any state, territory and local government responsibilities for those places.
4. The management of Heritage places should ensure that their use and presentation is consistent
with the conservation of their Heritage values.
5. The management of Heritage places should make timely and appropriate provision for
community involvement, especially by people who:
 have a particular interest in, or associations with, the place, and
 may be affected by the management of the place.
6. Indigenous people are the primary source of information on the value of their heritage and the
active participation of Indigenous people in identification, assessment and management is
integral to the effective protection of Indigenous heritage values.
7. The management of Heritage places should provide for regular monitoring, review and reporting
on the conservation of National Heritage values.

Case Study

Case studies of Palaces in Rajasthan, Chettinad and Swamimalai dwellings