CODE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

REFERENCE
EXAMPLE
Limit state design of a water-retaining section
The section shown in figure below is subject to a moment of
11.0kNm under working loads which may be considered as purely
hydrostatic. The moment acts so that there is tension in the face
adjacent to the liquid. A grade 30 concrete and plain bars are
specified with a class B exposure, 3-day tensile strength 1.3 N/mm2.
Minimum cover=40mm, therefore assume d=130mm.

Ultimate limit state

Ultimate moment, M=11x1.6=17.6kNm Refer to BS
𝑀 17.6 × 106 8110 part 1
= = 0.035
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑢 1000 × 1302 × 30
2

Therefore, the level-arm factor 𝑙 𝑎 = 95

Therefore
17.6 × 106
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 655𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
0.87 × 250 × 0.95 × 130

This requires 12mm bars at 150mm centers (area=754mm2 /m

Serviceability Limit state

Flexural cracking: Check service stress in reinforcement assuming
cracked section. Using and estimated Ec=26kN/mm 2
200
Modular ratio, 𝛼𝑒 = 26 = 15.4 (includes allowance for creep)
2
Therefore
𝐴𝑠 15.4 × 754
𝛼𝑒 = = 0.089
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 130
Thus neutral-axis depth is given by x=0.34d=0.34x130=44, Refer to
(refer to analysis of a cracked section) analysis of a
cracked
section
Therefore the reinforcement tensile stress is

1
 𝑀 11.0 × 106
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑥 = = 127𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − ) 754 (130 − 44)
3 3
This is greater than the 115N/mm 2 allowable for a class B member
and the steel area must be increased if ‘deemed’ the requirements of
table 3.1 are to be met
127
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠 = × 754 = 833𝑚𝑚 2 /𝑚
115
Which may be provided as 12mm bars at 125mm
centers(area=905mm2 /m)

Thermal cracking
𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝜃 Refer to BS
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ×
𝑓𝑏 2𝜌 8007, appendix
𝑓𝑐𝑡 A.3
= 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑓𝑏
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
ℎ ×𝑏
1.0 × 12
= = 1193𝑚𝑚
905
(2 × )
180 × 1000

Hence for concreting at 30o C and if 𝛼𝑐 = 10 × 10 −6 𝜇𝑠/°𝐶

𝛼𝑐𝑟
𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇
2
10 × 10−6
𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1193 × 30 × = 0.18𝑚𝑚
2
This satisfies the limit of 0.2 mm and the thermal effects may be
considered adequately covered by the proposed reinforcement.

Reinforcement and joint detailing

𝑓𝑐𝑡
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝜌𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = × 𝑏ℎ
𝑓𝑦 BS 8007,
1.3 clause 5.4 and
= × 180 × 1000 = 0.0052 × 180 × 1000 = 936𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚 Table 5.1
250
Designed main reinforcement is less than 𝜌𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 and would require
close joint spacing as options 4 or 5(Table 5.1). For class B
construction, it may be more appropriate to increase steel marginally
to 12mm bars at 120mm centers (area=943mm2 /m and then adopt
option 2 with partial contraction joints at 7.5m centers. The main
reinforcement may be provided in one layer with, say, 12mm at 125
mm centers distribution steel transversely.

EXAMPLE
Elastic Design of a water-retaining Section
For the section shown in the previous example designed by the
ultimate method, is subjected to a moment of 11.0 kNm under
working loads. The moment acts so that there is tension in the face

2
adjacent to the liquid. A grade 30 concrete and plain bars are
specified with a class B exposure
Strength calculations
Depth of neutral axis, x
𝑑
𝑥=
𝑓
1 + 𝑠𝑡
𝛼𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑐
130
= = 76.6𝑚𝑚
115
1+
15 × 11

Moment of resistance of concrete k

1 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑏𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑐 (𝑑 − )
2 3
1 76.6
= × 1000 × 76.6 × 11 × (130 − ) 10−6 = 44𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 3
Area of tension steel, A
𝑀 11 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑥 = = 916𝑚𝑚 2
𝑓𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − ) 113 (130 − 76.6)
3 3
Provide twelve R10 bars, area=942mm 2

Check Cracking
𝐴𝑠 942
𝜌= = = 0.00523
𝑏ℎ 1000 × 180

ℎ + 2(𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝜌𝑑
𝑥=
2(𝛼𝑒 − 1)𝜌 + 2

180 + 28 × 0.00523 × 130

𝑥= = 92.7𝑚𝑚
28 × 0.00523 + 2

ℎ−𝑥 (𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝑏ℎ [( ) + (𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑑 − )]
3 (ℎ − 𝑥) 3

87.3 37.3 92.7

11 × 10 6 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 × 10 3 × 180 [ + 14 × 0.00523 × (130 − )]
3 87.3 3

𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 1.9𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 which is less than permissible tensile stress of 2.02 N/mm2,
therefore the section is adequate and extra steel is not required.
EXAMPLE
Design of a water-retaining structure by elastic method.
A cross-section of the tank to be designed is shown in the figure
below. The floor slab of the tanks spans on to supporting beams at B
and C. A grade 30 concrete and plain mild steel bars are to be used.
(1 m3 of water weighs 9.81kN/m3 ) 3-day tensile strength 𝑓𝑐𝑡 =
1.3𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .
For the walls h=200mm and d=150mm,
For the slab h=300mm and d=250mm

3
Walls
Since the water is on the tension side both strength and cracking
must be designed for

Water pressure at base of wall=9.81x2.0=19.62kN/m 2

For the effective span of the cantilever and considering a 1m length
of wall

1 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑏𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑐 (𝑑 − )
2 3

1 2.0 0.15
𝑀= × 19.62 × 2.0 ( + ) = 14.6𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 3 2
Strength
Neutral axis depth, x
𝑑
𝑥=
𝑓𝑠𝑡
1+
𝛼𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑐
150
= = 88.4𝑚𝑚
115
1+
15 × 11

𝑀 14.6 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑥 = = 1054𝑚𝑚 2
𝑓𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − ) 115 (150 − 1054 )
3 3

Provide R12 at 100 mm center, area=1130mm2 .

Check Cracking
𝐴 1130 𝜌
𝜌= 𝑠= = 0.00565 which is greater that 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 required
𝑏ℎ 1000×200 2
in each face for continuous construction

ℎ + 2(𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝜌𝑑
𝑥=
2(𝛼𝑒 − 1)𝜌 + 2

200 + 28 × 0.00565 × 150

𝑥= = 103.7𝑚𝑚
28 × 0.00565 + 2

4
 ℎ−𝑥 (𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝑏ℎ [( ) + (𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑑 − )]
3 (ℎ − 𝑥) 3

96.3 46.3 103.7

14.6 × 10 6 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 × 10 3 × 200 [ + 14 × 0.00565 × (150 − )]
3 96.3 3

𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 2.0𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 which is less than permissible tensile stress of 2.02 N/mm2,
therefore the section is adequate and extra steel is not required.

𝑟
Minimum steel required in each face = 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡
2
1.3
= × 1000 × 200 = 520𝑚𝑚 2
250 × 2

Provide R10 at 150mm centers, area-=523mm2. This steel should

be provided at right angles to the main steel and also each way in
the opposite face.

Walls
The bending moment diagram drawn on the tension died of the
structure.

The floor must be designed for strength plus cracking over the
beams, but at mid-span between the beams , the water is on the
compression side of the slab, therefore strength only need be
considered, since h>225mm

Weight of slab +water=0.3x24+9.81x2=26.8kN/m2

Weight of wall=2.3x0.2x24=11.0kN/m

Considering 1m breadth of slab at the supporting beam

0.82
𝑀 = 14.6 + 11.0(1.0 − 0.1) + 26.8 × = 33.1 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
2
At mid-span between B and C

0.82
𝑀 = 26.8 × − 33.1 = 34.7 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
2

Mid span: Design of strength only.

5
 𝑑
𝑥=
𝑓𝑠𝑡
1+
𝛼𝑒 𝑓𝑐𝑐
250
= = 147.3𝑚𝑚
115
1+
15 × 11

𝑀 34.7 × 106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑥 = 147.3 = 1502𝑚𝑚 2
𝑓𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − ) 115 (250 − )
3 3

Provide R16 at 130 mm center, area=1546mm2 .

At support: design for strength and cracking

𝑀 = 33.1 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Therefore, R16 at 130 mm centers top steel will also resist this moment.

Check cracking

𝐴𝑠 1546
𝜌= = = 0.00515
𝑏ℎ 1000 × 300

ℎ + 2(𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝜌𝑑
𝑥=
2(𝛼𝑒 − 1)𝜌 + 2

300 + 28 × 0.00515 × 250

𝑥= = 156.7𝑚𝑚
28 × 0.00515 + 2

ℎ−𝑥 (𝑑 − 𝑥) 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝑏ℎ [( ) + (𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝜌 (𝑑 − )]
3 (ℎ − 𝑥) 3

143.3 93.3 156.7

33.1 × 10 6 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡 × 10 3 × 300 [ + 14 × 0.00515 × (250 − )]
3 143.3 3

𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 1.93𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 which is less than permissible tensile stress of 2.02 N/mm2,
therefore the section is adequate and extra steel is not required.
Minimum steel required:

𝐴𝑠 = 0.0026 × 1000 × 300 = 780𝑚𝑚 2

Provide R12 bars at 140mm centers at right angles to the main steel and at
least this area each way in the compression faces of the slab. Direct tensile
force on the slab due to pressure on the walls is given by:
1
× 19.62 × 2.0 = 19.62𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Thus, with R16 bars at 130mm centers (1546mm 2 ) and R12 at 140mm
centers (798mm 2 ) in the compression face.
19.62 × 103
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑏ℎ + ( 𝛼𝑒 − 1) 𝐴𝑠

6
 19.62 × 103
= 0.06𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
100 × 300 + 14 (1546 − 798)
For the tensile stresses
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
+
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

1.93 0.06
+ = 0.955 + 0.042 = 0.997 < 1
2.02 1.44