15 Ratio and ry proportion Introduction proportion In the design of many of their ‘The idea of creating things which are in __Dulldings, and Renaissance artists used it | Foren vl oarand arcu, ene pon. Hoviever there is one number, called the a. P | ‘ScucnPoponor mn tecepecote What'sthe point? ba tie prectadeaains to bie je ‘The Golden Proportion occurs widely in ‘The Golden Proportion relates to a nature, so itis unsurprising that artists rectangle whose ratio of length to width is and architects throughout history have 1.6180339887 : 1. There Is evidence that hose to Integrate this mathematical the ancient Greeks and Egyptians used this “mension into their work, Obje By the end of this chapter, you will have learned how to © Simply and compare ratios | © Divide a quantity in a given ratio. | © Use the unitary method to solve direct proportion problems. © solve ratio and proportion problems. } © Compare proportions. 1 @ Describe quantities in direct proportion using an equation or a graph, o. See se\rite each of these ratios In their simplest form, a 12:20 b 42:28 © 144:108 Divide 60 cakes in the ratio 2:3. 4g of pears cost 145p. How much do 12kg of pears cost? {An alloy is made from copper and zinc in the ratio 4:5. How much copper needs to be mixed with 60kg of zine? In a running club there are 25 beginners, 35 intermediate and 10 advanced runners. ‘2 What proportion of the running club members are intermediate? 1b What isthe ratio of beginners to advanced runners atthe club? 4 250cm:3.5m Leonardo da Vinci thought thet your head (measured from your forehead to your chin) was exactly one tenth of your height. Is this true? Investigate the lengths of different parts of your bady to see if any of them are in proportion to each other15a Ratio © You simplify a ratio by dividing or multiplying all parts of the ratio by the same number. > A ratio isin its simplest form when it contains no units and is written in terms of integers whose HCF is 1. Write these ratios in their simplest form. a i293 b d8cm:i8omm 04:9 a 12:4:3, b 4B em : 180 mm « O45 a( 480160 ren a han foo. ais (ee ts Divide athe parts of Change both queries Mull pats ofthe rato by therato byte HER, 2. tothe same uns, mm, Sto moke ol amber whale “Tie meane that one of| © You can compare ratios by expressing ‘he parts of era has them in the form 1:7. ‘Statto Is looking at the ratio of goals scored to shots taken by the two strikers who play in the schoo! football team. He finds that the ratio of goals: shots is 7:40 for Ree Bok ‘and 4:25 for Ade Idas. Which striker is more accurate? Express both ratios in the form 1:0. Pee Bak fae as shots ‘shots a ie ‘om in rata ae to make comparisons Csanay? 1s) fbr gl ‘Ade las scores | goal every 6.25 shoe ‘30 Pee Bok isthe more accurate striker © sorbet smn@ 1 Write each of these ratios In its 2 Express each of these ratios in the simplest form. tin a 8:20 b 32 10 © 12:15:24 © d 45:60:135 25 @ 80:112:176 # 4m:205em 9 9 5kg:28009 —h £3.50:80p 7 1 05:2 J 03:8 28 ku 1 16:24 21 m 4.5:6:75 nm 0.4m:240em 05:7 © 25kg:16009 p £6.25:75p o3it2 Problem solving 3. Here are the shots taken and goals scored for six football players. Name ofstriker Goals Shots Goal: Shots: scored taken Dembs Boo v a wag 11283 Frank Tores a 0 Robin van Winkle 16 5 Warren Roone 13 au Dank Poridge 18 = 2 Copy and complete the table. » a ‘ bh i 1 n » Ordnance Survey Is te national mapping agency forthe UX The scale al of Smaps stateg as 2 ratio. The agency so prodices dg ‘ape Jur like the Use the ratios you have worked out to put the players in order Sesstdin from most to least acurate, Explain your reasoning. 4 The ratios of cotton to other materials in two Tshirts are 3:8 and 5:44, Write the ratios inthe form 4m. Which Tshirt has the sreater proportion of cotton? 5 Brian has made a table using some measurements of distances given in miles anc kometres dares gen es to vies Pines Pats [acne] bb What do you notice about the results? what is. 10 leh sie Dootie the significance of the ratio in the form 1:? a 3A Investigate some more quantities in the same Blas 0 way, such as 2 to > pounds: dolar €35:968.25 > model bus:reatlife bus 62.5em:15m d__ Explain the meaning of the ratio 1:7 in each case, @MyMathson. @icr ESD(in his method you als Into unequel-sized pieces. find the value of one eauat ae ofthe quot © You can divide a quantity in a given ratio by using a unitary method. BW cneeca is 7years old, Marie is 10years old and Evie is 13 years ol EM] Tre oran gives them £450 to share inthe ratio oftheir ages. EI ion much money do they each receve? Dividing the money n the rato 7:10: 13 requires 30 equal pats. 30 parts E460, a Ws ta et 2 tpt 865 Naheeda gets 7 parts Marie gets 10 pars Evie gets 13 pats, \prt 86 pert 86 Upct 5 af jaa ‘1 xf je “pars 05 pans 50 parte a5 eda een 05, Mani ees 250 ie ees £6, © A auantity can also be divided in a given ratio using the ‘relationship between ratio and proportion. BW arc, sarah and Monty share 5 klograms of strawberries in the ratio 1:2:4 EAE on many strawberries do they each receive? BEE convert the ratios ito proportions and take these fractions ofthe total _ ome oh Monty ore ness Th PEA Sotsig = omg 4p) | ines te wae ee sep ofan roportion 4 2 4 : and viding he © oe sug = \aseg 249) {unitary mettod 1424+4=7 equal parts rebiely— tary ea) (wet Monty sexs 4 ot eg » ang (ede) Qe vamos@ ina tae 15b Divide these quantities in the ratios given, 2 Divide these quantities in the ratios given, a 80 cakes in the ratio 2:3 Give your answers to 2¢p as appropriate. b 156km in the ratio 5:7 a £13 n the ratio © £384 In the ratio 4 b 200m in the ratio 7: £1.62 inthe ratio 1:2:3 © 4GB in the ratio 2:5 96 sweets in the ratio 1:1:4 4. £40 in the ratio Problem solving 3. a Ine school the ratio of boys to girs Is 15: 16. There are 1085 pupils at the school. How many girs are there at the school? 1b A cake mixture contains four, sugar and margarine in the ratio 4:3:2. How much sugar is needed to make 6309 of cake mixture? This yo wos 4 Solve these problems. Cacia borne metal alloy is made from tn, iron and nickel inthe ratio Ben repiced bythe 3:74, How much iron is needed to mix with 50kg of tin? EUR 1b 3 parts of yellow paint are mixed with 4 parts of red paint to How eter do you se make orange paint. Zahid has 75mi of yellow paint and 120m) tea symbol (6) eres yelows sed for cous (2? What is the maximum amount of orange paint he ean make? 5 @ The ratio of KS3 to KS4 pupils in Weregood School is 7:5 Are there more pupils in Year 11 than in Year 7? Explain and justify your answer. 'b Last year Jameela was 10cm tall. This year she has increased in height by 10%. \What is the ratio of her height last year to her height this year? 6 Great-grandad Vernon died. He has three great-grandchildren, 6-year-old Zoe, ‘9-year-old Breeze and 15-year-old Jenny. His wil gives £1000 to the girls every year, Which must be shared in the ratio of their ages. ‘@ Work out the amount each gir receives in the first year 1b Work out the amount each girl receives for the next 10years. © Write down what you notice. ‘Ty to use the ratios to explain what Is happening. 7 bag contains red and blue balls that come In two sizes, large and small ‘The ratio of red to biue balls is 3:5, the ratio of large red to large biue balls s 1:1, and the rato of small red to small blue balls ls 1:2. What is the ratio of large to small balls? @MyMaths.ou @15c Direct proportion (© Two quantities are in direct proportion if when one of them Increases, the other one increases by the same proportion © You can use a scaling method to solve problems involving direct proportion. > In this method you multiply or divide both quantities by the seme number. ‘Two litres of orange juice cost £2.60. - ‘What is the cost of Siitres of orange juice? Exampl ork out the mp sng dvison $m 2.5 ine eo) sn ee ee ‘© You can use the unitary method to solve problems involving direct proportion. > In this method you always find the value of one unit of a quantity. 2 15 minutes of mobile cals cost 48p. There are 46calories in a jaffa cake that How nyo thre 109 of foc + com ty + actin ay ‘nm so song a ( Jus woo( 5 a nm le sins 09 28 voice mites cost 4p. 1009 of jaa cakes contain 389 ca, ound te nal anor tothe nearest whole penny or clei, but ky when you ge to the endExercise 15¢ 1 Use direct proportion to solve each of «2B There are 12 bscuts ina packet. these problems. “The packet weighs 2009, 4 5kq of pears cost 195p. What isthe What isthe weight of 23 bscuts? cost of 15kg of pears? Acar’ petrol tank wien fl holds b 409 of breakfast cereal contain 4altes of petro. Ona full tank of 128 calories. petrol Jake can drive 650m. How many calories are there in 1009 1 How fer coud Jake's car travel on of breakfest cereal? 20litres of petro? € Arecipe for six people uses 750m! {i How much petrol would he need to of stock. travel 130k? What amount of stock is needed for £40 i worth 92.27 Croatian kuna. four people? 1 How much is £325 worth in Croatian kuna? 2 Solve each ofthese problems, giving your 1 How much is 1000 Croatian kuna answers to an appropiate degree worth in pounds? of accuracy. On average 8 adults weigh 560kg. a Siitres ofl cost £4.79. What s the (on average what would 30 adults cost of 18res of ol? weigh? Problem solving 3 Here are three offers for text messages on a mobile phone. In whieh of these offers are the numbers in direct proportion? In each case, explain and justify your answers, 4 Use direct proportion to copy and complete this conversion table for kilograms and pounds. Write the ratio In its simplest form. '@ Write anything you notice. [xitograms | Pounds | Pounds + What do these results tell (kg) | (ib) _| Kitograms you about the relationship 1 between pounds and a kilograms? = a b How could you quickly |} —>—} ‘change from kilograms to es Pounds using what you've found out? ‘© What about changing from pounds to kilograms? What Is the easiest way to convert between the quantities? @MyMathson. Gis —ED e 1015d Ratio and proportion © You can compare the size of two quantities using a ratio. ax the cat weighs 6kg. Tess the dog weighs 7.5k. What i the ratio of Dax’ welght to Tess’ weight? What fraction of Tess’ weight is Dax? How many times heavier than Dax is Tess? Dax's weight: Tea wight = 215 226 ahs “hea wl oat suis wigan” at ais eae a Sama be Wine | ethane 3a ote wit a5 ines wit (ater ee © You can compare two or more parts ofthe same quantity using ratio or proportion. > ‘The ratio compares the size of the parts, > ‘The proportion compares the size of the part with the whole, Ina skling club there are 20 beginners, 16 intermediate and 8 advanced skiers. ‘a What proportion of the skiing club members are intermediate skiers? 1b What isthe ratio of beginners to advanced skiers at the club? a Total umber of skiers = 20 + tb + 8 = 44 ‘Proportion of intermediates = 4 AK to 149) b> beginners:advanced = 20:8 = 52 ‘The ratio compares how many skiers are in each category. 5 mmber of advanced kes 2 2 x number of beainners rhumber of beginners rhumber of advanced skier aExercise 15d 11 For each of these diagrams ae b 1 Find the ratio of pink: yellow :blue Find the proportion of the shape shaded each colour (asa fraction) Wl Copy and complete these sentences tsi «lo sin te son «of te leap Problem solving 2 Ina bag of mixed fruit and nuts there are 75g of raisins, 309 of currants and 959 of nuts. 1 Write the ratio of ralsins : currants : nuts n the bag. 'b How many times more raisins than currants are there? © What proportion of the bag is nuts? 3. @ Analloy is made from copper and iron in the ratio 2:5. How much copper needs to be mixed with 45kg of iron to make the alloy? 1b The length and width of a football pitch are inthe ratio 8:5. ‘The lenath of the pitch is 110m, What Is the width of the pitch? © Acake is made using flour, margarine, ground almonds and sugar in the ratio 4:3:4:5, How many grams of ground almonds are needed to mix with 180g of margarine? |d_ The ratio of protein to carbohydrate in a tin of tomatoes is 12:35. If the tin contains 7g ‘of carbohydrate, how many grams of protein are therein it? 4 a ofthe pupils at a school are girs ‘What isthe ratio of boys: ails atthe school? bb Benni Meshot scores # of the time he shoots atthe goal In a hockey match. What is Benni’s ratio of goals to shots taken? € Josh is 1.5m tal. Gary is 20% taller then Josh. ‘What isthe ralo of Josh's height to Gary's height? 4 Cinema tickets for an adult and a child cost £9,80, The adult ticket is 35 tes the price ofthe child’ ticket. How much does each ticket cost? 5. Asquare and a rectangle have the same area, ‘The sides of the rectangle are In the ratio 4:3. ‘The perimeter of the rectangle Is 294em. What is the length of side of the square? Give your answer to 1p. @MyMaths.coum ©1086, 1099 ED @15e Comparing proportions ‘© You can compare proportions by converting them to percentages. Linda is looking at the nutritional Information of beef and pork sausages. 18 Which type of sausage has the lower proportion of fat? 1b How much fat is there in 1509 of beef sausages? (Give your answer to the nearest gram.) 3 Calculate the percentage of fat in each sausage. a Pork sausage contain ‘Beat sausage contains 151g of ft in very 24 111g of fat in very 5g Percentage of fa Percentage of fat = 5024 2th 55 2 0515 > 0201808 +1358 = 201810% = 230% (dp) = 202% (dp) the beet sausage contains a lower proportion of beef souages are 20% ft 1509 of beet causages tere are 20.2% of 1509 of ft = 0208 150 +7034 = 904 (orarest gran) ‘© You can express the change in an amount as a percentage of the original amount. ‘A packet of biscuits increases in weight from 1809 to 2109, What is the percentage increase in weight? (0-100) yy, +10 «ZB « 00 = TH (a) Cr fraction ant convect this into a Aecial ant then a percentage, Beef sausages Pork sausages ‘ste the proprtion 36 8 Youcan we ti formula Tecenage change ‘irene orginal * {fin te percetage changeExercise 15e Express each of your answers as a fraction in its simplest form 2s a percentage (to 1dp). Four out of every $00 drawing pins produced by a machine are rejected. What proportion of drawing pins are rejected? Ina survey, 23 out of 40 cats preferred chicken flavour cat food. What proportion of the cats surveyed preferred chicken flavour cat food? In class 8X1 there are 35 pupils. 21 of these pupils are boys. What oroportion of the class are aitis? Problem solving 3. Many food labels give the proportion of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, fibre and salt that the product contains. Which cereal contains the least amount of fat? Explain your answer. Which is the healthiest cereal to eat? Explain your answer How much fat is there in a 40g serving of each cereal? @ Tris table shows the number o grams of fat in different chocolate bars. a Copy and complete the table 1b Which Is the least healthy bar to eat? Explain and justify your answer, ¢ How many grams of fat would there be In 150g of each chocolate tar? (Give your answers to the nearest gram.) Chocolate] Weight | Fat content | fat (orams) | (grams) weKe | 22 55 watties | 37 as Venus bar | 65 4 Cream egg | 38 62 wicks | 62 149 4 By 1997 about 45% of tropic rain forests had been destroyed around the world, Since then about 175000 square kilometres have been destroyed every year, which represents about 1.1% of the remainder, Estimate the original area of rainforest. © Estimate when the ralnforests will disappear. 5 Wheat is sold in three different-sized sacks. Work out which size of sack Is the best value for money. Estimate the current area. Explain your answer @MyMaths.coun aaa15f Algebra and proportion ‘© Two quantities A and B are in cirect proportion - if, as they vary, they remain in the same ratio, | Te smbol a means > You can write A 2 B direct proportional o Here Is a recipe for 8 scones. How much sugar is required to make 12 scones? ay umber of scones % amount of suger Let x be the amount ‘25, sugar isthe numerator of sugar for 12 scones. 2 Bin both fractions. sugar weeded for 12 scones, x = 28 «12 ‘© The graph of two quantities that are in direct proportion Js 2 straight line that passes through the origin. ‘The table shows the conversion of pounds (€) to New Zealand [Ee [2] 4 | 6 dollars (NZS). wae | 5 [20] 35 ‘a. Use ratios to find the conversion rate between £ and NZ$, 1b Draw a conversion graph and use it to estimate how many NZ$ you get for £5. Exampl 2 EDNEB=2:5=1:25 The conversion rate i hl = NZB2.60. ‘ ‘The gradient, m ~ 2.5. " For every 1unit across you move 2.5 units up, The coordinates of the y-intercept are (0, 0). Using y = mx + ¢, the tine is y = 2.5x This is the conversion rate. You get Neb12.50 for £5. O12g456e® Exercise 15f 1 Write whether these quantities are in -«2._-Fr each ofthese tables, use ratios to ‘iret proportion. ‘work out whether the two quartiies are ‘8 The number of euros purchased for an _In lect proportion amount of pounds steting without a a [Nocthows 8 |] = commission fee worked bb Temperature in degrees Celsius and mount earned | 72] 106 | 268 temperature in degrees Fahrenhett. ine ‘© The amount you earn and the number of years you have worked. b | tepher [au ae] {4- The clroumference and the dlameter of Piven acrdle, Width of @)a2| a ‘© The number of hours you spend octane ‘on your maths homework and the ‘number of marks you recelve. Problem solving 3 These are similar triangies. ‘This means that corresponding sides are in the same ratio. Work out the height ofthe large triangle Sas 5a 4. The exchange rate for pounds stering (6) to euros (€)is £1: € 1.25. Copy and complete this table of values. bb Draw a conversion graph for £ (x) to € (Y) € at this exchange rate Use your graph to convert ittoc — WEIBIOE 4 Write the equation of your ine. © Use your equation to help you decide whether YOU would rather accept a gift of £75 or €300, 125) 70 5 Two quantities are in inverse proportion when one increases at the same rate as the other decreases, For example, the time a car journey takes is inversely proportional to the average speed of the car. Suggest some other pairs of quantities that could be Inversely proportional. @MyMaths.oun Gis ED eeel iilelag Check out ‘You should now be able to... ‘Simplify and compare ratios. Divide a quantity in a given ratio. ‘Solve ratio and proportion problems. y v v v Y- Compare proportions. Describe quentiies in direct proportion using an equation ‘ora oraph. @ language Meaning Ratio A ratios the relative sizeof one value to another Simplest form A ration which all units and decimals have been removed and the parts hove been divide by thelr HCF Proportion A part given as a fraction of the whole Direct ‘Two quantities are in direct proportion if proportion _ when ane quantity increases, the other Increases by the same fractional amount Unitary ‘A technique for solving problems in which ‘method You first find the value of one unit o— Use the unitary method to solve direct proportion problems. @ 5-6 Example us 3:6: 27 becomes 1:29 ‘Success Is 99% perspiration ‘and 1% inspiration 110 units of something costs £180, then 15 units will cost £270. apples cost £1.20 So 1 apple costs 24 Hence 3 apples cost 72psaan pe f 65128154» sangr209 Se eee eee Gara 7. 4 Divide £80 in the ratio 2: answers to 24. 14, give your 5 14 bananas cost £2.10, what is the cost of 40 bananas? 6 Adriver fils up the tank of her car so It has 75 litres of diesel. On a full tank she can érive 800km. a How far could her car travel on 65 litres of dieser? b How much diesel would she need to travel 408km? 7 Asmal-anime are ata fer has rabbits and guinea pss ofthe small animals are rabbit. 2 What I the ratio of rabbits to guinea pie? “There are 15 rabbis, How many guinea pigs are there? What next? 8 A meringue Is made using egg white and sugar in the ratio 1. The white from one egg weighs 30g. How much sugar do you need to make a meringue with 5 egg whites? 9 Davina is 1.6m, her husband is 15% taller than her ‘What is the ratio of Davina’s height to her husband's? Write the ratio in its simplest form using whole numbers. 110 Cereal A contains 9g of sugar per 309 serving and Cereal 8 contains 11g of sugar per 359 serving. Which cereal Is higher in sugar? 111 There are 42 members of a maths society. 18 of these are women, what percentage of the society are men? 112 The distance that Joyce has driven is directly proportional ta the journey time. Use ratios to complete the table. Distance 0 travelled, miles Journey time, | 30 | 60 | 50 minutes 100 Formative test: 2C-15; MyMaths: 1036, 1037, 1038 and 1039, o-s I knowledge of this topic is still developing. To improve look at 6-10 Score 1-12 @MyMaths.counx You are gaining a secure knowledge ofthis topic. To improve look at InvisiPen: 153, 191, 193 and 195 You have mastered this topic. Well done, you are ready to progress!Dew u\imaeies ff + wenn tem net, b 06: © 1a © 18:28 f 32a4e 5 h te24ee 1 om: 360em 4 2.2kg:11009 k 3:75:90 1 adomist ites 2 xpress each ofthese ratios inthe form tn. a 3as b 8:12 © 10:25 492 15:21 # sao 9 6:21 fh 152100 i o7uz 4 26:9100 k 3.4:68000 1 2.50m:75m § 3. Divide these quate in the ratios given, ‘Divide 140km inthe ratio 2:5 Divide £640 in the ato 3: Divide $728 inthe rato 6:7 4 Divide 30cm in the ratio 4:3 Divide 7B inthe ratio 8:7 {Divide €3000 inthe rato 4:2: {Ina school, the ratio of boys to girs is 7:9. There are 371 boys at the school. How many girls are there at the school? ‘A metal alloy is made from zinc and Iron in the ratio. How much iron is needed to make 792kg of the alloy? Gina draws a ple chart to show how the pupils in her school travel home, ‘The pupils travel home by walking, bus or car in the ratio 7:3:2. How big are the angles she needs to drave for each of the three sectors? 12. 3 DAE mecca oe cn ae yy rom enone rem 1 fen ten 6 Awholesaler advertises the following prices for fruit. Apricots Purbories _ Cherie 3g at 5g tins A pumnett 1650 vofy £10 rg to A porns eT Aokg 8215 akg hoo Wo punnets £247.50 Which of the prices are in direct proportion? Explain your answer. Bil ioenE] 7» An aly s made trom led and ron nthe rato 4:7, How much ead needs tobe mixed with 8.4kg of on? bb The length and with ofa netball cour arent ratio cours 4.5m. What i the width ofthe court? Thera of pop muse to rock muse CDs In eras colecion i 4:1, there are 28 pop muse CDs, how many rack msc CDs does Jemal have his colecon? The length of the BY sa Jorthe pupls at a school gym club are boys. What I he ratio of boys to gis atthe gym club? bb Rolcove scores 7+ ofthe time he shoots atthe goal What ls Roldova's rato of goals to missed shots? © Hannah is 1.75m tal Ursula Is 20% shorter than Hannah. What i the ratio of Hannah's height to Ursula’ heght? A bow and set of arrows costs £40.50, The bow is 1} times the price ofthe arrows. How much dd the bow cost? Ey > = conv a commit tne table, bb Wien eth least heathy food to eat? Explain and “ype of food | weight | Fat conten | fat (rams) | Grams) Lamb chops 28 5 justify your answer. Fe a id eT Which is the most neat | |e |e food to eat? Explain and | leur andion | a8 | susty your answer. as wo |_oa | 4 How many grams of fat would there be in 2509 of each food? (Give your answers to the nearest gram.) Ef se 0 comerttes to kleates, ou use te et ropatn relatos S miles = 8 kilometres 8 Copy and complete this table of values. b_ Draw a graph to convert miles to kilometres. ‘© Use your graph to estimate how many kilometres are equivalent to 7riles. d_ Write the equation of your line. Miles 5 [75 ET} Kilometres | 8 16 @MyMaths.coux @