CEN 303 Foundation Engineering Strip Footing & Raft Foundation 1

CEN 303 Foundation Engineering
Lecture 4
Strip Footing & Raft Foundation 1
1
Load spreading foundations: Strip footings
2
3
- Used for weaker soils

Where isolated pads are very close or overlap
- Use a continuous strip.

More economic to excavate and construct.
4
Assumed
5
Assumed
Reality
6
Could be more
complicated!
7
A uniform or linear distribution of bearing pressure is assumed to

be true in this module.
8
Line/continuous loading gk
P = 150 kN/m
P
M = 5 kNm/m
M
qk
P = 50 kN/m
M = 2 kNm/m
Max soil bearing

225 kN/m2
fck = 40 N/mm2 9
Line/continuous loading
Try 1250 x 375 base self weight  10 kN/m
Exposure for buried concrete = XC2
fck = 40 N/mm2
10
For XC2, cnom = cmin + Δcdev
cnom = 25mm + 10mm … from National Annex

H = 375mm
Use 50 mm cover
d  300mm 11
At Serviceability Limit State (SLS):
…find soil pressure (including self weight)
For 1m length, P = 210 kN, M = 7 kNm
pmax = 168  27
= 195 and 142 kN/m2
OK 12
At Ultimate Limit State (ULS):
…find soil pressure (excluding self weight)
P = 1,35 x 150 + 1,5 x 50 = 277,5 kN

M = 1,35 x 5 + 1,5 x 2 = 9,75 kNm
pmax = 258 and 183 kN/m2 13

Design flexural reinforcement first.
Why?
14
475
183 230 258 15

Design for transverse bending:
MEd = 28 kNm
16
la = 0,95
0,008
17
la = 0,95
= 226 mm2 / m
= 0,07% bt d
18
From NAD,
= 0,0018
0.07% Not OK ! 19
Minimum steel = 0,18%btd
= 540 mm2 / m
Hence use H12 @ 200 crs (566 mm2/m)
Longitudinal distribution steel,

also use H12 @ 200 crs
20
Punching shear by wall faces
21
Punching shear by wall faces
Check at wall face, vEd < vRd,max
From EC 2
vRd,max = 0,5 ν fcd = 0,5 ν fck / 1,5
where ν is a strength reduction factor for concrete

cracked in shear.
EC2 Cl 6.2.2
22
So….
= 6,7 N/mm2
VEd = 230 × 0,475 + 28 × 0,475/2

= 116 kN/m
vEd = VEd / bt d = 0,39 N/mm2 << VRd,max
OK
23
Check tension shear (or normal shear) at 1,0 d
from wall face. vEd < vRd,c
475
300
248
24
183 230 258
Check tension shear at 1,0 d from wall face
vEd < vRd,c
VEd = 248 x 0.175 + 10 x 0,175/2

= 44 kN/m
vEd = VEd / bd = 0,15 N/mm2
25
vRd,c is the maximum shear resistance which can be
provided by the concrete and bending steel alone, i.e.
without any additional shear steel links.
vRd,c = CRd,c k (100 ρ fck)1/3
CRd,c is 0,18/ γc = 0,18/1,5 = 0,12
Bending steel,  = 0,0018 (0,18%)
26
= 1,82
= 0,42 N/mm2> vEd = 0,15 N/mm2

OK
No shear links is required.

(More cost effective to increase depth
27
if this cannot be satisfied)
H12 @ 200
H12 @ 200
28
Point/column loading
Transverse design … just as before
Longitudinal design … large moments and shear, hence use spine

beam
• Restricted space above beam

• OK if in line with wall or partition
Up-stand beam 29
Point/column loading
Transverse design … just as before
Longitudinal design … large moments and shear, hence use spine

beam
• Stiff soil and/or permanent

shuttering needed
• More excavation required
More efficient ! !
Down-stand beam 30
Analysis of strip footing with point/column loading
So far it has been assumed that all soil stresses are

uniform or linear.
In reality, this is may not be true.
31
P P P
settlement
Lateral load transfer due to uneven ground

32
2P
P P
non-uniform settlement
Lateral load transfer due to unequal loads

33
Hence the relative soil-structure stiffness is important
Or is it?
34
Let’s explore this by looking at an example:
35
G k , Qk Gk, Qk Gk, Qk Gk , Qk Gk , Q k
500 x 500 Gk = 350 kN

col. section Qk = 172 kN
1.25 3m 3m 3m 3m 1.25
soil pmax = 125 kN/m2 fck =40MPa concrete
36
Beam or slab design needs to consider EC2 loading patterns.
Shall we consider pattern loading for strip foundation design?
Max = 1,35Gk + 1,5Qk

Min = 1,35Gk
Pattern loading is NOT

appropriate for foundation
strips! Why?
37
Hence use a single loading case: maximum loading

throughout.
At ultimate limit state, maximum column loading
= 1,35 x 350 + 1,5 x 172
= 730 kN
38
Method 1 - Rigid Analysis
Assume beam is infinitely stiff, ground is flexible.
730 730 730 730 730
w = 5 x 730 / 14,5 kN/m = 252 kN/m

Sum of column loads UDL soil reaction
39
Assume beam is infinitely stiff, ground is flexible
314 339 365 390 415
415 390 365 339 314
40
Assume beam is infinitely stiff, ground is flexible

220 220
155 155
45
82 82
196 196
41
Method 2 - Elastic Moment Distribution
Assume beam is flexible, ground applies a UDL reaction
730 730 730 730 730
252 kN/m
Now apply loading to (inverted) beam and carry out moment
distribution analysis
42
1,25m cantilever, w = 252 kN/m  M = 197 kNm
43
DF
FEM
Bal
c.o.
Bal
c.o.
44
92 96 96 92
196 187 190 187 196
Moment distribution analysis
45
315 375 388 368 381
Column
reaction
381 368 388 375 315

Shear forces
46
696 743 776 743 696

730 730 730 730 730
252 kN/m
Shear forces
Reactions 47
120 155 155 120 Rigid beam

92 96 96 92
Flexible beam
196 187 190 187 196

130 130 130

Shear forces
30% moment redistribution (maximum) 48
Method 3 - Winkler model

Assume a flexible beam rests on a spring foundation
EI
We need to find beam EI and soil k

49

Find EI for beam
Size up beam now:
1st M of A @ X’-X’
1500 = 3,88 x 108 mm3
y = 485 mm
300
IX’X’ = 22,68 x 1010 mm4
n.a. IXX = 3,86 x 1010 mm4
300
500 X X
y Econc = 25 x 103 N/mm2
X’ X’
EI = 9,5 x 105 kN.m2
500
50
Evaluate k from soil data
Carry out finite difference computer analysis
Now let’s look at the results for:
Low k = 1 000 kN/m2

Medium k = 10 000 kN/m2
High k = 100 000 kN/m2
51
Method 3 - Winkler model 1 (low k)
Low k = 1 000 kN/m2 Mean  = 250 mm !
208 208
139 139
57
91 91
198 198
52
Method 3 - Winkler model 2 (medium k)
Medium k = 10 000 kN/m2 Mean  = 25 mm
158 158
119 119
112
128 128
203 203
53
Method 3 - Winkler model 3 (high k)
High k = 100 000 kN/m2 Mean  = 2,5 mm
98 103 103 98
168 171 168

207 207
54
We can see from these analyses that:
The combination of a stiff beam and a flexible soil (low k factor) is

close to a low K value Winkler model.
55
We can see from these analyses that:
The combination of a flexible beam and a stiff soil (high k factor) is

close to a high K value Winkler model.
56
Method 4 - Full 2D or 3D finite element model
• Can include edge effects
• Can include depth effects
• Can include soil confinement effects
• Can include full soil-structure interaction effects
57
Method 4 - Full 2D or 3D finite element model
58
Thanks!
59

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CEN 303 Foundation Engineering

Strip Footing & Raft Foundation 1

- Used for weaker soils

- Use a continuous strip.

A uniform or linear distribution of bearing pressure is assumed to

Max soil bearing

Try 1250 x 375 base self weight  10 kN/m

Exposure for buried concrete = XC2

cnom = 25mm + 10mm … from National Annex

For 1m length, P = 210 kN, M = 7 kNm

P = 1,35 x 150 + 1,5 x 50 = 277,5 kN

pmax = 258 and 183 kN/m2 13

Design flexural reinforcement first.

183 230 258 15

Design for transverse bending:

Longitudinal distribution steel,

where ν is a strength reduction factor for concrete

VEd = 230 × 0,475 + 28 × 0,475/2

VEd = 248 x 0.175 + 10 x 0,175/2

vEd = VEd / bd = 0,15 N/mm2

CRd,c is 0,18/ γc = 0,18/1,5 = 0,12

Bending steel,  = 0,0018 (0,18%)

= 0,42 N/mm2> vEd = 0,15 N/mm2

No shear links is required.

Transverse design … just as before

Longitudinal design … large moments and shear, hence use spine

• Restricted space above beam

Transverse design … just as before

Longitudinal design … large moments and shear, hence use spine

• Stiff soil and/or permanent

So far it has been assumed that all soil stresses are

In reality, this is may not be true.

Lateral load transfer due to uneven ground

Lateral load transfer due to unequal loads

Hence the relative soil-structure stiffness is important

Let’s explore this by looking at an example:

500 x 500 Gk = 350 kN

Max = 1,35Gk + 1,5Qk

Pattern loading is NOT

Hence use a single loading case: maximum loading

At ultimate limit state, maximum column loading

= 1,35 x 350 + 1,5 x 172

Method 1 - Rigid Analysis

Assume beam is infinitely stiff, ground is flexible.

730 730 730 730 730

w = 5 x 730 / 14,5 kN/m = 252 kN/m

Method 1 - Rigid Analysis

Assume beam is infinitely stiff, ground is flexible

314 339 365 390 415

415 390 365 339 314

Sum of column loads UDL soil reaction

Method 1 - Rigid Analysis

Assume beam is infinitely stiff, ground is flexible

Sum of column loads UDL soil reaction

Method 2 - Elastic Moment Distribution

Assume beam is flexible, ground applies a UDL reaction

730 730 730 730 730

Method 2 - Elastic Moment Distribution

1,25m cantilever, w = 252 kN/m  M = 197 kNm

Method 2 - Elastic Moment Distribution

Method 2 - Elastic Moment Distribution

196 187 190 187 196