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    Time Savers Standards For Building Types - Commercial PDF

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    Reshma Maria

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    TIME-SA : (DARDS Seer. we Ads er eee L CO ee Tea ea eure Gr. a] Scanned with CamScanner Previous and Current Contributors Organizations Preface to the Fourth Edition About the Editors . RESIDENTIAL Dimensions of the Human Figure Single-Family Homes Apartments Apartment Buildings Seniors Housing Housing for People with Disabilities Group Homes Manufactured Housing Developments . COMMERCIAL Retail Supermarkets Regional Shopping Centers Automobile Dealers Automobile Service Centers General Offices Medical Offices Law Offices Research Laboratories Television Stations Radio Stations Funeral Homes . HOSPITALITY Restaurants and Eateries Food Service Facilities Commercial Kitchens Conference Centers Hotels Hotel Space Allotments xi xiii xv 105 17 119 145 163 172 200 225 232 Scanned with CamScanner Fig. 1. Retail interior (Mojo Stumer Associates; photo: Fronk Zimmermann; courtesy ofthe architect) RETAIL SHOPS: GENERAL ep vet look, window: shop and bey. Shopping as an expt ace sald provide Fun, which in tam provides profits. Asucessol Sx or shop is one tht is designed to merchandise in ation to Inoking god (Fig 1) A store canbe divided into two principal pa: the exer, which gives identification, encompasses the storefront ‘show windows, and displays; and te interior, where the promise of the trefont display is delivered. Briefly stated, the storefront in ats the sl, and the imterior consummate i ‘The storefront andthe design of he facade must be attractive in oder tcatch the shopper’ atetion and to draw the customers in fromthe sit or from the mall in shopping centers. Graphic idenifcation— ‘ih bold coer, lighting leering, and logos—andatractive display of merchandise are he ntl steps (Fig 2). Incaclred malls, he pas-encsed show windows ae oie climi- ‘ated mii. The “show window” displays are st vp ina large setae, erops lee or on poral plaforms and become pt te iteroe Hence the demarcation between the exer and the ims is ot physical: rater, tbe wo ae iterated and itis todeine were one nds and the ote begins. This i particularly te ‘neces sopping malls The open of fon geerly promotes oblate their ‘ences an extesion 30 tat the shoppe wil easy ‘ced io the sore. sed, ithe on a hema hey shouldbe interior should be easy, related to interior trafic ow and layout, and should be accessible vertical transportation if ny PRINCIPLES OF RETAIL DESIGN In order to design satisfactory shop, the fist requirement is an understanding of those potions of curent merchandising theories which affect the design problem. Briefly, “merchandising psychol- ‘gy consists of fist, arousing interest; second, satisying it ‘With staple goods the first phase is almost automatic, When monstar ples, acessories, ospecaiesoie than sold, methods of aoasing inerest may ‘The second phase—the actual that ae desirable in oder 10 make ‘completely, and to achiev management. Both phases affect he design of ‘ae In some ass the planing sated. The steps inthe cesign, ea fllows Attracting Customers. rs Scanned with CamScanner ——_ - COMMERCIAL it shopping ed by 3 br rg os ty She cp et telephone condor checks, oe ili md vanity idea may be eked sie weatment of ei acing f va illaninaton of pleasent, sometimes pa iby So ese hae been Foun oitable im eSIMENS in ay ity o desiality depends 10 an exten ot ey Their Fig. 2.Slorelront (Mojo Shaner Associates; pho: Fronk Timmermann; courtesy of the architec!) much ofa merchants effors. OF thes, stoerots and display win dows ar important othe store designe. Indocng Entrance ‘Show winds, in ation o atrating passersby, shold indoce them to ete the store (Fig. 3). Show windows may be opened upto splay th shops interior, or hse in to give privacy esters hin. Door lesions require sty ination o pedestrian wai ow, rates of sidewalks and sere floors, 2nd interior layout of the shop. n colder climates drafs and outdoor temperature changes can ‘be conlled atthe door Organizing Sore Spaces COrpanizing sore spaces, and consequently the merchandise tobe ‘sad, ino departments enables customers o find objets easily and permis storekeeper to keep close ceck on profits or losses fom ‘aos types of gods, Store lihtng and “éressing” are simpli, Even small shops benefit from a measure of departmentalzation; in lage shops, th practice becomes essential as methods of taining (i be aed ‘wrapping suck become Interior Displays _ Intro displays require paricular tention in pci geome gt, ich encores ne ‘ie.odpiof aces wich el pe may ge Scanned with CamScanner the nat sorta Determine what casio Location of sock roms, that llatenion is ws he made foreach ptcu nan personnel to deter: wo high ashe , drinking fount Acessories will ustomer, aswell as reserves, must be carefully considered apered. and dressing rooms should be located convenienly near the em being so Retail Shops Departmentalzation ing the average time per sah accounting and in sll stones Within each department, anda a gi when eating departments 0 cach edhe and othe pth of the typical customer trough te store, an be analyzed by classification. Most of the follow rnerchanie a canbe placed it or lonury gous ae high-profile usually (bat ot nec essai) high n pce properly impressed. Ofien these are no in themselves strict pri apes, like convenienes, but ae articles dans out with a definite Wea of purchasing she buys them-—other goods must Demand goods are which the custome These atthe to the store These clasifications necessarily overap; bu, in a shop whose type of eustomer canbe forecast divisions along some soc Tins are pos sible, Signs are not always necessary; each department may be des ignated by display of typical articles asa kind of poster. Customer Flow 2 diagrams based upon analyses of trafic indicate The accompany 1g departments i relation tothe flow of the possibility custome thro store Interest in articles on display was found tobe inversely proportional tothe number dpayed after alow limit had been reached. A central Tecation na group seemed to lead to inreased intrest i a pict Scanned with CamScanner 2 COMMERCIAL witha wt amet’ ie rgntobearated NT erat on fea ae st npn voces Sax Seri ; : i hkeep meses mie stockroom, permite SEC ec py Some " Shep Sie eas dined byt Les ees fixture, and aisle space rrr ie and 15 1018 et wide tes These dimensions aly Fa 9 Feet high, in sare pet re more exily determined, Basements 8 cal sock stor if no mezzanine is include and fo igs. The height from mezzanine floor to ceiling may be a low a6 fee-6 inches ifused for service space only 7 feet is the prefered minimum for public se ‘Typical Counter and Case Layouts Center Ilond = 15 fet average minimum; W = 9 feet inches Type illus to 13 fet. Islands composed of showcases only, L = 10 feet mini suum, W = 5 fc.10 inches 106 fet inches. For oor tables, L=4 to Teer, W = 2 feet inches to 3 feet. Aisle Widths For clerks, minimum: | fct-8 inches; desirable: 2 feet to 2 feet3 inches. For main public aisles, minimum: 4feet-6 inches; average: 5 fet-b inches to 7 fet; usual maximum: 11 feet. Secondary public aisles: 3 fet to 3 fet6 inches. Displays ‘The segregation of displays in reas specifically desired forthe pur- ose, and in locations selected with respect to entrances and cus. omer trafic flow, is easily accomplished in de E planning (Fg. 6). in departmentalized store Time Saver Sando for Bid Tes rchiectre"iSP vechanie displayed. TH ort ay isp When a i mse up that depend 1 a dsr on play, o make sem stand ways best to separate cost nerchandise may often be bulkbe inside the store are bri oem or ade a on Locations for dps irements ofthe wang ae to custome Hom Hing nla in pony hat every inch of ~ nase such practi between th te h ise. Thus aan ale display» lays Opposite da sy cam be bold. Vig sted by lighting emp at wal ner 3 eran 8 spatial eli he relative intensities of to dramatize objects ong ir neighbors, and in hig (On the other hand, iting objects. Low pg pticed obj | nds to an extent onthe is + than low or igh displays, ae para) | ofthe shop. Just as show wi ss heights decreasing, so the fats merchandise within reach and coe Scanned with CamScanner fig. 7. Small-scale display (Mojo Stumer Associates; photo: Frank Zimmermann; courtesy of the architect) ‘Show Windows These elements ar designed primarily withthe effect upon potential ‘customers in minds ease in changing displays is alo importa, Win dows must be “dressed” quickly; if they ae hard wo work with, they ‘will not be changed as often as merchandising policies indicate to be necessary. Variety and timelines of displays are considered essential Glazing types that do not interfere with vision will materially imcrease the show window's valve. Patented sysems, which elimi ate reflections, ae availabe; so are types of glass suited to special conditions, suchas heat-resisting glass. ‘Window backs may be closed or open depending onthe type of shop and she degree of customer privacy desired. When backs ae open, confusion of display and shop interior may be avoided’ using tem ‘orary or permanent screens o panels as backgrounds. ‘Window dressing may be done in ful public view in certain types of shops such as jewelry or gift shops. in other cases, blinds or other Fig, 8. Retail lighting (Mojo Stumer Associates; photo: Frank Zimmermann; courtesy of the architec!) types of glass curtains may be required. Apparent sie of glass area may be changed to accommodate varying displays by using variable valances and side- pieces. Storage space s required fr display 2cces forms, pane back grounds, and seasonal pes. nse of window dressing may be aided els shouldbe large enough for easy p Scanned with CamScanner 2COMMERCIAL MAYOUTS AND DIMENSIONS There are two = ‘hic fanning guidelines for laying oat retail es 1 Use 100 percent ofthe space aloated Do not sactifice function for ethetics ‘Successful plans combi the designer to cany th ‘hat can be developed, ‘can be created ie beth tthe fullest Six asc plans cam help hem out. These ae certainly not the only plans ‘bt they form the foundation on which others ‘The six basic plan types ae Straight Pathway Diagonal Cured Varied Geometic Straight Phan ‘The straight plan (Fig. 9) is acanventonal form of ayot that uilizes walls and projections to create smaller spaces. tis an economical Blan to execute and ean be adapted to any type of str, fom git ‘hops to apparel outlets, fom drug and grocery tres to departnent stores, This plan lends itself well 1» store In a bookstore, fore placed atthe rear with palling customers to the back ofthe ample, special sale merchandise canbe signage informing shoppers ofthe items and irecting them inthe right diteton. Pathway Plan Applicable ovcwaly any ype ofr pty pan Fig 10) $ particularly suited to larger sores over 500 square fet sed oy he tne The pathway pan, ago aetna pr ‘shoppers smoothly from he foot tthe rear ofthe sone Curved Plan beige hs ti ED, bs 12) ereates an mvitng, special emenne fy sn cots more to consact than angular oF squape Oe eee Te Tempe ct cat age Varied Plan Fer prodoct that require back-up merchandise yp aacent (nes ant ens shits, or Xap theo = Uv oon a snot ee a re foag lew fo atin sore og tins or wih enter mall sng eg hs stow, hevatied plan as “bellows ef, see nian ip Se Sen dm er, cy. or bee 8 Ite inh aro ew! Fa na ae the bmi Geometric Plan The dese cats fos wth hes Jere om sg ek golsna geomet ln Fg. 14) Tsp cote eb san heen al ‘esate the shapes donating the sales oor ‘The mec plan comfortably allows for fing roomy Sie sre oot: his tenet makes the plan ep able for appre! sores Also, i can nicely accommota ao Stock mag ita aerate othe varied plan fr she sat Bilt shops. Faure 1S tows te clearances equi fr a mediom hig. count. The sugested seat height of 21 1 22 che footrest forthe seated customer cat a a dys eum Scanned with CamScanner such os hoe shown here, which soflen the ongulor nd fig. 9. Sroight plon uses wals ond projection fo create Square pon £9 Jer spaces ond is cconomical [ aN put + fla © | la a Ld mo og oo Fi. 10.Pathway plon puls patrons rough the store tothe Fig. 13. Varied plan illustates added variety of forms reat without inlemuption by foor fixtures. The metts of which con work to @ designer's advantage. such a layout ore thatthe path con take any shape and. {hati creates a design pattem. Scanned with CamScanner cman responsive 0 vertical EP each dimensoge + sulting gh ve en be cl amen ee oe Sars bcd on te bly se hal eet aeporiie bite —_ snd hows cas hn ach ations Pn en ae gg hd ply Tee i sly on cg a : meses 2 ors nt a Fio. 18. Seated customer/desirable counter height Siving on the ccting pes In {= ob, form spe and cole of general merchase mayen fr boks and nagiznes the legilty of pen ten ino an The dst between dee higher than the elbow height of slightly over 5 percent ofthe popula- pla lighting, and angle of sight should all be considered ten From a merchant viewpoint where come omenence . SCfasmom pres. oul te wwe xe 9H The dig own nF. 2d wih uma ding, inches sa coumer height nation the eal als er foed ing aa soe store The iting tne eee to tend such 2 coune fr extended periods f time coud be sub- modate the body size ofthe seated customer and ta 4esied to severe backaches and pains. Getting on and off high stool clerk. The 60-to 66-inch clearance should be viewed as, folder and did polo seo sally sie canbe Te back! length of the lager ea eee Pot coly dificult, but hazardous, Figure 18 illustrates the clearances antropemeically establishing the clearance dimension. for ypical sles coumer tothe wake, vera sip reach measuement ap tae and female sould be sed in establishing sl ‘Shelving is probably used more than any other single intetiorcom- maximum! body breadth and maximum body depth ofthe omen forthe rps andor displ of mechan (Fg 18). Nossa bc owderedin eaten eae Public Creation Zone Scanned with CamScanner A 8 eotespnntw nth SEATED CUSTOMER /HIGH COUNTER HEIGHT Fig. 17. Seated customer/high counter height Scanned with CamScanner 2 COMMERCIAL TYPICAL MERCHANDISE CASES Fig. 19. ypicol merchandise cases o 2 = 5 3 € & & £ = 3 3 2 = 5 3 {800K STORE /DISPLAY AREA Fig, 21. Book store/ a a ons aoc ant proyct's tailings, read Following scquation of the ste and reighborhoe and pr nays ste) te ep ws sya tn ah my Seite rt mon ema rye a a SSI tnn penne ep ie pn ec rg nl Geese cs Tis ows tmlng sec we eran, ee rede ee Oatiin aw ic rt, putng got moe “ Fra ltl og ol er Cnc peo op A tg pend verte: Thi tener tn comjrcion wath te ad suroonding he ce. oe ge Sow ee en ty Be ce roi nt oe eh ce they sre ppc Te weer wk meely nse pei ch hd pended tet be pre tre ae coed May Froet ee fotyn! hs grant inary exe ees wal Panig for Expunvon a Staged Cnr {haan ape ine heer te poet ges cad Jeton ofthe canon ‘Where land cous permit tis obviously desirable tas eye eon comer go pace bay : i Theme pons fem laminin aon cofom- ely coment 8 oe with mae sayy Sg fietenatie ra rcomenitin ofthe eonamc savy. 2: ns Hower, pos en conto te eee they may be to be included) may or god reams asin meng pial nan gvingcch ena he wan open ta er rae ate a eo rect reasonably eqcaloppomunity 1o capture a potion ofthe ing dt et forthe cemer Customer's wade. The meats of chcving this is normaly based on the concep of "acho or puh”h 10 2th mechan- Therefor it as become moe and more customary ody ising omits tat have maximum appl tothe customer. The ypical bth of th allowing stopper is wally snracted to 3 center primarily by the type and range of mest fered by th major depart sores. This + Plan fra moro ks indeteminat expansion sme appeals sppleneted by the opportunity for convenient compari- fed future date. + Sonstige many sale or salt tors. Because ofthe + Plan for one or mote specie sages of costo ek sme actviy geese bythe appeal fhe deparment sores, underaken ata sucesive part of a mere oles comay ‘these major wits espace at stats spots, such as ateachend of sition operation, 41ne- or twoere! pedestrian mall whose Jength is lined on each Sie wi the sale stele stores. The Now of customer from nthe lt ase, wo or more specifically Sched Sex mires to cach the hen dws people past the smaller tion stages, the problem becomes more one of lasing ha dl ‘oes, whee they open rue for impulse and comparative shop- ing. The projec is planed forthe final stag, and ing. leasing broker's problem as o how much space can be fens in the fist stage and how meh it becomes Sresey fis planing isthe soidance of any dead eco of- fr the Ler stage or sages duc tothe nial anense of ‘he-way locations fr he smaller stores and the concentration fall departnet soe shopping on eaclydfined owes connecting with major anchors, or als. the dearest sores, There also arises the problem ofthe constuction ‘nes completed before tage twos sent out or bid ‘an be tly competitive. But when the second Scanned with CamScanner because proper iteration of the Fra vite, This, tm, (the a weakens the tale poten 1 pce. The proper procore usally is ¥0 master eel aaah se ott aha acepable fins 70) ian is ted, however, that any master plan forthe a a acer a soe internat tie (3 twee Ye | _enlaree foto) sus in every case take in consideration tha 0 al time fr any cers the yar opens and sual he ahem v years oF is ile, Weiter becomes a soccess within a x the ime being at east) faite. Few tan ownership ofa axing operation ton ofthe nal pln of moch ss importan (he of areas hel in reserve fo this purpose i basements and involving an increase in the project’ gross leaable area Inala (GLA\, parking must be 3 GLA wear sll to compensate and maintain proper Regailes ofthe program of phased constrction rf fate expan rasta al times be taken sion tee ae two ato ites 1A hoping center does by frit greatest amount of busines in the two months before Cheisias. Is next busiest season is before Easter and the ext basis fers prior to "back 0 school” Therefore shopping centers in general an department str in pacar customarily set pening dates that are invio Ine Any serious poponement can jeopardize the heary imestment in merchandise for that paula Sason i es teary, tet, nal shopping center operations to schedule the wok backward from the andor and ifeible opening dhe and slow abst tne for completing and stocking the 2 For public impact and general plc acceplnce ina shopping center seay yeas, itis generally desi o schedule the eas ing, planing, and consrction so tat all sores can open at ‘nce. Tis avi th pubic iacomeience ad bad publi la ‘ins ofa mal with many barca eo rfished soe, wel asthe favre ester rection fom limited mx arise. GENERAL DESIGN AND PLANNING CRITERIA ‘Column Spacing ‘A significant dimension is column spacing, 38 this involves the ‘Wits, fromages, of stores (Fig 4). Often used spacing widths Shopping Centers 20,25 ant 0 et wth he ls the moat flexible The drmension from the all whe rear of he store can be set ry the ost exanem ical arytural system. is essen to ave ot the mast economical Store Depths sin Americ, boildings ae usually 1200 140 feet ne larger stores. Hf there are nes, the depth dimension usually can be fo 25 percent In European centers and ers with many Jem inhow toachieve shallow depth from pester mall lengths in elation to Clear Heights These vaty (rom 10 0 14 feet or more, with age, Above this clear eight there must be adequate space for ai Conditioning dct, recessed ight, structural system Ducts and Shafts ust be Mesible enough to accommodate Te sells ofthe buildings any reasonable enant requirements. It is essential thatthe mechani allengince setup a schedule of the location and sizes of the prin pal dct runs an sas wo avoid serous future space problems. This Fequirement includes special exhaust ventilation through the roof and al ther mechanical tems that canbe anticipated. Central Ptant Versus Individual HVAC System Regardless of which method is used, the space to be occupied by al xipment must be determined, both in size and location, inthe er list planning stages. Central plant equipment can be ina separate building, onthe project roof, or elsewhere so long as itis economical asto design and length of runs. Individual plants in each store require roof space, cooling towers, ec. The inexcusable eyesore of equip- iment on the roof can be avoided by proper coordination of work between the lasing age, the architect, andthe mechanical engi Scanned with CamScanner 2. COMMERCIAL net, and the resulting prison of popeyTocoted a roof screers and enc Exterior Walls As these may have, depending on each store's rouierenis, sere ‘oors, public entrance doors, ash rooms, show sro, ce. 8 ‘bul esi that can suitably accommodate for sua fet any of these features is very desirable. Show windows and pubic ries ae rare on parking lot facades, 28 has Been fore tht he {rom the mal ater than reat majority of customers enter stn directly from the parking lo. Public entrances fom the parking lt ‘usually oceur onl fr depart stores, fr stores open cn Susy and for such tenants as restaurants, dsr, an he Ike Anarchy Verses Regimentation In the earliest shopping centers there ften was no desien corel at al, with a resalting anarchy of sign, tena. and design. Ths st tation gradually changed to one where so mach rigid control was cercised that the projects became fart monotone Proper dese” falls fora homogencous whole wih tbe widest posible lite individual design of each sore. Generally the greatest posible lt tude (in good tase) shouldbe given tothe mall facades, with fly severe restrictions placed onthe exterior facades. This ives interest fo the interior, where its desirable and unity of design forthe exe Traffic ‘The car capacity of all coaigoous roadrays used for ingress and gress mast be sufficient to accommdte resent and tre 003 traffic plu the traffic generated by the shopping center. Prope signal controls, reservoir anes, divider strips, and other trafic contr! fea tures must be provided It showld always be kept in mind that a cen ter with, say, 5,000 parking spaces and an average turnover on Fridays of, say, four cars per parking space, secommodates a total ‘numberof cars per day tha would stetch, if aveling in line on the highway all the way from New York to Boston. Because ofthe com plexity ofthe traf problem, the developer or the architect fre Celgene a rar persed inspec an oot ow of ac, ie Arar for the project stud be more concere with gy ples an easton’ freedom of cei Selecting ond parking procedure (Fig. 5) MENTS quate capxity rd Comer ee eee eo fond wo one or mre, hich seatonn facies than the nents the oneal ses usually provide for 2 euniraun anual ren J calculation is based plus r agains an, ancbnting ofa percentage of the store» F088 annual sakes, the ater provision which mks the success. of €ah individ developer and which compensates him fr Jnper and tenant at a sm of parang nas obvvus thatthe individual rent terms must teNet 96 ony cost of the Lal and uveall projet oss but aso the amount of, at work de bythe develope for the individual tenant Ta the pa the developer installed mach of the tenant's special requirements received a proportionally higher rent. Today, however, iti common fot the developer to supply the shel of the premises ‘vith each tenant instaling (a ther own expense) the eiing and Finishes, decor, mall storefront, and some of the air-conieaig ‘equipment stems, Trade fixtures, except in unusual circumstaas, axe always installed by the tenant The satellite les so amportan tothe inflation Ips the [As the leasing program takes time to consummate, ‘essential thatthe feasing proced simultaneously wi tural design and drawings and thatthe leasing agent andthe arch and his engineers keep in continous communication. Ot Jong delays and expensive changes ensue. In view ofthe importance ofthe department stores in generating. tomer trafic for he project, their ase terms usually provide ‘minimus in) profit forthe developer. The profit om the de ‘ment sa whole must then come from proportionately higher from the stlites. For this reason, when the owner ofa cen developer and nota department store, itis essential hat tea the total retail area be occupied by high rent sets. iaira Huai Tenant Mix Tenant “mix” isthe name forthe pln reltionship to Bes plea eporen ne i Se 9 Scanned with CamScanner sland services prxioes the bes individual sles vl wally i us bocorne the snare of days shoplag ox Tre pve suburb or in the central busines wl al asthe following characteristics 7 riecpal mal, the major ps he project (Fig. 6), and one or more sib pen, with weather protection consisting solely he stor fons; or completely co tely enlosed, necesstti od malls except where weather con ctr makes the open mal preferable ave been in the ours they have been rm, right, circuitous, empty, oF Filled with amenities 0 oF mare levels; and they have been ‘or solely by antficial means (Fg. 7). they have had one hd by styl The ted has been away from wide malls and courtype malls, Wiis of 301040 fet are outnumbering widths of $0 fet ot mre, re landscaping and eatres to avoid & The wider mall equi Fg. 6. Mail peat Pedestion soot (polo couony of John M, Shopping Conters turen atmosphere. They sso require move cobage and ence sre se ented Jengits. Furtbermone, and. mest importn, narrow malls facitate back and forth comparison shop fing fom onesie Yo the ether ad hence sgriicanly ai the cu A logical wend 1s toward tomers exporure to the merchandise A lopca 1d of amenities, punctuated 1 front of department woes or elsewbere by meserate- sized co which become customer magnets The courts have restr Highting , erate height, and spectacular features such a fountains, méscaping. and monomental The length of malls generally should not be more than 800 fet preter ween department stores octet major fata fn the case of more than two department stores, ttl kath ean Because ofthe high downtown land costs and increasing land conts in suburbs, pls the shortage of i squate area, two-level al tandard solution; malls of three levels or more a becoming more common. Such mali-leves make the shopping area nach more compact and walking distances shore. In conection with any two-level ( moe) ral, tis mandatory that cach evel be as imprtant as every eer level otherwise one level will tecome the prime level al the stores will wan tobe om ht level, nd the other level willbe second choice, will command lower res, and hence, nal probability, will ot econcmically justify is constrction. To achieve this equality of desirability, of customer appeal, and of rent balance, itis essential that both (ral) levels ave: + Equally convenient accesibiliy from parking areas by means of ‘vo or more level of immediatly adjacent parking, wheter on grade or on decks or by means of other devices to equalize the parking convenience. + Nosmll dead end on any level without a department sore 3 its + Adequate vertical transportation between levels, usally one or more sets of escalators and several sets of convenient stairs Fits). ~ Scanned with CamScanner eyed and incandescen, reas, and son, ene ete man trac ag an ine vanety ne ‘i erreelly mata ight Mist be fgg " oct of the storefronts along net gl re «u te povided regardless of hee i vara Wg may te onl cy ate Eel " deimainamets Generally speaking, except or certain limitation on we of may oo = vineome rod wd. more particularly, on store signs, the tenant is encouraged ag ena rior is designed by a firm retained by the individual store rater as Nas cea = aiee . Except for whatever devices are used (0 achieve overall wal _—" een harmony, the mall frontage can be treated completely at the wildy cach tenant, subject onl to such restrictions as ae eee lease terms. Is essential, however, that Such tems giveth ope and the architect the right of final apprval tte tion, Signs are primarily ether for store ident Jatory ai in preventing liter © ating pegs ont ual benches for resting, although ner to have frequent coffee stands produce income. Many also believe many planners be both for bene como + Fours (Fi seats hazards (Water seers to have a universal appeal) + Kiodks of various sizes and shapes, generally less than 250 squat fct (although tere is a rend vo larger ones) + Lockers (occasenlly for sexing purchases while continuing 10 shop. + Food couns, offering s wide variety of hot and cold dishes and refreshments + Sculare or other a forms as major design features. + Miscellaneous items occasionally used 1 catch the publi inter: cot, such a bind capes, kiddy mazes, fashion mimors, closed cieuit TY, clocks, continuous music, fasion platforms, exhibit reas, tc It is noted that inthe case of exhibit areas, it is neces. sary to provide adequate mall-access doors for ringing in aye items tobe exhibited _ Scanned with CamScanner ges (Fg 10-T ee haa epi pen see sion fer ap, he ae res ee confusing msg, and useless to str, one, Se ao pena ta tee cnfcon of enn see os aay Ae ets enicton rt te all moet Nand, are necessity within the mall 0 idetty Signs should be simple be wile at chne range os well aot deity the shoppin of boas vale. Ae Exterior Pacaes oun ofthe major satelite stores desire storefronts onthe exterior of The trend, however, wheter onrl or by developer preference for her of show windows onthe exterior facade, Experience protrence 2 mimum the and poli entrance shown that the polic dos ot ik to ener a mall through anything bat the mall entrances or ese through major stores such as depart: s. Furthermore, the whole theory of the present-day shop 1 40 get the customers as quickly as possible into the nats. Department stores, parking lot as well asthe again, exienor show windows are usually cut 10 the from which the shopping proces o mist on having direct esrances on cul th Evcain project in central business dst, where some ofthe stores frat cn bah city streets andthe mal, experience has shown that the 9.10. Mat signage (photo courtesy of John M. Maher) Nsciaiccncaiaall ‘Shopping Centers imaorty ofthe shop res from the mall ater than fro the city street Ive Ben closed otf In the me the trend 96 toward permanence through fm ut not elaborate quality and the use of masonry and related A major problem thar the fac that there maybe selite stores, each designed by a different architect. Achievement econ difficolt a department stores, in ation to the of harmony of design can, derf chanical equipment is always a serious ign and drawings should always be © Servicing Servi vols the delivery of ond garbage. Inthe simple stip shopping center, fe servicing i customarily by am alley in the rear of the strip Jones ris desirable to conceal the alley fom adjacetneighborho areas by a wal or lanukcaping iscustmarily by Inthe one evel regal shopping center servic Underground service nel. Ths sully under te mall om necting dtelly to tenanleased basements which connect, in turn, tthe stores above, This system avoids all unsightly trash, Keeps paked tucks out of the way, and avoids allocation of ime parking space o servicing. It aso reegates non sling Ectviieso he semen, reserving the main lor forsale. The tunnel adds, however, 3 percent or more to the total cost ofthe onsrction and more or les necessitates the inclusion of base- iments. This, intr, calls for realistic leasing and financing of these basement ares if they ae wo be self-supporting nancial Service cours on the periphery ofthe building comple. These ae usally partly shielded from publi view by masonry walls 6 10 10 fet high o higher. Their cost is minimum, bu they occupy space that is expensive if land casts are high and that could terse be utilized fo rime parking, The intros of the courts ae cbectionble in appearance and eam rarely be ae utely screened. Furhermore, these cout eam usally te made Aiclly acesible wo only potion of the sores resent This ‘ype of project normally has no baer Oversthecurb and sidewalk directly cheapest soltion ad uses the Fast enforcement of leanliness by the of merchase and removal oft business hous, and the mandatory cach store Generally speaking, markets, dug and variety stores have the ce foils. Scanned with CamScanner 2 COMMERCIAL THES pose pri fan peng may be reed to prevent the cumulation of wash Fett rca, wet aly placed fights OF me a: These usally comet fey asap th rat ett MOS (het n an oper eel oe pee) ad fen Cera 8 fie xis. Wah his ype of project, eessitating service “omdors, service courts can wally be fever and more conceal Mezzanine re ccasonly edo provide storage and no sling SISCC: Such facilities have value in that they rece the SPCC required and hence the kept of land occupied, but they rarely produce cost because ofthe nce for greater rots for adequate clearances, Store-build Climate Controt Virwally al commercial space so Pedestrian malls re maintained year sh as sores, ound within ature and rele ham Inn ig and humiditicaton i the wine, coo the summer, and atleast ventilation in he and and dehuiifi ‘The problem of cooing is proparionstly more in {ven in relatively cold climates, beease of the Pensa forthe ody heat and moisture emt andthe heat from electric ighing 'Wis not uncommon, even inthe n portant than heat d by crowds of people especialy the ncandescet type oth, forthe cooling system of a ‘epariment store wo operate skmostino ke vincroencs Inthe past, coting nd cool: incall in basements, on mezzanine, and on on Rey installations necessary equipment suchas compressors, fan, equipment as muchas Possible and io suround i wit ight Preferably, masonry eight, screen walls creating Penthouses onthe roofs. ey q Tene aking ws fy ty develoent othe sapien concep Pt iy ance ing fi. aha re ping center, where almost allt cat Parking and Traffic, arless of its size oF local On Ty e come by au mab, S and 6 car quare feet, ‘mandatory. In the central business distigt, tion and alin In stnp centers, custome pi TA 1 Ey ee and the line of sort Un regional suburban centers hep aeKng Normally gg completely surounds the shopping compen Speach the cost of puking chs, i fee Paton ofthe staan wht ony i In centre busines-distict poges, Axa of he multidecked cll with erent levels ofthe 0 for futher economy 1) high erably cy vot a tan ea rea etic ma ewan aa levels in basement fpr hasement fran pati te as desta othe viewpoint tal sy ands eas eine pa eit clint common arangenca de ‘quate land area and to the legal aspects of the ‘federal urban Kosta Insich rozans, incre to comer lagen memes? fequnly can bul the compey sect ag files bit by one er angle agency Scanned with CamScanner jing offices, ond ote se vary conserbly andthe i ees very volved, Practical decisis st fe ake See poate a oes he doe ting may be provided by a parking athe, renewal es TL MAY OF Ma HO be esd ote develope. oF wd e-evel malls inthe suburb, topop horace through prison of on-grade parking a phy canean niece patter ha eet se king aa at the eel fhe ge al seer te hve. as ean he rsh nal con 1 amp systems fr decked parking and various ere ae a rome 0 fans arn ns of afr fh amped rae poking tat ee of gra pking lanes or bays should generally Be a vest anls 10 the tlding fcades 10 enable shoppers 10 walk nplex without teading through parked Fret the building {ana wth anes pale othe facades Landscaping ot element of shopping center design rarely Ts visally impor eves te tention an Bdge its importance deserves, Most stb futon customers have gardens and are landscape-consious. Never thle, there are hiterally hundreds of shopping cee tha are Sarwanded by barren oceans of monetonus aspalt. The primary trae fr this situation is thatthe landscaping is installed last, is not feacd dry to the building construction operation, and conse ‘get is vulnerable to “corer cting”by the developer, especially ithe project cost is runing over the budget Te ndsoping i the regional. suburban shopping center usually has two component: interior, ie. he landscaping inthe mal; and exe fa, that ude the bins and in the puking ares. Because fhe climate coc! inthe ypical enclosed mall, topical planing can be maintained provided hat aust light, water, and drainage a wp and there is proper maintenance. Although mall lnd sca shuld not be luxurious tothe point of blocking views of stores and imercring too much wih crss-mllshoper trafic all Ianicoping can become a very powerful tation to shoppers and roid pet deal of advertising and pblc relations value Fig. 1), Wien conditions re not itable fo ving plans, goo results an sexes be obtained with propel fabrics aruficial material, Fore exterior landscaping othe projet the principal problems are: ips 1+ proper scale and effet in elation othe ings stl maintenance, incding the problems involved in snow ccs for obaining maxim visa imgact the fist year of Fig. 11. Landscoping and signage (Mojo Sturer Associ ‘ates; photo courtesy of the architect) Astoscale and effect its difficult to obtain satisfactory results when ‘building mass may be as much as 2,000 fet fog and only 20 feet high, and where vast ates of parking rust be laid out with maxi ‘mam convenience for those parking ther cas (Fg. 12). “The following basic criteria, if used with imagination and a reason able budget, can produce maximum effect for minimum costs + Mass effects through close spacing of sever tees or bushes in ‘humps or rows. Bt to group five trees fe fet apart than to spot them singly, suchas at ens of parking nes, where they wil te lost visually + Concentration of the planing neat te bibings where it will ae the most effet, and nt onthe periphery + Useof ing lines of hedges aot es than 3 fet high, and of inex pensive pnt material if necessary) wherever the parking patter ‘il permit. The bees cut the ie of igh fom the norma eve evel tS fect and, especially inside a car, at fet. Ifthe edges are properly located, they can effectively conceal from view large aves ofthe parking pavement This an go a Tong way toward eventing the "sea of asphalt” effect. + Trstllation ofthe maxim ied plant teil it. Bter oom pats ofthe planing ties of materia than fo have to wait 10 produce the proper effec. ‘As the regional centers must grow larger, ‘lamorous to caintain their competitive «extent ofthe landscaping on future projec List of Stores by Locations Scanned with CamScanner 2COMMERCIAL YOEAL LocaTION ron veers (SFT ane reat 0 [SONCEAL “OCEAN OF ASP” le SacI FOR CONT MOUS Fare weet 1 Loca (10 Pec Ho pg 1, Bakery 2 Boy ating 3. Candy store 4 Obie wear $. Cates nd perme 6 Coste ely 2. Deparment ere Dupre 9. Pert 10. Gishop 1. Gis ape 12 Gry 13 Manes and andoys 1 Het sap 1S Inve 16 ewely 17. Lee rods and urge 18 Lge 19 Mer’ ing 20. Mer' fuishings 21 Milley 22 Novis Opal shop 2. Pat ok soe 25. togptic applies nd camera 26. Pye dt 2 Psion ay rte possib 28. Return Peni one 4 dog 2. Ses chiens 50. Sires me's 31 Ses women's 22 Sprtven, women's 133. Tobacconist M.Talet pats 3S Way sre 36. Wane’ ear ithe No.1 or No.2 Locations 1 Cote 2 Deliatessen 3. Dry goods, 4. Newsstand 5. Service grocery No. | locations shouldbe held ‘erin common nigh, No.2 Lacatons (Near the 100 Scanned with CamScanner r 4. chan te pCa inp sil pereien mck a ae ts 1 Spe eer an etng anh 3 Ween and yarns unt sk! mt em 96 oan, thas ited open mrs when clos hat eatcring ctf on athecat shop ine No.2 NaS Locations as, poet ad lip compan > Theater 5 Ticket fics 4 Toystop Ne. $ Locations 1 Army sep str (t No 4 eaton) 2 Ameeewe shop 3. Bay forte 4 Ces retaat 5. Corsa cence Reading Room (or second or in No.2 {Dance sto fr No. ation) 7. Decks and detss Drapery adcrain sop 9. Beco rai 10. Eqs dliery service fice 1, Fate (py ow et per square fot) 12 Haréwxe 13 Hea fod ore 16 Hoy shop 1S ier deceation 16 Lae an e's secondo ino, lor No. 2s) 17. Mangala fice (or sexond fori No 2 ction) 18 fice apples ad fice frie 19 Opomens ane optician or No or 2) 2 Pant se 2, Psapp (second xin No. | oN, 2 ocstons) 2 Pan ere 2 Pics and fang 2% Pon oie 2 owe and igh oes 2% Rea eae cies 2. Sherer 2 Tit oles 29, Tre tea (No. 2hcatoa) ‘Shopping Centers Ne 4 Locations 1 AmeraticfaiyIrudhy service > Bowing sey 3 Corps and raps 4 Vevrinarion| 5. Driven eating places 15 Radio ad teevision broadcasting station REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS* Selecting the Site Locotion Foc the porpoes ofthis caso, the term “oeation nits the ener atea in which o select shopping center site. The merits of location, whether the land has alremly been acquired o i being sought, mest always be subjected o careful economic analysis. If he site his slready been acquired, the economist diets the study toward the economic characteristics of the Tocation ina effort to ecide wheter the particular propery should be developed as 2 shopping center projet and ifso, what is size and character should be: Ite site has not yet been acquired, the economist must make a sty of he general rea within which the most suitable cation can be pinpointed. This overall study may involves large an areas the metropolitan area of alae city First an analysis is made ofthe total available economic potential of the general area. The search is gradually narowed down through analysis of various segments of the larger area a specific area within the chosen segment that seems to offer the most advantageous pote tials then examined, and finally, a defined location within this spe- cific area is chosen. If properly undertaken, this procedure wil sully establish the most suitable location fra shopping center. Inherent in any economic analysis a study ofthe following factors: ‘Compete faites ‘Accessibility Otter related considerations ‘Attention must be paid not oly to the existing population prospects for fare growth, which may be forecast by ast growth ates, the tend of population shifts, andthe Scanned with CamScanner 2 COMMERCIAL Teco. osc rman de Sv tte wa Parks, cemeteri han er reside; rap aimee seville per ler a at a al 4! devlpm Dade Area CaN ade eas ay dein Yat acrom wichis the mca Arpt ofthe conning panne ere ft Ne eady suppet of the spp ener {1 ening factors usin delineating a vada ary from center Orne Tey incl, bat are nox lited he sine sd ence Teas Proporta facies. planning an! design chante rant to and from the location, the existence of natal or an Ton, Detiers—such as aioads and avery woul limit ce Stilty either in act or paychologialy, and the exstene of paraPettive facilites Ths the rade ares fot various lations will ot necessarily assume similar sizes or shapes (Fig. 13) Shown in the planar uae ares, means of acess nd various ba Flers to accessibility Site Qualifications "is import that te tnd tobe used posses, tothe preatest degree possible, the following quali ications: The site’ mast be located in the most desirable general area 38, «tablished by the economic survey. Tonos Paen te DD) sen a. a se ene ee cola yg tpn « tadcer ten teping wid Sal «+ Eesing ning ms EON hog ce g fous Beto! of emiog mone «Thee mi coma licen ag fi to eet ees pal The bd mt be om pe eno rot may, nme mj ware ME it wal ace deep srang + Temps at tae of he te mes pee Hung sd soy ceo oes « Tresudng oad paterson te ss pot . ime evi fo res ni peste Sad ts ace ‘operation of the shopping centr tile compl lil he hve Sonus ile fe week na ee iaifectesray cust sonia a Sena snow mayhem oe writ mere tt ont yt Us ac keaton otc ar ra sil that an existing te maya il the ane tt serine ‘hod male el ce gee syd tl ele pe ‘The following ist indicates the relative imy Porn of vai, siderations in sit selection Location (valve of 50) Population within mile—quanity Population within 1 mile—qualty Population within 5 miles—quantity Population within S miles—quality Population from rural area— quantity Population from rural area—quality Pedestrian traffic shopping a adjaceat stores Pedestrian traffic nearby for other purposes Public transportation ‘Automobile Automobile tatfic—availbility Direction of population growth Area (value of 15) Size of plot + Scanned with CamScanner cy ens el tpi fink wk so ahs kite pee play gn ta tal ype of nese retype el or escrow a eos as whi ey pla neve eee fee math peas ot 4c ai ning. residcial areas from any objection sen of a pica corbin nt direction a wo sc ecu oh lowing nin coon eames roe of 20 fF "Tome as, + Te oe tee sth etal rong mah «eco boris wnt ran suitable zoning pee ne nea. am poe, + Tee row si along the highways, zoned fer comme porte ste ober, PANNING TEM the sie and complexity of he project, the planing gibeood and intermediate centers, consist ofthe utc andin ome instances easing consultant of gon ‘com night in eons he ar ease troker. In procs of greater complexity at egal soppy center ne eam an xe ‘ence commahant in ea te Aerecomomes (Fig 4) Planning Sched Shopping ere paring is engthy process in which ec et tut pill flew fromthe previous ne mpi o sap de sions may result in catastrophe. Firs,» rentative planning and con strvtion schedules outhined which may be divide int five phases: 1. Bploratory phase 2 Preliinary pase Final planing phase 4. Constrcton phase 5. Opening phase of these phases is likely 10 be clearly For regional centers, cach for smaller centers defined and even subsivided into vars stages the activity may be consolidated ino fewer stages 1, Exploratory phase: All pertinent citcumstances and conditions ‘are thoroughly probed. and the conceptual image of the shopping ‘centri established 2, Preliminary phase: Nepean with major Yenants and franc ing into areunderaken and necessary agjasment are made Preliminary drawings indicating all architectural and enginecting ugh, aa Scanned with CamScanner 2COMMERCIag 859 ane conn ‘liable pretest timmy seciticatms ae writen, ad 2 'Y cOmt estimate 1 atv ot Phase Wow , Ling dwngs and prcitications are etal has fox competitive bekfing Male permis ate cane. Iniation ob are — heaped in PN Contracts: are averted, The architect is Dre wakes sapevaon, suppor by krtecftmecte Fels fthined by the deloer. The she shoes Paaerilsw re deveopey i Sos and megtelancapig ean wo he Dereon she SOM en cap af Perational has, an preparing forthe opens. "he opening isan important event that call for i. Shopping centers of varying have been opened with ceremonies rang mobvrusive opening of afew sore at ie. 10 one SFE mones lasing fr sevctldysand lea {8 kinds of promotions ‘Space Allotments The architect's wor ek tars with he planning ofthe ste Fr his tsk ‘she must have e je bier disposal the findings of the economic analysis al ren site (including a topogea about soil condi ‘With this information, the architect begins planing by carefully all. ‘cating portions ofthe land to specific uses. These uses fll int seven basic categories: 1. Structures + For retail purposes (retail areas) * For service purposes (heating and air-conitonng plant, ele. tic substations, maintenance shops, truck roads leading docks, and equipment storage) + For other commercial uses (offices and recreational ites) + For public use such as civic and social facies (community cen. ter auditorium, exhibition space, snd children's pla ares) 2 Car storage areas Surface parking lots + Double-deck or multiple-deck garages —- ana plaras 7 al = lela "malls or courts 6 Rafer areas + Lamiicaped area pu Car gy ror te public road syste oy Areas separating parking areas from gg, from service areas mtr 1. Reserv area + Font se tefl ieee fr shopping center Play Site Planning Principles The theo fp ed pei tel yen png nie Ee pst nc “) taps rel facies maa at 5 Sree meee ate ea from foot traffic Om ome + Cheiea marn of comfor adcon veri Pcie okies, ny, and beauy ED oy Foot Traffic iirposuyanme ae eth icra mo oni ree ee pg ate ae astof walking from stove tore creates the ita ene, and proper ciation ofthis shopping fe an ness succes, hy, The degree of completeness ofthe separation betwee and pedestrian area depends onthe size ofthe le commercial building this separation becomes ef ale the customer has entered the store. Ithere are two might be possible toarrange a separated pedestian, them. The chances to create separated pedestrian biher in an intermediate center. na regional ene, ‘ation is almost always possible and should be ef Even inthe smallest grouping of stores, such a5. te itis possible to achieve a certain amount of ‘of broad sidewalks with landscaping, low garden Scanned with CamScanner Fg. 18.Seporofon of pedestion ond vehicular oreos (oj Stmer Associates: photo courtesy of the orchi- fee) ertsins, and hen is likely to enter her car and drive off Shop igo fo aii iid. ‘Sp center with of ret parking (Fig. 17): Ths shopping center at of 200-0 long row of stores setback from the highway ‘afc to permit parking in front. The sidewalk, or covered alo), encourages foot traffic along the store feons. This pln ‘eae: a cera amount of shopping trafic and thus is clearly ‘Str the ype shown in Fig. 16. Shopping trafic is nevertheless (ai tiy because of the 2,000foot dance between the ie cals ofthe strip. The shopper may return to her car alter xhtonscon and hive tothe nex store on bet ist, ignoring inter- ig eta Dilip center wth ofstreetparkin ere, the ti hey er with ff sree parking (Fig, 18): Here, the stip tai two ows of tes, facing each ater alnga pes sal wih parking on four sides. A “magnet” (department store, er Pte ste, or ote major tenant store) placed at each Fg io rs sno died ino 10- Sips. With the distance between the two magnets now “4 3 g¥eat, foot traffic will be greater and the intervening alot acoinghy, Also, the creation of a igly desirable 24 sided from the nose, smells, confusion, and haz- Fig. 18. Double-strip center with off Shopping Contors © shons PARKING. Fig. 16. Sip center with curb parking i Fig. 17. Ship center with off-street porking =I Scanned with CamScanner Scanned with CamScanner a seg {order to make planning fr expansion feasible, certain rere Scanned with CamScanner th ico accomplish wot ONE even shpg center ings and ae : mst be held an reserve fer the enlarged park ‘eds that wil be crested by expe shoyu aces. Whe he original construction is complete. these reserve areas wil have to be prope landscaped in onder not 19 mar the overall earn ihe coe Central aiccundivning and Resting plant stares must be ‘limensioned 1 provide space for ations equipment, ad al ndrground uty ines hole of salient ie ome ‘mate needs The general plan shown in Fig. 25 indicates existing structures and provisions fr expansion, Manning for Development in Stages Plannis shoppi for development cs should be considered if the Jin an area that has no reached is ul lation potential and if quick acceleration of population Browth may be expected. Another motivation for development in stages may be the desire ofa land owner to make some immediate Tae of the land even hough fal tization wl be practi nly in g Center site is loca Planning for developme lopment in stages can be sucessfully accont Plished only if a total maser tease pani completed before con Struction or even detailed planing of he fist tage is undetaken. Tratfe Tesi ner Po ag gg Trung area, plays 29 uportal in ie 8 {oecess ofthe shopping center. It should he jee ar the shopping CEM smo o be plane = sr oh a taf plnning omer ling tet inpariculae a Before he siti finally decided upon, stig, aventoits accessibility. Itis essential parkas cexisting roads and the trafic road system, 35 well a8 10 load the ex rated by the new shopping centee Although the architect will avail herself of enginee, the specialist should not be expec cepts but should assist th Hy he a Seo a framework of general and specified olin i isthe esponibity of the architect since Tai ing of he cet Pot te Aims of Trafic Pi ning Easy fic low on surrounding road sya pris tht would eu in a conta ene ee ring a eg Scanned with CamScanner PARKING _ PEDESTRIAN in needed ser seat des nme re mee ly an oe SREATER DEPTH hs needed ib delivery 4 at Bock of Gand bel ond sore fo reve lel or ech enon PEDESTRIAN ESTRIAN, epping Waic moves of eth sides Grote deth i needed if hi ah invidoal ores TT] =| Hi He bila tea the sown of verjag depth ond with con be evened bees Sines tees by sill don ond ofeton ef Fig.26.Dopth requirements for tenant stores according to trafic ond access along the roads oposite the shopping center wouk disrupt the flow offic ands therefore highly undesirable. (Ths is one reason why prope planning ofthe surrounding area is so important) The exis- tence of many sie roads oppeit the shopping center would also imerfete with cod traffic flow. The planer’ main tsk isto se tit that automobiles can enter the site without slowdowns. fective transfer of road trafic onto the ste. WE automobiles are ‘iene from an adjoining highway onto parking It lnc, ‘hos will sult The circulatory rod that fonctions as turn-off lane from the highway, making posible a gradual change of sped from fastmowng traffic to slower parkng-lot afi, plays an -eemely important role. disibtion of trafic on the sit, Te customer parking areas tat surround ‘Shopping Centers ing any iverference with pedestrizns walking vo a rom the cer structures ion arrangement of cur storage fcties, The im ofthe paking-1t layout should not be 1 achieve the reatest sible number of parking stalls, but rater wo ensre the greatest fomuble turnover of cas during a given perio. Patking copay i 8 falsd measuring sick only if t denotes the number of conveniently ranged and dimensioned parking stalls Convenient om ef Walkways for pedestrians provide greater safety for shoppers ad willeliminate the slowing down of vehicles, but will rede the ram ter of parking spaces in any aca. Surfacing of good quality wil speed parking an ede maintenance costs Lanes shoul be clearly Fanbred with sis visible othe motorists whem entering thefts (tell a when returning fom shopping. Prope illumination i essen tial for safety and speed of parking operations No forma for proportioning parking area to sales area is recom: tended. Existing successfa shopping centers provide from 3 10 9 ar spaces per 1000 square feet of rental area; however each poject Thust be devied on its own merits, Am allowance of 400 square feet fer sll incling drives, walks and landscaping, i recommended. Wide stalls aranged at a4S-degree angle permit the fastest and most

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