DESIGN OF 5-MEGAWATT SMALL-HYDROELECTRIC

POWER PLANT

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Mechanical
Engineering
ME 518D
Code: 08359
Time: 1:30-3:30

Submitted To:
Engr. Dominador J. Go, PME

Submitted By:
Basa, Robson
Bersabal, Cegrow Ber
Buling, Jan Lorenz
Galorport, Lance Darren
Lauron, Friyah Jane

March 2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

II. OBJECTIVES

III. DESIGN STANDARDS

IV. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

V. DESIGN TRADE-OFFS

VI. MECHANICAL PLAN LAYOUT

VII. COST ANALYSIS

VIII. CONCLUSION

IX. RECOMMENDATION

X. REFERENCES

XI. APPENDICES
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Design of micro-hydro power plants has been thoroughly studied and applied by

various groups worldwide in the recent years due to its advantages and merits of its better

performance than the prominent fossil fuels to meet the energy needs in different fields of

applications. The improvements of hydro power will drastically decrease the emission of

greenhouse gas and provide better malleability in the grid operations in consideration of

portfolio of energy. It is a form of renewable energy from a clean source and efficient are

both the distinct characteristic of micro-hydro-electric power. Utilizing the kinetic energy

found in flowing rivers and does not need fossil fuels to operate which has harmful pollution

emissions. This is an excellent method of harnessing renewable energy from small rivers or

any flowing body of water. The micro-hydro design project will be a run-of-river type because

it does not require large dams or reservoirs thus can be built with lesser expense providing

little to no reservoir designs. The water will be running directly to the turbine and flow it back

to the stream or river. A turbine will provide energy by converting the kinetic energy of water

using a rotary shaft driver; its hydro turbine will be selected depending on the characteristics

and head of flow available. Running speed of the generator or other devices along with the

turbine will play a vital role in this selection process. Other conditions such as weather will be

considered as well, turbine is expected to produce power under part-low conditions. Power-

speed characteristics of all turbines that will tend to run efficiently at a particular speed, head

and flow combination. The turbine type choice depends mainly on the site head and flow

rate. The turbine power and speed were directly proportional with the site head, but there

were specific points for maximum turbine power and speed with variation of the site water

flow rate (Nasir, 2014)

 There is very minimal environmental impact on the local ecosystem by utilizing micro

power plant. These systems are mostly setup on locations capable of 100 kilowatts of

electricity production. This power can supply sufficiently for home or small business facilities.

The “head” and “flow” are calculated for its production range. Higher value of each, the

higher power will be available. Small-scale hydro schemes can bring electricity for the first

time to whole communities in remote areas. This can provide lighting, TV and

communications for households, clinics, community buildings and schools. Electrical power

generated is sufficient enough to operate machinery and refrigerators which are primary

tools for homes and even small businesses.

 CHAPTER II

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of designing a Hydro Power Plant is to meet the power demand

of Davao Region and to provide technicalities of know-how and policy that supports the local

community with their cooperation and participation in using alternative energy such as solar

energy in rural areas that is far from the national grid. This is to get more number of electric

powered villages and to generate more electricity from renewable energy sources with great

effort.

To sustain shelf-life in satisfactory level the following conditions must be followed:

i. Recreation

ii. Transportation

iii. Employment

iv. Inland Fisheries

v. Aids flood control

vi. Aids in irrigation facilities

vii. Aids in electricity generation

 CHAPTER III

DESIGN STANDARDS

In designing a Hydro Power plant, a design standard is being followed. A design

standard is the key element to a better result. In terms of the safety standards of the

machine, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is implemented to ensure the

quality and safety of the operation.

The design should also adapt to the “Water quality standards and general effluent

standards of 2016” set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

wherein the researchers must maintain the quality of the river, no physical, biological, or

radiological properties of the river will be altered. This is a major aspect of the system that is

often not focused, the removal of solid bodies from the water before it enters the turbine. If

there is no water filter that is installed the turbine could suffer damage from sticks and stones

that may influence the design and operation of hydro-kinetic turbine. This water samples

should be drawn during rainy season periodically and petrographic analysis of slit contents

must be done. Thus, the conduct and procedures in making the turbine abide the rules and

regulations as stated in the Philippine Republic Act No. 8495.

The standard set for the renewable energy are from the “Renewable energy portfolio

standard” by the Department of Energy (DOE) whereas, Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RE

9513) states that it is the declared policy of the state to promote the use of renewable energy

(RE) by establishing the development of the national and local potential in the use of RE

systems, and promoting their efficient and cost-efficient commercial application by providing

fiscal and non-fiscal incentives.

Cement Standards

The cement covered by this specification shall contain no additions except as provided for

below:

• Water or calcium, or both, maybe added in amounts for sulfur trioxide and loss on

ignition shall not be exceeded.

• At the option of the manufacturer, processing additions maybe used in the

manufacture of the cement, provided that such materials in amounts used shall

meet the requirements of PNS ASTM C 465:2005.

• Sampling shall be done in accordance with PNS ASTM C 183:2005.

Dam Safety Standards

The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) is hereby created, hereinafter referred to as the

Authority, which is task to control, manage and coordinate operations of all dams in the

country (Dam Safety Act 2016).

• Reporting of all incidents and failures (additional to requirements of emergency

action plan)

• Design and construction documentation (including drawings) standing operating

procedures and operation and maintenance

• Engineering inspections (special, annual and comprehensive)

• Periodic safety reviews

• Undertaking of works to improve the integrity of the dam

• Explore sources for financing priority on the control, management and operations

of dams

• The design standards for referable dams and the magnitude of the required flood

capacity are determined primarily by the consequences od dam failure. Their aim

is to limit the overall risk of failure from all causes, based on the consequences of

dam failure and the probability of occurrence, to tolerable levels.

• Resulting risk needs to be reduced as ‘low as reasonably possible’, using

accepted risk management stand.

 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

Design Constraints

Hydropower is the largest source of renewable power generation worldwide, being

recognized as reliable, sustainable, dependable, most cost-efficient in generating electricity,

and clean resource of renewable energy. Throughout the designing process, the proponents

presented the following constraints: the economy, sustainability, and the manufacturability.

The proponents used Pugh matrix for the analysis to indicate the importance of each

research constraint. Additional comparison between the two designs was equated according

to the used constraints.

Economy – is the characteristic of the product to be economically viable to the given

financial conditions of our target clients. This also depicts the affordability of the materials

needed and also the costs.

Is cost efficient based on cost-benefit analysis – this is the efficacy of the product

to have a high return rate based on the expenses placed upon it, the strengths and

weaknesses. It is the availability of options to provide the best possible results for it.

Productivity of the system – refers to the performance of the system, its capability

to give an output with minimal cost. The profits gained for each working period that the entire

design can provide and its display of efficiency.

Budget friendly – the design is financially available to the clients. This aspect

pertains the characteristic of each design to be purchased. The price of the materials and

also the total amount of investment actually lives up to the output it gives.
 Sustainability – depicts the durability of the product basically its ability to withstand

the environment in which is located on and the length of its operating lifespan. This also

refers to the ability of the product to still work under heavy conditions. The estimated

operating lifespan of the product by the researchers is roughly 5 years. The researchers

intended to create two design models in which each of them has their own advantages and

disadvantages in sustainability.

Expected lifespan – the estimated lifespan of the product is the ability of the product

to maintain its service under a given timeframe.

Performance under heavy usage – refers to how the product works under heavy

usage and prolonged periods with steady performance.

Maintenance – the product’s maintenance also affects its sustainability. These

criteria describe the case to repair any deformities or malfunctions in the product back to

optimal conditions.

Manufacturability – refers to the case of assembly, its availability for mass

production and will contribute to the high return of investment (ROI) to its manufacturers.

This is the main aspect where marketability of the product is decided.

Easy to produce – the product is easy to produce based on its design and

complexity. This can contribute to speed and the easy access to understanding the whole

framework of the product and will give way to further innovations.

Marketable – the marketability of the product is the effectiveness in penetrating

target markets and can sustain a steady foundation on its classification.

Minimum cost, maximum reliability – as the name itself, with minimum cost and

maximum reliability, manufacturing rates can be heightened.

Trade Matrix

The proponents used the Pugh matrix for the analysis to indicate the importance of

each research constraint: the economy, manufacturability, and the sustainability. A

consensus was conducted and results were computed. Sustainability appeared to be the

highest with the value of 43.40 because we considered the sustainability of the design with

high regard for the usage of the community. Then, followed by the Economy with the value

of 29.56 since the project itself should be budget-friendly for the residents in rural areas.

Then the least value is the Manufacturability with the value of 27.04 respectively.

Pugh Concept Design Concepts

Weight Weight
Constraints Selection Design Design
(%) (%)
Matrix 1 2

Is cost efficient

based on cost- 8.36 3 3

benefit analysis
Economy 29.56
Productivity of
Selection 10.68 4 3
the system
Criteria
Budget-friendly 10.52 3 4

Easy to
9.28 3 2
produce

Marketable 9.82 3 3
Manufacturability 27.04
Minimum cost.

Maximum 7.94 2 4

reliability
 Expected
12.25 3 3
lifespan

Performance
Sustainability 43.40
under heavy 16.76 2 3

usage

Maintenance 14.39 3 4

TOTAL SCORE 100 26 29

Manufacturability – the trade-off analysis gives a result with the criterions being:

easy to produce, marketable and minimum cost, maximum reliability. The criteria with the

highest percentage is marketable, marketability will make the product more popular and also

be introduced to many areas that it will be deemed beneficial. The second highest is easy to

produce because an easy to produce product will save time and money for mass production

and thus will give savings. The last being minimum cost, maximum reliability since this is still

a prototype, this factor is lightly considered since it is important to give investments first in

order to make this product functional before starting to reduce on expense at the risk of

deteriorating performance.

Sustainability – sustainability being the highest weighted in the list of constraints

has the following criterions: expected lifespan, maintenance and performance under heavy

usage. Performance under heavy usage has the highest weight percentage because it is

recommended to work day-in day-out so that it can sustain the area while trying to sustain

itself.

Economy – this is the criterion for the following design constraints, its sub

constraints having a balanced comparison with each other. The productivity of the system

which having the highest score of them, followed by the budget friendliness of the design

and lastly its ability to return the investment.

 CHAPTER V

DESIGN TRADE-OFFS

Trade-off Analysis

COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES: WEIGHTS OF CRITERIA

1 Equal

2 Moderate

3 Strong

4 Very Strong

5 Extreme

VALUES INTERPRETATION

1 i and j are equally important

2 i is slightly more important than j

3 i is more important than j

4 i is strongly more important than j

5 i is absolutely more important than j

CONSTRAINTS:
Economy 29.56%

Criteria:

A Financial Security

B Productivity of the system

C Budget friendly

A B C
A 1 1 1 3 1 3
B 1 2 1 1 1 2
C 2 3 1 3 1 1

Squaring the matrix

1 0.33 0.33 1 0.33 0.33

0.5 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5

0.67 0.33 1 0.67 0.33 1

Sum Weight Actual weight

1.39 0.78 0.83 3.83 28.3 8.357206
= 1.33 1.33 1.17 = 3.83 = 36.1 10.67865
1.83 0.89 1.39 3.78 35.6 10.52389
13.9 100 29.55975

Sustainability 43.40 %

Criteria:

A Expected life span

B Performance under heavy usage

C Maintenance

A B C
A 1 1 3 2 4 3
B 3 2 1 1 3 1
C 3 2 2 1 1 1

Squaring the matrix

1 1.15 1.33 1 1.5 1.33

1.5 1 3 1.5 1 3

1.5 2 1 1.5 2 1

Sum Weight Actual weight

5.25 5.67 7.17 18.1 28.2 12.24575
= 7.5 9.25 8 = 24.8 = 38.6 16.76031
6 6.25 9 21.3 33.2 14.39017
64.1 100 43.39623

Manufacturability 27.04%

Criteria:

A Easy to Produce

B Marketable

C Minimum cost, maximum reliability

A B C
A 1 1 1 2 3 1
B 3 2 1 1 2 1
C 1 2 2 1 1 1
Squaring the matrix

1 0.5 3 1 0.5 3

1.5 1 2 2 1 2

0.5 2 1 1 2 1

Sum Weight Actual weight

3.25 7 7 17.3 34.3 9.28377
= 4 5.8 8.5 = 18.3 = 36.3 9.82196
4 4.3 6.5 14.8 29.4 7.9383
50.3 100 27.044

CHAPTER VI
MECHANICAL PLANT LAY OUT

Site Location
Site Designation: The proposed Hydro Power Plant will be located at Sibulan River in Sta.
Cruz, Davao Del sur. It is also located near the border of Davao City. It is an ideal location
because the water comes from Mount Talomo which has a high elevation then goes down to
the Davao gulf.
Land, Building and Civil Work
Built-up area of the plant is comprised of

 Reservoir
 Dam
 Penstock
 Power House

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:
ISO Conditions

Air Temperature to reservoir 29 °C

Atmospheric pressure 750 mm Hg
Relative Humidity 60 %
Water Temp at reservoir inlet 26 °C

Site Conditions (Assumed)

Air Temperature to reservoir 26 °C

Relative Humidity 65 %
Water Temp at reservoir inlet 23 °C
SIMPLE PLAN LAY OUT

Design Components of the Hydro Power Plant

1. Water Reservoir
  The purpose of the water reservoir is to collect a large body of water behind a

dam that makes use of potential energy of water in order to generate

electricity. The water is being reserve by the dam and is allowed to fall and

rotates the turbine which drives the generator then generates electricity. It is

one of the important parts of the hydro power plant. [1]

 The water in the reservoir is at a higher elevation than the rest of the dam.

The term Hydraulic head is the height of the water. It has been stated that in

determining how much electricity can be generated will depend on the height

of the water. The higher the level then it will have a higher potential energy

therefore more electricity can be generated. [1]

2. Dam

 A dam is a man-made structure built to hold a body of water in river. It is also

used to control river flow and regulate flooding. The water reservoir goes

along side with dam where the water is being contained. [2]

 As a dam height increase and so the higher the water head increase as well

as the higher electricity generation.[2]

3. Penstock

 Penstocks are long channels that carry water from the reservoir to the turbine.

They are pipes that were made from steel. They are one of the important

parts of the plant to transfer water down and drive the turbine. [3]

 It is also important to control the flow of the water down from the reservoir

because if a sudden amount of water flows higher than the capacity of the

turbine it may damage the turbine and also to prevent flooding.[3]

4. Water Turbine

 The water turbines are converts water potential energy to rotating motion

which then drives the generator. The turbine compromise of blades wherein
 water rotates the blade as the water passes by the turbine. The water flowing

from the penstock goes to the turbine.[4]

 Water turbines have various types such as the impulse turbine and reaction

turbine. Impulse turbine usually uses water pressure to move blades and the

water pressure doesn’t change while in reaction turbine, the turbine itself is

submerged and the pressure of the water changes as it moves through the

blades of the turbine.[4]

5. Generator

 The shaft of the water turbine rotates the generator; this produces alternating

current in the coils of the generator. The rotation from the shaft inside the

generator that produces magnetic field where it is converted into electricity by

electromagnetic field induction. Therefore it is one of the crucial part which

converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy then be distributed to the

power line or the grid.[5]

 Design Computations: Design 1 Using Francis Turbine

Given parameters:
Power Generated = 5 MW
Net Head = 80 meters (based on Power Plant Engineering Review for Francis Turbine )
Penstock Length = 80 meters
Headwater elevation = 100 meters
Turbine Efficiency = 85 % (based on Power Plant Engineering reviewer)
Generator Efficiency = 90 % (assumed)
Solution:
Solving for the turbine power:
Pgen
e gen =
Pturbine
5 MW
Pturbine =
0.9
Pturbine=5555.55 KW
Solving for the water Power:
Pturbine
e turbine=
P water
5555.55 KW
Pwater =
0.85
Pwate r=6535.95 KW
Solving for the Volume Flow rate, Velocity and Diameter of Penstock
Pwater =γQh

6535.95
Q=
9.81 x 80

m3
Q=8.33
s
V = √2 gh
V = √ 2(9.81)(80)
m
V =39.62
s
Q= AV

π D2
Q= (V )
4

π ( D2 )
8.33= (39.62)
4
D = 0.517 m
Solving for the Volume of the Dam:
Assumed t = 20 hrs

V =Qt

m3 sec
V =(8.33 )(20 hrs)(3600 )
s hr

V =599760 m 3
Solving for Head Loss, Head Water elevation and Tail water elevation:

fLV 2
hf=
2 gD

(0.001)(80)(39.62)2
hf=
2(9.81)(0.517)
h f =12.38 m

h=h g−h f

h g=80+ 12.38=92.38 m

h g=h w −htw

htw =100−92.38

htw =7.62 m

80
e p=
92.38
e p=0.86
Solving for the speed:
120 f
N=
P
120(60)
N=
8
N=900 rpm
Solve for Peripheral Velocity V p∧Peripheral Coefficient ∅:

V p=πDN

π (0.517)(900)
V p=
60
m
V p=24.36
s
24.36
∅=
39.62
∅=0.61

Design Computations: Design 2 Using Propeller type turbine

Given parameters:
Power Generated = 5 MW
Net Head = 80 meters (based on Power Plant Engineering Review for Francis Turbine )
Penstock Length = 80 meters
Headwater elevation = 100 meters
Turbine Efficiency = 80 % (based on Power Plant Engineering reviewer)
Generator Efficiency = 90 % (assumed)
Solution:
Solving for the turbine power:
Pgen
e gen =
Pturbine
5 MW
Pturbine =
0.9
Pturbine=5555.55 KW
Solving for the water Power:
Pturbine
e turbine=
P water
5555.55 KW
Pwater =
0.80
Pwater =6944.44 KW
Solving for the Volume Flow rate, Velocity and Diameter of Penstock
Pwater =γQh

6944.44
Q=
9.81 x 80

m3
Q=8.85
s
V = √2 gh
V = √ 2(9.81)(80)
m
V =39.62
s
Q= AV

π D2
Q= (V )
4

π ( D2 )
8.85= (39.62)
4
D = 0.533 m
Solving for the Volume of the Dam:
Assumed t = 20 hrs

V =Qt

m3 sec
V =(8.85 )(20 hrs)(3600 )
s hr

V =637200m 3
Solving for Head Loss, Head Water elevation and Tail water elevation:
2
fLV
hf=
2 gD

(0.001)(80)(39.62)2
hf=
2(9.81)(0.533)
h f =12.01 m

h=h g−h f

h g=80+ 12.01=92.01 m

h g=h w −htw

htw =100−92.01
htw =7.99 m

80
e p=
92.01
e p=0.87
Solving for the speed:
120 f
N=
P
120(60)
N=
8
N=900 rpm
Solve for Peripheral Velocity V p∧Peripheral Coefficient ∅:

V p=πDN

π (0.533)(900)
V p=
60
m
V p=25.12
s
25.12
∅=
39.62
∅=0.63
 Forces on Dams

Calculations:
Σ F x =0 , Σ F y =0 , ΣM=0
2
γ H 2 9.81(6 )
R x =Px = =
2 2
R x =176.58 KN /m

Area = 78.25m 2

R y =P y + w

N kg m
(
R y = ( 31.99 m2 ) 9.81
m )
3
+(2400 3 )(9.81 2 )(78.25 m2)
m s
R y =1842.63 KN /m
R=√ R x 2+ R y 2

R=√176.58+1842.63
R = 1851.07 KN/m
R y X +7 P x −10 P y −7 w=0
1851.07X + 7(176.58) – 10(0.31382) – 7(1842.318) = 0
X = 6.3 m
The resultant reaction of 1851.07 KN/m of dam intersects the base 6.3 m from the toe of the
dam.
Factor of Safety:
1842.63 x 0.4 = 737.052 KN
737.052
=4.2
176.58
Factor of Safety against turning:

10 ( 0.31382) +7 (1842.318)
=10.4
7(176.58)
 CHAPTER VII
COST ANALYSIS

Design I

OPERATING COST

Manpower Php 2,937,800.00

Maintenance Cost Php 1,000,000.00

Total Operating Cost Php 3,937,800.00

INVESTMENTS

Property Php 4,000,000.00

Structure Php 4,500,000.00

Labor Cost Php 2,000,000.00

Cement Php 600,000.00

Sand Php 300,000.00

Stone Php 250,000.00

Consultants Php 400,000.00

Specialist Php 500,000.00

Contractors Php 750,000.00

Heavy Equipment & Machineries Php 1,500,000.00

Turbine Php 1,000,000.00

Generator Php 1,500,000.00

Piping Php 250,000.00

Wirings Php 200,000.00

Electrical Control Php 750,000.00

TOTAL COST Php 18,500,000.00

Design II

OPERATING COST

Manpower Php 3,000,000.00

Maintenance Cost Php 1,500,000.00

Total Operating Cost Php 4,500,000.00

INVESTMENTS

Property Php 4,000,000.00

Structure Php 4,500,000.00

Labor Cost Php 2,000,000.00

Cement Php 600,000.00

Sand Php 300,000.00

Stone Php 250,000.00

Consultants Php 400,000.00

Specialist Php 500,000.00

Contractors Php 750,000.00

Heavy Equipment & Machineries Php 1,500,000.00

Turbine Php 1,000,000.00

Generator Php 1,500,000.00

Piping Php 250,000.00

Wirings Php 200,000.00

Electrical Control Php 750,000.00

TOTAL COST Php 18,500,000.00

 CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION

According to all the data presented in the previous pages and after a thorough

consensus of ideas, the researchers selected the most viable design considering factors like

efficiency, budget, return of investment, and sustainability of the designed infrastructure.

There are supporting computations provided to support this selection. The computations

present the total operating cost and investment cost of Php 3.9 million and Php 18.5 million

respectively; a payback period of an approximate duration of only about one (1) year

providing an efficiency of ninety percent (90%). These data are regarded as above average

for a power plant of such capacity, in its distinct field compared to the later.
 CHAPTER IX

RECOMMENDATION

In the operation phase of micro-hydropower projects, compliance with relevant

regulations, permit conditions and negotiated agreements needs to be ensured and

adequate monitoring is conducted. Therefore, to avoid delays and technical issues we

recommend conducting procurement and construction in line with good practices and

planned mitigation measures. It is important that both procurements and construction works

are planned and executed in a way that supports the achievement of project deadlines,

guarantees quality and ensures that project costs remain within the planned budget. And

also an improvement in project permits system and spatial planning are recommended to

contribute to sustainable micro-hydropower utilization. Since; spatial plans are often

developed to accommodate potential investors’ interests and maximize profits rather than to

ensure sustainable use of natural resources. This has also proven true in the case of

detailed spatial plans developed for areas where specific micro-hydropower projects

were/are planned.
 CHAPTER X

REFERENCES

 Proceedings of the EU Common Implementation Strategy workshops: 2007 Workshop

on WFD & Hydropower and 2011 Workshop on Water Management, Water Framework

Directive & Hydropower; Arcadis (2011), “Hydropower generation in the Context of the

EU WFD”; DASHI Working Group materials)

 IHA (2010), “The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol”; WWF

recommendations)

 Proceedings (2010) of the Workshop on Biodiversity and Water: Links between EU

Nature and Water Legislation, Brussels, 17-18 June 2010; the workshop was organised

under the auspices of the WFD Common Implementation Strategy and supported by the

Biodiversity Strategic Coordination Group

 Zeleňáková, M., Fijko, R., Diaconu, D., & Remeňáková, I. (2018). Environmental Impact

of Small Hydro Power Plant—A Case Study. Environments, 5(1), 12.

doi:10.3390/environments5010012 

 Nicaragua: Policy Strategy for the Promotion of Renewable Energy: Situation and

Perspective of Hydroelectric Generation (2006)

 WWF (2011), Rivers for Life: The Case for Conservation Priorities in the Face of Water

Infrastructure Development

 Euro Hydro Power (Asia) to launch pre-feasibility study for 5-MW HPP in Philippines

(2012)

 Operation of a small hydropower plant in Uganda. Retrieved from

http://www.Hydroreview.com/2017/05/04/operations-begin-at-5-mw-siti-1-small-

hydropower-plant-in-uganda/
 Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series (2012)

 International Hydropower Association (2010), The Hydropower Sustainability

Assessment Protocol

 [1] J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2015). Energy Education - Hydroelectric reservoir [Online].

Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Hydroelectric_reservoir.

 [2] J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2018). Energy Education - Hydroelectric dam [Online].

Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Hydroelectric_dam.

 [3] J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2015). Energy Education - Penstock [Online]. Available:

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Penstock.

 [4] J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2020). Energy Education - Hydro turbine [Online]. Available:

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Hydro_turbine.

 [5] J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2020). Energy Education - Electric generator [Online].

Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electric_generator.
 CHAPTER XI

APPENDICES

COST ANALYSIS

Computations:

Annual Manpower: 30 persons x Php 340 x 24 days x 12 months

= Php 2,937,600.00

Annual Supply: 5,000 kW x 8760 = 43,800,000 kWh

Working Years = Total Investment x Expected Life Span

= Php 18,500,000.00 x 5 years

= Php 92,500,000.00

Price per kWh:

Annual Income:

Monthly Income: Php 20,739,618.35/year x 1 year/12 months

= Php 1,728,301.53 per month

Net Income = Php 20,739,618.35 – 1,968,800.00

= Php 18,770,818.35

Tax = Net Income x Corporate Tax = Php 18,770,818.35 x 10%

= Php 1,877,081.035 per year

Net Savings = Net Income – Tax

= 18,770,818.35- 1,877,081.035

= Php 16,893,737.32 per year

Rate of Return = Net Savings / Investments

= 16,893,737.32 / 22,437,800.00

= 75.29 %

Payback Period = Investments/ Net Savings

= 18,500,000 / 16,893,737.32.00

= 1.1 years