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What Is A Variogram 1977 PDF
What Is A Variogram 1977 PDF
WHAT IS A V A R I O G R A M ?
4.1 SPATIAL C O R R E L A T I O N
are difficult in calculus, w e will rather consider the squared differences and
thus select as our dissimilarity f u n c t i o n :
F i g . 5 2 . S c h e m a t i c c o m p u t a t i o n o f a v a r i o g r a m , u s i n g pairs o f s a m p l e s a g i v e n d i s t a n c e
apart.
Y(h)
4 . 3 . 1 The continuity
ii
V(h)
T -
Co i i i i -i •
1
Fig. 5 4 . Variogram f r o m a m o l y b d e n u m d e p o s i t s h o w i n g c o n t i n u i t y curtailed b y a high
l o w - s c a l e v a r i a b i l i t y ( C o ) . T h e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n o c c u r s in t h i n (a f e w m m ) v e i n l e t s .
Y(h) f I
T i l I I I I I 1
F i g . 5 7 . V a r i o g r a m o f n i c k e l g r a d e in a s u l f i d e v e i n .
4 . 3 . 3 The anisotropics
ft HORIZONTAL RANGE d J
I 1 1 1 1 1 1— —P* 1
DISTANCE
F i g . 5 9 . H o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l v a r i o g r a m s in a n i r o n m i n e , s h o w i n g d i f f e r e n c e o f b e
haviour with direction.
Y(h)
(1) horizontal
i i n i
50' 100' 200' DISTANCE (log)
F i g . 6 0 . D i f f e r e n c e o f c o n t i n u i t y in t h r e e d i r e c t i o n s for t h e t h i c k n e s s o f a c o a l s e a m , as
s h o w n b y t h e t h r e e v a r i o g r a m s in t h e s e d i r e c t i o n s .
Y(h)
(1) vertical
variogram
( 2 ) horizontal
variogram
"I 1
10m 30m 50 m DISTANCE
F i g . 6 1 . D i f f e r e n c e o f c o n t i n u i t y in t h e h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n a t t h e E x o t i c a
M i n e , as s h o w n b y t h e v a r i o g r a m s .
4.3.4 Conclusion
After w h a t w e have just said w e see that this is just a particular case of
C O V [ Z ( V j ) , Z(Xj)]. This time w e k n o w that t h e correlation or rather, t h e
lack of correlation b e t w e e n t w o samples is directly expressed b y the vario
gram function. Thus C O V [ Z ( X ) , Z(X )]
y k should be s o m e constant minus
y(h ) if h is the distance b e t w e e n samples Xj and X .
jk jk k
4.5 CONCLUSION
4.6 EXERCISES
Using these parameters and charts w e can obtain the variances w h i c h w e had
before. H o w these charts have been c o m p u t e d is irrelevant so far. All w h a t
w e n e e d t o k n o w is that t h e y can be d e d u c e d from samples only.
81
ah
400' a v = 100' C = 0.60
C 0 = 0.20 C 4- C 0 = 0.80
These values have b e e n estimated from a 2 0 0 ' x 2 0 0 ' x 5 0 ' drilling grid.
The corresponding variograms are s h o w n on Fig. 6 2 . We will later see h o w
the p o i n t variogram is d e d u c e d from a 5 0 ' sample variogram.
ol F \ ^ , - ^ \ I C
h
a a a ''
50 100 100
ol = C 1-F
ll00'400'400
a\ = 0 . 6 0 [ 1 - F ( 0 . 5 , 0.25)/C]
a% = 0.60(1-0.325)
o% = 0.405
Co *.03
In fact in our case, blocks are n o t really blocks, but rather the average of
a certain n u m b e r of D . D . H . and w h e n that n u m b e r is small, the correction
factor t o be added is n o t negligible: it is the nugget effect divided b y the
n u m b e r of samples in a block, i.e., for 1 0 0 ' blocks it is 0 . 0 5 / 4 = 0 . 0 1 2 5 s o
that o% = 0 . 4 1 8 .
For blocks 1 5 0 ' x 1 5 0 ' x 5 0 ' :
ol = 0.60[1-F(0.5,0.375)/C]
ol = 0.60(1-0.38)
o 2
B = 0.372
ol = 0.60 [ 1 - ^ ( 0 . 5 , 0.5)]
o2
B = 0.60(1-0.45)
ol = 0.330
ol = 0.60 [ 1 - F ( 0 . 5 , 0.625)]
ol = 0.60(1-0.51)
ol = 0.294
One of the reasons for the small discrepancy is that there exists m o r e than
o n e w a y t o divide the d e p o s i t i n t o blocks and the theoretical variance is the
average value of all the possible divisions, while the experimental variance
corresponds t o o n l y o n e division. We c o u l d c o m e back t o the original D . D . H .
intersection values and group t h e m differently t o obtain other estimates of
°\oo • • •
a'100
2
= 0.46
a?c
r
150 = ft 0.42
a?
/
2n0n
0 = 0.35
a?co
;
250 = 0.32
a\ = C + Ca 2
(-,-)
0
\a a j
where C is the nugget effect of a D . D . H . intersection of 5 0 ' :
0
after Fig. 1 5 9 :
a 2
= 0.050
so that ol = 0 . 0 5 + ( 0 . 6 0 ) ( 0 . 0 5 0 )
a\ = 0 . 0 8 0 ^a e = 0 . 2 8 3 % Cu
h 250 / 50
« Io~o = °-
= 625;
« = Wo = °- 5
after Fig. 1 5 9 :
o 2
= 0.12
ol = 0 . 0 5 + ( 0 . 6 0 ) ( 0 . 1 2 ) = 0 . 1 2 2 - > a = 0 . 3 4 9 % Cu e
4 . 6 . 2 Back-of-cigarette-pack geostatistics
The tools to answer. We first have t o c h e c k for the isotropy of our vario
gram. This is easily d o n e as f o l l o w s : c o m p u t e the variance of the samples
o (%/D) = X(X —X) /(n
2
t — 1) where X is grade of a sample of length / and
2
t
o2
ni = 0 . 2 5 3 1 (%) 2
< - 0 . 1 5 7 1 (%) 2
a 2
n a = 0 . 1 8 9 8 (%) 2
4- m .|3
Yi + V 4- V 2 3
m = 2 . 4 3 4 % Cu
The estimation variance of this m e a n is:
86
m
' lv, + V 2 + V 3 ° m
> [Vi + v 2 + v :
w h i c h gives o = 0 . 0 7 0 8 ( % ) C u .
m
2
L 5 0 0 + 2 5 4- 2 0 / 2
oHv/V) = 3aln y = 1.2In 2 5 + 2 - 6 + 2 Q / 2 2 . 6 3 (%)*
t h e n : o(v/V) = 1.62%
This s h o w s that o n e should e x p e c t big daily fluctuations. N o w let us see if
w e c o u l d e x p e c t this t o average o u t over a longer period of time.
The variance of quarterly production over the mine life:
4.7 C O M P U T I N G A N I S O T R O P I C V A R I O G R A M (after t h e F o n t a i n e b l e a u s u m m e r
s c h o o l , F o n t a i n e b l e a u is w h e r e t h e C e n t e r o f M a t h e m a t i c a l M o r p h o l o g y is)
039 031
O30
F i g . 6 5 . Drill h o l e v a l u e s o n a r e g u l a r grid t o s e r v e as d a t a o f E x e r c i s e 4 . 7 .
*(h)t
a 2a 3a 4a h
T A B L E 4.1
Lag h = l h = 2 h = 3
T A B L E 4.II
h N(h) y(h)
a 46 4.1
ay/2 37 5.7
2a 38 8.3
2a\[2 30 11.6
3a 33 11.5
3a>/2 18 16.3
89
4.8 A N A L T E R N A T E V A R I A B L E TO T H E G R A D E : THE A C C U M U L A T I O N
Qi = hiAiZJF
Qi = (hiZfiAJF
One will c o m p u t e the variogram of accumulations. N o t e that the thick
ness is also a regionalized variable and that t o evaluate the average thickness
of a block o n e will have t o weight the information from surrounding inter
sections. One will estimate the thicknesses. Thus o n e needs the variogram
of thickness. Finally, in order t o estimate the grade of a block, o n e will
divide the estimated accumulation of a block b y the corresponding estimated
thickness. Examples of this procedure are given in David ( 1 9 7 1 ) , Journel
»(h)
F i g . 6 8 . V a r i o g r a m o f t h i c k n e s s , g r a d e a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n in a c o p p e r v e i n d e p o s i t .
4.8.2 Examples