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(A) ued @®) euler © aedids ©) tulas 4) ear Huge wes wu Fl B 7 (A) fec ®) we at (©) bee @) wees (S) Wet Hate ABor-are Bear ast B ? (A) 53.26 ®B) 68.0 © 40 @) 52.36 © ageasy Bar imu wesahe BAL ava seu dean aed da B 7 a4 @) 8 ©2 @) 05 OM ada wren Aer Av wouyd doa ded d ? (A) 2 ®)1 o4 ©) 6 8) cas BRA we HH ANAT URL sen Bed B ? (A) 2 ®)1 o4 ©) 6 © uid su ide Daf a@ WA O 7 (A) Nacl (B) ZaS © sio, ®) src, (10) Rui su deri Fs AA Wel 7 (A) Nacl B) ZaS © Ker ©) Sct, G1) Rumi 49 awe tug Qaw w enld d ? (A) Fey 950 ®B) Fe0y5 © Fe,0, @) FS, 6 “ auaRewt 12(2) a3) a4) as) (16) AA af det aes B 7 (A) Na @Al © Fe @) Ge Si wa Bet Ui vard afass Bar vsed B ? (A) nee ® pur © pnp-wste @) apm-wsie Red, tedyrdl Radars sa dead vad ad B 7 (A) 2 @) Bs © wel @) Aww AA of aud epiota B 7 oF ® cr © Net ®) Cut aids A alas Rgad adr wnat #4) Rigid Guided 8 ? A) AeD Rcid — B) AMARA Maia (© ved Maia — D) aswel Du aden geni Gua avd: @ Q) 8) 4 © © am ®) @) 0) sie AAR Aiell MR amd, won wa weeRona atti Gere 20d. as Av eusu ard, atti adi WG weir vend, AQwedy mA spesady BA DA 7 el Yel Were Met Dee Awl Ven uRmUAAl aden eu. tas, milange A Mats AAs Gereret evil, asst wimad we Ridia aj B ? ody qevela ar usia ari. a Aza gf Pai Wel au wee vad. Aan wade Gre avd : ay @ ® @ 6 © o wt eR sulla HA ou wt Gens wa wind. vader et ded Geis a wend areReuy A wR we Nel aR dated avd eet et ye wae avid deel aualuar aed. ridBRRa aus sas BRRa ani war weUged aa al. tet aed wmugpded Lutter see ated 4. aguedy WA weeady BA aug ad wma.® @) wilasdai aiseer Bemaal Ne Rigide| eel 4, AAR wl ARMARH and. 20) Ai HAA gh 7 oa Ges aun and, “RA wad Radar Ga ed : a @ @ ® S) © aM ®) QuRuels A Gufucla sl» IG wind. sea wi vada aif Raxaed ved. ainda avi UU Asda sel wad 4. aR wsdl ad wa aad am ges ala ald, ug Ger au Baad a RA Rad ed. fat ueveilni aigst Rad v2 Reid wind. FAR, HAAR, ARIAARM Roar wd. Gy, aissdt v2 oA aDesad v2 Roar aie wd, UAE 12zsy alae) 2:1 HW Gtredntion) 2 Ae ay, yet Pi aSA avin atuar Dagu Prat oud, a dat Rear iar 42 8. aaevsi a2s sina aaa WUR AAG AY AA wal 4 HAF seed wu adel ay du ad was 4d 8, Ae wiaerld Ds was WA ASI AS sai ay wer dA DE a B. F wawll As clas WA AS aia a Al Aan ated Boia Binary) alae 42 B. era, Rawal wen sede see au 107 wer Qa B. soir Braeti er yer yor WADA ouAR, AE, Groat FARA «AA Fel ols vole eu seo sal asi sell. 22 ace a a aie at, wal A ary 4 am aR Rar AAD. aor AA alas WEL aU ated ARL siden al HAS. cies offs aia SUNUR alee ADRs staan ead afl ase B. aisertt wae WA Ant Getsee does 21a aude B, Sees 2.1 ramen were WA Aen Gererad wa WA sar wed aw win sauls aaa wa 8 cud ae 4A. era, well aA Gade al @ wom auals vieau aa gaa od d, vig well WA AGora ard cal, Page Rad miceBa aad staat oing el (eiatan 22), BM, sla WA alas ML aed A fA cafou wud qumBsa da d a sae euad B : @) A sls wept OF ajerl au ay da a aai aed weed weldi sia ave 8, FH -OF yee den ay aH stat ay Da B. er, Pawda, Sada saci welli ay aia 3. (@) ya ve awd gota aadad aa da 8. eva, well HCL (ai) myAy Yee Ged mAYAY mada sia Du B, eLa, ABW WR, Civ) Dat otiotet aurea vevil welai gia du 8, sae} aad aa maui wer suede du 8. ea, wali NaCl A aaei sias a3 wel da da aaa valu sae 2, vig A ais dQ} well + du dl AA Bava ata 68 8. Rave aaeri urn WA AGoit, daz, siolt Bisdass add a Brivdla avs da 8. 23 gel ei masdeti a10r A sad waits URL YE Ys DAB, Ase sera aiswweal sien Daw aarint aici Aoien gicat war qtayfl alga 42 B- steed alan eolead RAY Ad d. await, dilladl, Dei, Dead, Revie, averin (% W/W) Ta Beas vida Ded mou ART TL Ber, 1.9Hi HB, ole Fears aisat Aol noua idl sei. (4) lA (Formatity) : aria dade) art aeeavil va arg 2432 1 den aude 24g daw , dell Ant mulated ocd yen Aare aiscd sR add Moma wa 8. aera WALLEY Wer WALQrDAL WeMUlAMEMn BaMU Ad asem 42 B. ela, Wer aeded Fa 3} Wau Berd wulBay K,SO,- AL(SO,),-24H,0 Pal act aulFarend yer 948 wer eB wag Aare uae Ya KAI ($0,),+ 12H,0 darl dau wuss yor eed yer 474 a ten! B. apued aU Als Mer wally arava ysis As gi yaen eq awa MMowmdi ote wiawA As slele siam 48. ou DA celal ainar sed 8 8. aA Fam ae celui aud . 1000 x sisi, ower (surrii) SmI ©) = areas quem x aaa oe TR) 474 wun Wain Rama welsi alow sag Ws Rizr aeuadi ae wie IF HA 8, Buse Ad AIBA Ber evil WA aol Rautdani ay wud B. SMA 1:5 Rae gad 948 am daa ten aa add da, a aed salad aed. ha : Wae Nard wus Yate 474 aL aseer! B, 1000 x aia aaet (aureil) Waws Reo dialed qe) = 1000 x stag ave (aural) __ aiid URE BaeM x aay se (AR) = 1000 x 48 _ 4 F ‘474 x 5000 dai Raia said ld 0.4 F ad, 8 aware 12(2) see 2siadl (Volume percentage % V/V) : 100 MR sami aia ade Yel se(R)A see asad (% V/V) 58 8. mL Use AAA aot HEA gaalA Wud WUE 52 , wis Ja aA AA wud aol as : 100 x star 46 100 x ata #6 (BR) Ge Viv = 100 x ad 88 aed oe + cleeg oe alamg oe (IR) SLd., 10 % V/V Saeed welai stam RA 10 AR sAdad wali woul wand se 100 FAR ae OB. aud QA aia WA sias HA uandl mazeurd dea dl Acuell Orie weudl staged vine a Agu calaa 8. amid 2: 2 Mer Adan valu siaeri 200 MA dda aia add du d ad % VIV seal, Gla +2 Rizr SAedag stan Ved 2000 AR star sda. _ 100 x died $6 _ 100% 200 8, %VIV ~ = aie 56 2000 10 % AD, KAA wela aad wise 10 % V/V 4a. smd 3: 15 % V/V Baelad Aderi 5 Ree stam seuda WZ Bear FAR Wala wRWB? Gha : 5 ze sia = 5000 AR aaa 100x 2aletd 46 (PL) a, = 100% Belg 46 (FARR) SA % VIN =a oe (IR) _ 100x Fad 56 - 5000 “IS Wald se = 155000 ~ 759 Bue 100 vw 1S % V/V 5 Mzr staat siaat WZ 750 AR Bela wa sil. (3) awa-seel esiudl (% W/V) (Mass by volume percentage) : 100 MR staat aout sir verter ava(sr ava-seel 2siatdl (% W/V) 68. at usa ABA slat a¥AA sigan wad wue 42 8. ous Ga aA AA wud al ase : 100% stag deve (ati) (% WIV) amg (IR) tld, 5% W/V “isd vely stag zd 100 FR siaemi 5 aur viis sid wel Bd. art fa svlal mA aeflel@a sage aia eulaa wi Asx ava d. ate 29eum 4: 5% WIV Mise 2 Rizr well slam seusran BzeL sur riisedl var Usd ? Gla : 2 Rizr sae = 2000 AR aa 100% Mise} aver (94H), 8a, % W/V = 7 stead #6 (FR) a5 = 100% wise av 2000 wise] art = 522000 _ 109 sui 100 8 5% WIV wise Haag 2 Rize ata test 100 UH isl age UAL. erm@ 5:5 Razz siaerii 200 wim YRaL ai ade da ad au % W/V ae. Ga : 5 Bizz aiae = 5000 AR aia 100 x yfeure anea(sus) _ 100%200 2 = 100_x HP ar (as) _ - WIN = cad 46 (HR) 300 «+ * 2 Yue gael alga 4 9% W/V ad. (4) udu va Reus (Parts per million) 1 Beds ana ataeri dal awn yA x HEL soueodd D4 cud del wigan wa ue MR (opm) a cafe O. 4 2 eau wense| ene, eRe wwe aia war O, aig WHR, well HeNee) SOUR GTR au Daud ala 3, wide we MRI a ydl yal ae DA ay sl eae 8, avenll uda we Ae, aveseal da ue Reet 2A sed da we PiRo, ase-tee wha ue Mut (Parts per million by mass to volume) : Ds Rizr aiaeii adarer sort ARaeari aval axt-seel wide wz Maat 48 8. gieard read (Ra) aiaaid ul (R22) on aed avenge wide ue Ret Agr MiRsur Bee? al asta. A weer (2.1)Mi tard wed sui WA alae se RH vy sai aer-serd ude we Ret = . _ wel se (5u8) core se ae Pies = Sy 10" __ sated a (uA 54) acer se (FAR) @2) Qed aveisedl wa we Bid Ver Uda wa el wa 30 aware 12ermal 6 + 2 zr stawri 2 x 106 Baur wer sir add duc savin aye-seel wide we RRet ol. Ge : sided se = 2 M2 = 2x 10 Ha (eon) aeped ava = 2 x 10 Baw = 2 x 107 we . sag HD TD (BU) 6 RL Five av seal «ES my * 10 2x10 = 10° = 1 2x10 cs alee aereiseall WUE He ARAL 1 MAAR! wal, wird get DewA, Daria, awe enardeti ye oeeudi ve, sre 3 dai sed aude nL. se dun Gua aur UB wr Naka, Dal, sell esard, ave-sedl end, sled, arse ude 4a HRAni Yed aneud aeeuad Hea B. AVA 2 Aa sed Uae aM B, % anes AUR UAB, lee pea enon aula, aspud 4 coud dase ruin saudi Doar any matt Nem arMUA a ay aiaidt £28, aayRA diol HA Maul aloe BIL Pal Sita Maud aARAAT aIy, aiaAaL NE AR seal wR fA yw B : (1) auger sist 289 sas) Reena + HL, 0, MAN, Bal aya sar seu welai adel B vig ad cies Suda weddieri aud 8. afl HS %A NH, Fa UyMe sisted gio wellai aud 8, wud Suda suedderi aaa aA O. ad saad aur aye sia WA slastL ecu wad. (2) aveautl mare: yn siaiedl wail aasri seid aud aeat a2 8. aWUt abiedL sami DAA ayy ox aru ZA sawed AQ ma B mA Adl arwuer aaa ayHe sored siti 82 8. wi wARA e-Mail Reid aU ve wHmd ast ay sik + aud es = ata + ayn toe nat aarti ot dated WAL Goudes BM O. 2 aigeerii Wel eu wa M2 aueiet aura, a-e2Rer Rigid uA aigart wROUelf Radi wa @. Ad anpee siete eter ead wr 2. (3) cowl aaa: eu aura aA orl na cies aioe a® B. aiaeed aud Guz aden anne stotd, cower atazdl alae allovadt aitrll aga aA B. aur, aUYHA gloiell ete awa eH D. AUR 2.1@)Ki clon WUD weUedE GAEL OU AMAA stad B UR HAD cut Nad clea IQA atat MDomaLl oA aie B. T, MUA BA P, EAU aLQHA ated AA alaal aA Riga Huda Daud ayo aiapdd nad sasal ema wall WA ates ay cia axeedell sie ate, 31Wa LILLIE o ® magi 22 ayy atautt Gus coud ote ia ae aye alsa a ste Gx, auya couse weaned de D maaaiel Gaurd do awd B. 6A aug 2.1(b)Ai culon wud neue v2 T, AWWUA Aq cous PAL uaa P, seal npr dA wae wd Gwe War seni aad an 9 wa Aor seni er ayy aioie gpl ain al B. AML nand) ataeed. add aa wnaal ape geld ava abr sage cma aa maple avn a 8, am, aye sia aod aud a OA BaD rigar wun B. Ae sta Guz War ay ato couRl chal AYN aloe alan aud uM d. QA Rar Geary's Law) : UyXa word maidl giasal ator WA cous aad wets visita etna QA 2 sil. 1g03Hi AMA we Hf 2 Fad apn, agra stair andl aasri shouted, UU GYRE sicieth eOUAL UE WEL B, Fur euad Aol Far evla 83, sam aur agua stat ward) siasai aicial A aye sisi coun aru da 8.” amaidla aed vel eda A ae sag 3, wand ete yr ataiel etaia, aly 2s cote, WRAL BA atotd AB ataerrinn aA seu Dewin, sie cd ‘cian Gua We aga alaid Rouslla court, ataerd Wal A AYA alate Reaiar woudl dw 8.7 am Sent etasHl X Meade aya ator aU 4 HA Ad aR coum p Dad Belen FEEL yrs aA sults MA anal p «x. 1000, op = KyX wii, Ky dsl aaais 8. SAA seared AYA aa Darin (X) HA 0 0.010 0.020 Aru wifes cous (p) wd aud daari aud, d Hera Deaie aude aug 2.201 enfen woud aM Qo wine a sy Q 22 abd Bsdreu sami BMA Aa and Ye Ky Yeu Ged DUB. Ky Hicedl aisteu (Heitil) Sun ou B. yer Yer ANA sa AB dA aU ol seams Kya YOD yer yer DAD, F Ky aye eaouad Uo eal B, Ady A As ayn aie AB cit Head Koti yeIAi Fee wa BF ares 22Ni evlda dB. 32 aware 12Does 2.2 Bees ayaa well sist adi Ac SAL Rasiu aaaisel yed Sees 2.21 elon wud Kyi ye veel A calder wReur aed asia: (1) 2 Kyrd et aA AA AYN ELL waial BB. 2) await ated Ky Yer a 8 AF aya wee asia @ 2. ate Praell salen : (1) Gar uur ai flan coud & aryrdell ade sued da aai anya sada a For ay wd ane 3, 2) wud war stasnl Ra wn 8 aud Aq dvr F Redwt a ag da aai sia au Gert aay wl ase 3. (3) PUR ayRy ait waudl aiasni ster am AUR A aids WA WBA 42 adder oetad QA dal aiynn wick HB ou Fan any wd ase 8. Sal Rall GebhBeied + ddlu Peed Gude wes aA ar Beds o-rwalhs ward wa wz we 8. (2) si Wei, adadiza, ofa, AGA aL CO, aUypdl glare aeuRAL A AYA Glau eoUa sllaari oA cid sami wa 3. (2) Geant ema ue Gee agg wiles coum ay all a BAB wa xBu 4d AITABDABA od B. Alla AG ayy wis cous dg Dal, ad! ARUBA Dawid wave ay ysa #2 8, F Ana selai Guided 4a d. (3) area cRumi gol ad] avid Glau coud cider 2% O, MA 98 % He atystt Pravetett Tansee Gulla, 42 B. wari 11.7 % He, 56.2 % N, WA 32.1 % O, aad Timer Yaad MMesed Gwdr ue a d. sra@ 7 : 298 K aur CO, aiyd wis court 2x 10 oe D4, A afl weld aaa aDesinni aed. CO, ay AZ Kyd Yer 6.02 x 104 we B, Ga + Blu FAM A, PCO, = Ku*Xeo, Poo, 2x10" ae Xoo * Sone ae = 3.322 x 10° + CO, ay welti stew 3.322 x 10% Dewia wa. ate, 3ema 8: 273 K aw He aya aigtt siaerti du aleria 24 x 107 da, a sider MR He any, wifis cous owl. Axl wamisy Yer 6.71 x 10 our B. Gh : Alan FMM YW, Pe = Kut Xe = 6.71 x 10% x 2.4 x 107 = 1.61 x 10% our vs MAB UR He ayy MURs eoust 1.61 x 10 our «a. smal 9 : 298 K awUr CO, ay Weil wale seal 900 MR wei Bea HR ae CO, aly HI WA 7 Kye) Yet 6.02 x 10 OUR KA _CO, aye MIRE cous 2 x 10% OUR d. js Peo. 2_x 10% Ga = CO, ary Nevin - C2 - 2 *" _ 2 a Ky 602 x 107 = 3.322 x 10% 4a, well atc 1 i RB Aare 900 AR wisely ay 900 sux ad ase. HOw da = % = 2s 59 de M18 wal 3 co, sa n du, d ga la = m+ 50) = 50 ad ann ag, _ CO;nt De nt = COgrit set Co,ru aria, 7 3322 x10 = 50 cn = 3.322 x 105 x 50 = 1.661 x 109 ae = 1.661 x 109 x 10% FiRele = 1.661 RR Na + 900 FR welti 1.661 AR De CO, ay sii ua. 2.5 wt mall a messi aistd (olabity of Solid Solute in Sotid Solvent) at gid WAR Get laa ad AGA et eta OA B AR sigpdedl sisaell suai ciaelai @ a ae @ : (1) Rawle at staat (2) stiauele a aiaet (2) ReauRa wt aia : eagle 2.341 enfou wud wud slot A Ae alte WMLGBDL BE @oIOHL BAL DN AUR tase weugpld Dear, acu Wugel wa aut MURA sDsaellal Raut at BAA ster WAIPA aAi sTeatal Ut alae due eu 9, AL pata eta Rad aot staat 4B. eLe., Cea, sls, wla, Dadlea a2.(2) aaa ant mage : sag 2.441 exlou wud wud ed Hoe HA Wet stetdetL RUDE HEL ADA aptaad Da aud audT Dat RUE asaelal Geotadd micuda Beri au weugeed slleael ain B. AL WSR Mae aided at sae 42. ELd., deren soils (WC). at ward watdl saga saa : au aU AA coud, aden nail ari at sovd xen ved doidd da cud asl A wigar afl loud 48 8. 42 aL RRA siaeri ay ior ued aDouel asia AB. au sive a UR gre side 68 8. dg atari Dau aid at aia aA gael oA aigar mudd dad etait + aud das = aid eta es at vend ota wy wail asad sted we A wad ste, cL, “Ag 3 yd Ga aula at sto wie Gan yaM stent ca aL B. wig a ARH J sl Budass Sa aye neue wisn ai ad tell, st 3 wud DA sued ad i Ada Ral siasHi aia aH B, Ad w AA AR Bar aids wt ol F ay aia 9 a aydl vail ata AGreHl wat aw B, Nel well Far ye andl meat aisioL VB, sR 2 aU DA aH at aia, aya wad aiasni ater am O AA YAY val alas aint 2B, aur, tata sar aid WA ated eau We WA B, aU Gueid siataied autuR alle A marci uRewd— aout A cou we WEL WA B, ature aie AUR aed atk andl etal cid WA maa oA O aud AMI AD ro igen eu B wat (Ret) + tas (nal) = side (ardl) A su digarori Wel Na Guus da d ead Rigid wud aur addi WOU yao ad A ad aio ad B aw A au aiqatni Wel WRU Goudus da, A awurr ada e-ePRen Ria WU WOU WAMU Ha WA AM aoe «2d. eougedl ae sant star ued nad aiaeri aio aS nail giam oid B, aud adlui wRu aud ademar vewd aa 3 wand sama daw a aided yetol aud 8, aed dau we couetell mae yo Dl wal Rad 8. 26 sen Soucy atom Calne oper) AR yo asi reid our 2 Fa aA slam oud B cud gas Beas qabrilni Bree tua 8, 3 yo ates sai Qin oie stared suEouRL ad ALB (2B), WHR Gesanig ad B wr aabig a2 8. ararmeouerti ua Beer aa 8. au qeellai adi Feed eur stot agrawal aise we B, Hag dat zacua UR ae. Ae au qeOiTA staal airuaee getell 43.3. ere, Imager Hatadi ogaas aa, NaCl HA BaCl at vdlA sleet aS cues Yoo moar seal, gee Nog 3 es cigar Dae alge wus B, wig Ai adore slat aivaused war wl, qian geet wit aMuse 1m, NaCl sae dese 2m wl BaCl-u stasmi avusel 3m dae aru amucis qe age 1:2: 3 weed da B. aur, mu slag arancis yer sae win we a Wig wlaedd aie sie amuse visa we aur wo. steed 352.7 atYHY aio, Maud siasHi ADOMA stam oa B, aed sora sul ws 4A at sad WA nated alas dae Naud sod WA Raul tas Boil Maud. cide F Bail ae B, ax. umresuated aeurat sede. at sind oumeoust duit Ad ad wag naudl sa WA waidl sAsA eumrsoua dy B. ahve ANAM andl as / saved waddle cua 2A cuvsaiel rand Bead Ao aur otal agar eur BA Ae dese aur seat aeuidl Gur aiid oumad sour seu OB, BA may suiesuer #8 8. cumeous ue sar sei UR A yw d= (1) waudlh eaeua : wad aged aad G4 alka aasfooin alg ax occur ay dud, sea k Rela aula sed valu seed ay A ay ume rami Bau O Ae sume ad, (2) await FH maudled wut ay Ax CueouR ay Da B. see 3 aut aka ARPA ails Qed ake vaidlt a4 A ay mga ad aud BL oma aiaren wd 42 B. del oureouer a 8. 2.8 Yet tr eur aud] siagai aA B mel nail slag 4A Aet sumeouRid BeUR AML ae WHOL gL WI as B, MYR 2.sui cafan wud A wut wr AMA Bul sige ye alas 14 AML ole wan GAA anda gaa A. agueai GA wari Mar dal (sits WA saetle wudl Bat Ur, Da aa uA waded s2ai, satel audl, aaa awd sai aA ada gn WB. SRA ur Adi qe sted wudl wow sari wyed Dad a ay wus aml ara B, wad wr Bai tame aud) ur ale srl aias Bo Sie apd, aude B, AML WA Bui gas 21g aia Bel awd ria a2 B, uReud adl BM we oumedL QED aoa, aug 25 2B BA Ad ur Bai oumsous. 2d. TAM, Ye clesAieh Sten aie owMEOUR dAal ye mas sai alg AaB. cian oumueousrdd ad Bz meu 1887Ki UGE vy Hil, FA aGerd Perr 42 B. User Ra yr A cual ctasai noua sica usd wou vis vA sued stag oruausl aud dL otal slag cummcoustal ad) anda aad aui eile stern Davin ted da 8.’ See Aurel eld (Proof of Racult’s Law) : Beiol aaa 12 ubeu RANA aur zag ay sea (AS usr cia we Au meals cumalla aed steamed wiles ouvacoua, a azsat vheriar wusumed 2a OB? 68 Reick stag 3 Gi moumule cia aed d, Ad sua siaeri oumieoust Gat alas Y Ma. A siawr ease WEHUAA p, MA Adi NeVieA X, ad cellad, Gert RAMA oukias 2 emai, 36 awa 12re P= Xs Pr (2.3) oui, PP aaa wamis 8, Bf Yer Ye aiaet sureoua Beg B.) aug 26Hi culou HUA ouHEOUR HA siade Aeriet 4 ass, wld muda AM 28, F uber Fe wy AB, wur samcout Ny) 90 awia X,q yet 1 am B aud p,= PP am B, audui at we way 8. wd aller (2.3) vee, P z _— z woe 4) i wig X-Power 1+ By f aha 8. Xf Baa alse (24yai ysci, & Pr _Th__ oid ony raid sue ara PR mt 0 1- a a1-—3 darn Davie m arte Sup 26 agen Gued amierut 0 AA suai eat eat, dle, 5) > Ae (2.6) DH, oe Sumele «ids reUMTla aL aoa ec ladle SumEOURAL Ud are WAI’ ° PIPL ani staan sav devia x, G2@ am d, ale ae 42 a, << a, del when 5p a, + ay = 2, YEW, ° =a aye an ay Wig n= 2 oA ny = = Gua allem (2. DNi 4sdi, M, M, po =P _ wx My =. 8) pho Ma xm o8 sei, wy = alae aei(em) My = ataed suReien w= sterjam MM, = ata, aun aie slag aw UMLeRe, 2.8) ad cian euler oie sl ase d. steed 7auGeeu Ausf wuld (Limitations of Raoult’s Law) : (2) 2a Ga aiele aad © ay wd ase 8. (2) 1 Poot sued steed w ay wl ase 8. (3) A saw vie saa, Ad Gone yaoi Beare ad cu DY, ai wAADA ay Ud wd. (4) ae HA alae GA wand de el GAA Bat seal alae ge 46, Naud ated AA atest we aaa Faq aH Bai MARIA ¥ iy UA asd. (5) >a Gan Raga Rou vd siatd aay wa wd giasri ade aud sary Yd 2 Rider ug tM dat ata iy wd wan d. °c Sarcg = SAE A SD etm ere eR ick AA stad Si oun Rated Fa USA cide sud, aud sirmrmi Ren aU sided oumteousl, Haid sal A alas HAL SAL a DAO, ou nse aiawD a2 Geert. FAL YH HAL oumceouel, siaeeti Wer At Deaiud aovuerti ad. tual 3 Raiol ademi ci Aci Weria X, 21a dd ails ousiesuer p, dat sas Be Dewia Xp HA Add wis cumreouel py Dw, a UG] RUM YH Pye X, HA pyw Xy Md. WAR ataeerin aU UGS yar af FA yo staid oumeoue p2 AA Ye ali susucouet pda a, Pa= PR Xp (29) AA py= pS Xy (210) wa. wa cir ga ifs omcourt, seein ails coun Fa wud 4a a, 44 COUR P= Pat Py 2A, DAHA py Baa wlls2et @.9) mA G10) Hid ysled A, 44 cout p= ph Xy+ pp Xp = ph -%p) + Ph Xp | (e Xq = 1-%p) = ph PaXat PaXp = ph + (pa PalXe Qu ad w aa, 44 COUR P= PA + Pp = ph XA Ph Xe = PAX, + ppU-X) @ Xp = 1-X) = PAX, + Pa —PBXA = pb + (PA — PB IXa @12) aPs2@t (2.11) AA (2.12) WR AA alee ued ws = 38 awe 12@ 2) (3) Ye 82s A WRAL Beil ourussuarr Bid stag Wee ge oUMesuRAl Hel B2sted WIR ad Ws AMA Ba Mesian dew wo. A pg MA py WA Darin XK, HA Xd auda Arar ea, A aug 274i eal wud aller rd BHR AR p> pl De, Ad Hed 2 aes Br a2s Ad awamrelal ay sume Dad saa Guay 44 Yh uscoUEL p2 AA ga MEW OUMEOURL po wed wad. wd X= 1 da ed siaer Gued ga oumresust ph MA BUR Xy= 1 Dey cud aia Gurd ge ourreousr pf aa, & ads 2.11) ¥A 2.12) a We and, AAR Uae ye oUMUEOUEL A AT URL Ay wee Dewia X, MAL Ky wa asi aad. ma Ved ga ouMUEoU AZs A Wad Bal Desiar youu dad. 4a mee (42) suai aigat Ra was A WA 2s Ba dealin aged amuani ¥, 1 Y, da, A aga sug 2.7 ga amactum — erin wd Qs azn BHR couR py WA py DAL yt aie Aad RA: Pa= Ya" Phe coun Pa = Yu*Pre cua auGeerd) Prue (ayn area 42 wand stag sud) : ag sia wu mand siesrid awa Ae Ua O a Aq sume Ged Fa yr 1 wud eal any: Pa= PaoXa 213) Wag aUy ated wud Naud) aiasri ator ad @ Ud Al sietaAr doll PEL yam AA woud sald ase : sled p = Ky Xq 14 auGertt Feria whRA 2.13) WA Asa Peer aller 2.14 aemuaal veud 3 AMI wai Bai 2 p2 wA Ky) yet 8, vig sumulla azs saat ayer ails cour dar Daviar awed Ae O. sue sfl asia 3 sued! cia U2 aia raids HA staetd ouucout args Axl) AA Uert FMA ane OB. used stam : F cia AS wet ais 1A award aGerd Mand ued 2 8 aan sar eucd mae 42 OB. aued maw on A qatwil Ba 2, (1) maa aA cies Bia ad alae 4A, aud au Ban MBA Sueded wd sere (AH) ya dud. (2) A stor WA alas mand 2432 Ma adi da d alas dl awd seri add Beez (AV) Ha 4 8. staal sued adgs wuvan W2 gasen eA AAA B, wR ye aes 2aZd DY aud aa A-A HA BAB used muds vice was Ba vd. wad Raich aaei a Gaia AB wsdl wus wine wees Bur vet vive gd. A alae A-A, BAB au aieulay suse WA AB att ial sustaor eoroist att dH al cEA maa med OA 8. cia, DASA WA SAAAd, API vA dleyda, sda WA ada, SAAAFHA WA SDAP Gravel weed saw or dB, Brened sige : 2 stan AS we alga 2A aur aGern Rang wer seg atl Ju MM Bwana mat 68 O, a glow eal saw 68 O. aa aaerd oumeous wen Rar WU WUT Yer sear aH} adeg da B. dai A-A WA BB aa aiawula euerlen aA AB aia aurea wut dea tll suai steed a2 AH WA Avi Yel yor dai el. fla, Bala A AMdty Rae, sae WA AMA Bae, HC! #A wally Pre, HNO, >A uusld Rim Beaued aaa oud &. sre 10:4 % W/W yRuumi wel aided 298 K UNA ouieour: aie. 298 K Aur swell] ouresue 0.025 a2 8. Ba: uGen Far ava, PEP, _ Bp my My | 824% W/W YRaid aioe 2d 4 aH YR A 96 aH well AA pP = 0.025 Ur B. m= St = 8 2533 sha well M, 18 naga =0.0667 a yRa 4 oO pfs a, AA mpl Baa ude Geert aot sel, 0.025 - py _ 00667 00s 5.33 0.025 ~ p, = 208870025. acoo313 + py = 0.025 ~ 0.000313 = 0.02469 ou, 4% WW Pau vela aiaeid susreous 0.02469 12 4a. Gr 1: sQDAR rr WA DMAP eu oumresuer wqs 0.350 our BA 0.500 Ur B. 11.25 WA SDAP WA 31.4 BL DPDAG Pra 421 ovict staat, oumesua Bed ad ? Ba + ADR WA MDA. aulMen wigs 112.5 A 157 WA De B, w _ as 2 MAR Ma = % = 25 91 sda M = 112.5 san Ne =~ = 24 202 ade M~si1S7 2 ga ea = 0.1 + 02) Ma = 03 a 0 eawaiet 12aadl, p? = 0.350 oe MA p2 = 0.500 HU 8 aber Ger yrs, P ge SUMteoUR =p? + (p> PL) Xz 0.350 + (0.500 ~ 0.350) x 2 = 0.350 + 0.100 = 0.450 oa c mleeed, SUDUEOUR 0.450 OUR wa, 20 Gein 6-04 (Heraton Boing Po) F anourd AS wm xaudl (was AUAL saaI)G oumEeUEL As our (1 aLAMAR) aU A AWUAA A wal (sas wal cia2l) GcsariBig 48d. AG we aU Yo sas Sa QL UAL waREd oUMEOUR ad DHS aA aus ade oumeoua a 8. Yo weld 373 K (373.15 K) awur oumesuar As our adi a GsA B. 4d ani seule stor (wis) GAD tart suai, sae] suMMeousl a2 O. AM stad sumeoua Ds our Beg sat MB GAMA OBA 424 WB WA 373K G73.15 K) Rai Gu awur owreous As OUR Adi AR G4A B. WA YE gids Sal Anti alaade] GderiBig aH Da B. aan GcseriBigai wet UL AURA Gueitig Gd (AT,) 2B. laa Griat wanig 2 “As Barr wasnt As swt aubren Fee avid woumuale cia would aa oll A agit GcsnPigai aat aU Dad Grud aunis K,) $8.8.” sla, As Bedoir welai 342 sur vais audi 60 at yan sid 180 0 gs Red 2 veld 1 sum aulFyen aaa GesenPigai ud aud (AT, Dead de B. awe Gcseifbigni ud aud dal aAoMeL (gr wen) gan eons MR WAR ot UMal gate arause UR BU WA. dell a alder aes gael 8, Greet Grtat WA Daa Gout Bamls : ye ates WA Ant oien glee WE yer Ye UA Madi axL aUMeoURLAL aioited aude aigle 2.841 calan B, M2 Ye aids] Gosrnltig, Te aA saved GsenBig T, DY A Geerigni ad aud, AT, = Ty-TOA CcseriBBig Greet 4B, susueou, —> Gcsectlig, as am ta awR nadsa eal B 3 Gcsarifbig Grint (AT,) He mA auedl saeHi zen (adore) ster Hae vist (mA wri xa B. ad ar cuRUAs Aa audi, AT, = m AT, = Ky x m @is) wig Meu m= 0X2 ag aterm QIS)HL 4Eai, Mx, 2.16) wi, Ky = Hae Greet wns w, = alate art w= laid amet M, = staid, suRriem (AT) = Gebantig Gott As ahaa stare GesetBig Grud Ae siasd Hea Grad Mais K, 489. Ad Ds Ea Baar Ne (kK kg mot!) 8. ered 12: 2 Bedour welai 6 sm yRa ademal roe aiaeid GcsentBig aie. «aed ed Grit mamis 3.2% Bedlsur De a. Goa: an, = Ko %1000%W) My XW Ky= 32 Basu} ade wy = 6 3 w,=2 Gesu = 2000 sum M, = 60 ate Ae! = 3.2 1000 x6 ‘60 x 2000 MRM ata GcsettBBig = staid GcseeilBig + AT, = 373 K +016 K = 373.16 K 2 YPMLAL eat GcsaBig = 373.16 K va. ema@ 13: 5 Ge@lour welhi dear wu gd» aounael GesarBig 373 Kel aA 373.5 Kad ? dasd ea Get amis 22% Bd ded. Bea : GsanBigni Grae AT, = 373.5 K - 373 K = 0.5 K = 0.16 3a _ Ky x 1000x 2 At, * M, XW, a2 eawariet 12‘AT, = 05K K, = 223, Baw Det w=? M, = 180 9u% set ww, = 5 Best = 5000 st w, = TL xM2 xm 2° "1000 Ky, _ 0.5 % 180 x 5000 * 3.2% 1000 SBA su well 204.5 wr r@Alo Asura Geserig 373 Kel aMA 373.5 K aad. = 204.5 3 21 enigel e erenn a re Poa) F AWA vere (was eat dial) et AAA Wadd saa aged DA A anousa a ned (ats HH ciaee{) seBig 22 3, Ye cain aig sai Att oda idle saBig ld ON B. aU cide sea aiaeI aabigni wai dat aA safig axanet (AT) 42 3. seBIGA A NeEu (quae mA start) 1 HA Mand saan ouMEOUEL wud DUB. Ye aids Sal Ae HLL state siAig fly DAB, sit 3 Bers PAX Ya Yo alas Gadi AMi aaapuclla ain GAD sudan gawd aumeoua adg du d. ae eau aur vad sae WA ye int altdetl OUMLSOURL Atl HAD. aa ofl AMAIA A staat AaPig B. AUN Ye alas seal cLaRy arbig ly du d. ae natu suas (Kp : ‘1 Below sass 1 oun aultuen Seen aed souradlle, aie abou od staeen seBigui at eas aa wet ais (K,) 28 8.’ we, 1 Bow welt 60 UH YR anu 180 @A> MUL 342 aM UUs AZA 2 1 wir aufParen Bae aia ved adamnaudl sia sialon saBigni adh wad (AT) Rsawud da B, see 3 saigui aat aatsd autur ani aoudlat aot eaeud Ue at Wel aioe aivmuser Gur wilur wl 8. adl a sagt amucis yet 8. enBig awa WA daa wadad wamis Depression in freezing point and molal depression constant) : Y« clas AA adi ortdel alae w2 yer yer aU Meal Act aUMEoUEIH oie dA aug 294i eulou B. td 2 ye ctasd aeBig TP WA clad aig Ty da A steigni Hat Walsh AT, = TP - Ty A arlig maven 4d B. WUD vader cela O } sig aenun (AT,) rie mA wed sami War (Dadar) cial Nee visa (mr woeueti xa 8. al aA URE DA emai AT, «© m at — + AT;=Kypx m 172) aug 29 cuusoug aA us eae, ath wig Meu m= en Gaia where Q.17Mi Sei, I XW stead “aKy x 1000 x w, 7, = Xr. My XW, AT, XW, XMy. Ke=—yooxe, (2.18) 1000 x w 2.18) wai Ky = ae wanun amis aide are Ww = aie ae M, = staid suuen AT, = siaig Manet Ae Ae sla sig Mat4ir aL gladD Dea sawed sls Ky 42 B. ad aaH 3a Badawi Ne (Kkg mot) a, Ge 14: 500 wet welt 1.8 srt oqals gia Sadi Had alaeld stig AMD. ars 2 Ky Yet 183 Basu Der! B, K, x 1000 w, : AT; = Sha: aT, M, XW; K, = 18 3. Basu det w, = 18 am M, = 180 9 sent wy, = 500 3 1.8 x 1000 x 1.8 =TRoxs00 = 0036 32 ya tas (uel)d salig 273 K 8. aaa sig = siete] sig - AT, 273 — 0.036 & = 272.964 3 sisaty, 62Mig 272.964 K ua. sia 15 + 2000 sur wellai Bear sud yan mie srauell At seBigul 0.23 eat wa. was 42 K,= 2.0 Balam 34 de 8, Ky x 1000xw, @a: an, = Sc *1000x~, My XW; AT, XM, XW; 1000 x Ky Ky = 2 Ged } det w, =? M, = 60 am ert w, = 2000 suit _ 0.2. 60 x 2000 1000 x2 2000 a welll 12 su YRUL Wa. wy = 12 “4 aware 12EE See ees en ee ey ga Al dice Haraai sae GA BUA YR ales AL wiaet A ahurse UsAl UA! WA AUR age ADL wise Hate stamed ay, Wide HRIded sae AV BUA YO ales ae oe staid aaviog meus 2g aN B, BLL Wer MAA (Osmosis) $8. vfs a5 Osmosis ad Wag, (Push Di eae B, avburoya wad sé stages MDA WAL et 2B. wet stay 21g9DA vane na 2d well, auglA 2.100 eufon wud avfurera werd As oy aia Cosod slag. MA ofleo oY Ye weN RHA ie CuSO,y cide oa. Ag BY WAL waded sai MEM F welled EPA zeiog DA ais CuSO,ntt sive de a8 B WA Ad ahurepa weer A ouy Adar wade wud Gaudi 32612 we @. ofA aa sigan aU aud wel aud ei, Nas M2 aussi wd mau 8. aay 210 ween wire baais Gersrer gerai 3 Vel eoatri a va 8. ca, BA aA wold Ural a G2 B, year gar wll mal a asi HB, UU ada welhi wal dda O. sea 3 au eds aaumi verde awl duro user ad situdel O wA Ad aPaRe vat gH Wd. awh Avdag, weld AV daa, welder ypu Aa ae gerd wiuroy user B@ wwe wldee Qua, Adsa, azz Ia, Aur amass Cu,[Fe(CN),] 222 2G whuaeea user 8. auar sGer whures ysewd U1 dur Fawruds owt alurera usd 8. eaftaem (aifaues) coum : aug 211 enfou wud afureoe, userel As ny ctael HA ole Uy Ya sas RAL D au sired wud Gud awd ©. wee wa stadt aay pais (@uMRAAL) YS ase sae. ave 0g ws B, Fd Ye clas mA steed Bud Gausai Fae ae 8. 6A lag we atid F yaar cous aousad Axi ema ad gids eaie, nae mizwid see B Aa cou ataatg alam cus 8. ‘uel aueat is CaSO aaa, Pau + ® Petm wldianet couatn Gere : aug 2.11 aifiaeer coum wey (1) areata ya aa wtetidl wield adver afta cour euoud 8. 2) amMai Ae cudai well{ wdlag a afeae emer ancud B. (3) sare cour sea weldn adeu AR aude wel wd 8. 4) gad Mag mA seg A ue aare cour aa GriBd a uso. (5) safaam cus sR cH wei ysaiel a ed mH d. (6) od as Ase WA au ole agua aAPAVWA suoUud B.2.13 aire dig 1 362 (Van't Hoff and Pfeiffer) enfaj 2 ctazmii Wad sor aye ee ad B. vie stag wr cowa, A dia Ay ALOU aga GH mA dae Seg ¥ 4e MRA AA x A VARA ant coum Geq4 ¥ ad, sue aYr aiy wea ole, Sleds MA AAAD Gee Ba ve Gerd de J’ He aaa az are (4) cllSa-di-e dled Fut Goyle’s-van't Hoff law) : “Pad ar sided ARR sOURL (x) cael Der visu wou xa 8.” sults DA avei, . 2 ea mec wig Cay edi, a sad 2.19) ni, n= stein, Decl ivan V = sand #6 (Rez) a . y= ‘haz alsa = C 4a, n= 1 De wills (219i ysl, xed (2.20) v 22 BEKY wi, K wopueet sais 3. amVek 21) were (2.21) ay WA, Ades AUX pV = Kal 2434 Fd 8. (2) eyds-cl-e ele Fan (Gay Lussac-van’t Hoff law) : “At aad wien waa dae A aad wha coun Fede annidd aovuei ad 3.” suis Da axai, neT (2.22) n= KT wi, K wovure wavis 8. “x 223) Hla welleret 2.23, ay wien deydentt Gree on wan 24 8. (3) *AAQ-dire dig Ran (Avogadro-van't Hoff Law) : Ww aw % ARY magi APRA cua Ase Da, Asi ABA siaaden wu sexi ster BPD den we Wal du 8. suas Ba audi, men 6A aellszel (2.20) wud 224) 46 aware 12Fak (dide-dee ded Gon) AA abs 2.22) Ua, ne T Agdsadee ded Fax) aT net v aRT | . . a oat 2 = TE wai R worumal His B, Fy yOL auy seams Beg B. ooRV = oT (2.25) me = eRe eOURL V = aisetg 46 n= alert Dal ds R= ay sanis T= Fale aed weset (2.25) ary AKL wel ay Ble PV = ORTH 2434 Bq 4A ale @25ni = Fadi (2.26) simeg, areet (Su) M = aia sul & staan Rare cous Ferd cM wart dy, dai aiaedA weil (arco) aavh 228. wear aaa atures use qt mae sai AH aA aera ad vel, weaPeud aaedeu acount wid Da d. sue au vse sasdA amtetol aed 48 8. werd asd Aisal wit DAB. ea, 0.91 % W/V, NaCly sae Aqui gMrai ada eseselain wand wa areiPaud &. ad x Ma 0.1 M H,SO,4 sae 0.3 M sqAart gaa wa wed B.A A ysi get stasten Aare count yer yet DY, W2d } alan yA ye DUA F cad wPraa coun alg 8 A aM ay alae cous Rudd side] atderii ciiAAs (Mypotonic) sam £8 B WA F cam were coun ae B aA wr APRA co Husa aad wari aUdyed!s (Hypertonic) aia 48 8, Red 3 34 wart cour yg da ar add yda wr 34 Para sou aM DA Aut AD wsuR ys UAB. ela, 0.91% W/V wigel Rel DM wigan HrIAG Ye NaCk{ sia Mqueu yPeai aude weuedain sald alan SDAP aaa O. vig. 0.91% WIV wise sai AHR Hind Wad Yo NaCk{ alae Aqui gMewi audar ecsedain rade wei adwabs caw d. ‘tid 16 = 300 K wir 5 Rize aiaemi 18 904 aqélas eounami add da, di a aiaed aaa eouR ad, he : are cou x= SRT MV M= 180 wt ert ves Ber T = 300K R = 8314 x 107 4 & Ft et sera, a8 x 8.314 x 107? x 300 180x5 14 x 10 x 300 900 c+ Sq Aart stand MARA cous 0.4988 O12 8. = 0.4988 Sue sme 17 : 300 K awa 2 Rizr aa 6 904 4Rar Deunaai wed 8. 300 K aur Nahi 5 Ree sawri Fear aie NaCl leaaell a yRurti aaa wa anahaud sae ad 7 Ga sau A Rei ye oA alae 2 suid Devel aera atae 42 aly nil au 2, 4Rern de NaCru da yRard aaa se NaCi saad se ypu de = 0.1 _ NaChu ae (set a6) ( 2 *=£ ore) Ss M 6&0 Naha De (40 ae) = Suns = 025 ha SA NaCl (Na* + COMI Act sereiven 2 devel arava aaa wz wuz NaCl aeeii sade 0.25 De wad 8. Al 0.25 se sewiva Anau v2 NaCkl Nesiwu savivu sai mst gd onal, NaCHi shexivn = ase = 0.125 Ra 2 NaCl wai well = Ded den x wlan = 0.125 x 58.5 = 731 9 7.31 we NaCl wound a yRaeu sive wa wraed aie vd. 2.5 san ull al wae (as of Deering Boar Man) AS wa veh wurea ail sal ARY wehed 08 yo O @) Uber Faved Gude @) Daa Greet ait wel @) Nee sari ANA Vela @) ware coe UL NEI eA au ueadd Rada sow sag. @) wSeeu Parl Guede, : yo oumaela atasri, aeuridle air alone oat aa 2 mous Aad. weet (2.80 Gwe. #12 nowiela sed eulrem (M,) sl 42 ase B. welere 2.8) wuR, 8 ‘wuwalet 12° = My PSR Maa PL M; XW, pe a XM 5 Pa- PL wy wet @iat aula ANU M, URE Ap? UNUEDUR HeIRAL w, HUE alAsHl Ww, SIO samuel cia adomanl stat alas oUCOU pil SAL UAB WA Radsiat 2 wre adi YeDA wrflerer (2.8ri ysauell cited sulBaxen OM) a ena B. eel 18 : 298 K anaur 20 wm seule wed YEtA 360 art welHi sDoumad weld oumiesus, 0.0242 cure aA 0.0238 our a4, d med veld aulrHen sel. Ba : Uden Par yx, pe-p | w,xM, POM, xm sui, PL = 0.0242 our Py = 0.0238 our w, = 360 30 M, = 18 sua hem? w= 20 wt M,=? 0.0242 - 0.0238 __20%18 0.0242 M, x 360 0.00041 0.0242 My 0.0242 2° 0.0004 = 60.5 wt Det tiated Wedd aulken 60.5 WH at wa. @) Dae Grad wd UGA : Ye oUella aasri, HouMLele cia ada otal ala ML wus Ander alee IG Geda HA wumulla giaj eulFuen (M,) «A #1 asm B. were (2.16) wud, AT, x, XM, — AR xm XM, Ks 1000 x Ww Ky x 1000 x w, AT, x M. @2n weet atu aden UM K, Bzau Daa Greer amis Head w, WA alasA w, st stat Adama arial stat M2 Nee Ged (AT) Madera a Aad aa wlRR 227i ysaUld sit, wulen (M,) al wie 8. steed 49era. 19 : 200 314 welll 0.75 sr mau verd Dina rae siden Gcsarfignl 0.15 WR awd ay 8. A wae a2 Naa Got aaais 7.5} Beau Det da, a aed weds, aulBauen ade, Ky, x 1000 x w Ga : ame weidy sulRaer My AT, x; K, = 75% Bawa Det AT, = 0.15 3 w, = 200 su 7.5 x 1000 x 0.75 0.15 x 200 = 187.5 4 Der 2 atta vent aulBaen 187.5 wet Net aa @ Daa waist wad usd : ye anata aaeni, aopala aor omar aaa sae 2 wouG AMAa|r welsrer (2.18) Gwile «1A womadla staid aulaxen (M,) wl sf asin 8. alls (2.18) wud ATy x wy XMz 1000 x w, Ky = Ke x 1000x wy AT, XW, la (2.28) wie, OA aude aU Ky Bed Dee arti aes Hea wy, UL steer, w, HEL sie adoiaaudl ted stag M2 Dea aareet (AT) Heese aia Aaa BA avast (228i 4A cieng aulBinen (ML) al ase 8. ema 20 : 500 at well 2 sur raid veil omar cited sian seigai 0.06 WEred a2d aia 8. A siased Daa viatun wamis 5% Bela Neda ad aaud veld aufase ad Gla : mau vey sulfa M, = Kr %1000xw2 AT XW; Kp = 5} Rear et w= 500 310 AT, = 0.06 3&4 w,= 2 wh = 333.3 aw Det mrad Yerdd aulaen 333.3 wat Ae sa. (4) ware cous wae well = ye sas Dasa seni cir eubn alsa awtr aloud? Rane seit stant] WRAL cou Dasa anoUr Tikal teu Newly aulRrnen elu ar et omit sl Rene ate 3. 30 ‘wuwalet 12; = tale Nettle et x RT mata wed ule (OM) = cat eal x aa shan, Delve 2A Raz sepa weer tal sat M2 au ve ay Gul B. see B aval agpdeu auc afl al M2 WDB sade 212 und ud Gcserigad aud 2 aabigni a daisiq wu 4a x alg (oud 10K) Dal BA deadyds aa ywa or d wud wane coumi ua Feed Yeu aU 107 Hue Bag dM B, F Boll Avid and ase B. avid shdlt Gar BR ea Gon OU waa Tau Af ule Dae Gtr valk ater Ane aus iQ, vig ATRL Eur sul seed AEE OU UNL WAR aa Aad aH B, aed Dele wetted ciate ADA Dae 2 vs tae oud Bw vie cam a2 aR couse ADL ER we wai tas aRedied IO ase O Ur wulRaca ust searell iy aR wd Ha AAs Yer yet occa awed Deaudyds (armel) avai ye aA B. aul afar cover ured Veli aiagiell Hise DeWAA ocd Ded acai 2a B. ad] aia cous Hud Vela ole velAril wedi a4 Gude 8. era@ 21 : 300 K aur 1.5 wir mrad YEA slasri aDouM siaed se 1.5 Rizr sacl Ame staetd WAAR COUR 0.2 UR WqN WO, d med very euBrren veh. aiatta Nev ay x RT. Gha ; waa weedy aulmaen (vp Diane wun x ane ot 1.58314 x 107 x 300 02x15 = 124.71 ua Dat oo aad ved, euler 124.71 ua le 8a. ataart RRA aoucs yavelD dele Rags Rowe vale star aUAL ciod WAR clas aad ae HA oR ciel] BY} RAY ag DA Aa stortd ADA ¥ @iy WB. see 3 aid yw 2 Raw aa Aai cio see dour F aia eal B, Ani aad F awd wa d mud yal cian Yale eiod aMoumardd ava B oak woe YAN Aeuel Aq ataeord ouwellaee a B aA caver’ ose au ad B. ela, well NaCl, K,SO,, FeCl #A Fe,(SO,), stoi 46a maedlsaet wal cousetell een aig 2, 3, 4 2A 5 aU BL AA Relea (issociation) af sar. cousetell oul aA wai, aos yevOlD Gua FCA ataid wel auc Aadl unig ol wader aid daa. aURULEMA aad auRMER 42 O. aul, Bea aloe aged atasel atod eM Ad A 3 AML ay aged ou aA AAPA my Grint 2B, a Bard ydiva 42 9. sla, AALS AAS 3 Adds ARG WHR AP etawi aioe aM O AUR arate A wad QDat a B HA Ae aerdi caused down e2id wa O. ad suai ciasl AB aiwueis qetold Gedo ZA «ier ete 92 ag aulReem nnd ag tl, ten aulFanen seal waned ae MDB aulReieind ye ated 4 8 OA aut und ac WEDBYs UTRANEMA NRL APU aUlRNEM 42 B. aefl, alae anes steed SLgate Wa He sta@ ¥ ay WB. see 2 aig aR AAI wall acer aud da A sar aigedl Adel dens DAB. All Biel ea aa swale aiertouin Qa B, UREUA aoucs qqetol wad aaj auReen Aad ung ae, dl maou euRMer wea KL OB. ae aa atoll aug aulBoten Anac u2 iss0ri abu alee GE As waa ama all, F alee dle wana @ oe Aad. Seo Gh wists, aruey aufuen aire dig shane @) = AL AE ERE hg, alot mer sue _ date Reis aula “aad wR Re | aiucts gated wehRus et aouets yatoll Reis yer ave dig mane dice dig sana (A ema sai savers atoll aD? sults aaa LA yeu eel sta: a aed Pun; oP oj wi By y+ ny a Gcheribig Geta: AT, = i Ky-m steBig mature: AT; Kem sve] wire ewe : x = i RE aud etaeotd cioid YW AH CUR dre vie mada Gd Yer As seal ag aA Re aay aud A YeL De seal ay DB. ug yer 2 Rede ot we cud alee de mtaue Gd yet As ww B. Reais aie MB dee diy mana @al yed Aes 234i eulde d. Anes 2.3 NaCl, KCI, MgSO, *A K,SOpl yA yal wine ud ale vg rave @ Rader via : ae mein aden woud F2d. our Bedwt WA AA Relet ea (a) 42 8. Raw ain @ = Ht a-L wi, i= dee de wana, n= Rawal gar ser ge austell dew 52. euualaet 12wader via HH) : saw mov sudan ved Feel oust qdlyt WA AR aed alert sia & 48 o. ydrisia 00 = 0) a wi, i= ake De wera, a= aya Aad wad dea ema) 22: 10 wm KCIA 200 am welled sMoumand Au seg! ad wad 0.24 K QA Ad wat AB dle de aera @ aval, wel HB aabig waver suis 1.863 Baar aden! 8. da: stead sufPaen (KC = 1000%K x KCK, ert T; xa ae 1000 1.86 x 1 0.24 x 200 = 38.75 wa Den! = webu yer 48, KCh{ sulin = 39 + 35.5 = 745 wx det Kely deilts suRacn ae de wens © = KC es wala 2 KChu alee dle mana (eq Yer 1.92 va. ard 23 + 1.0 suet Aes AMSA 25 sum APE ctor seal Art LABigAl A mate 0.81 K dyad add ler ait OO DD. cand Daa said sais 4.9 8A Ba Ne 3, 1000xK, xAWASs AR at a: Anse Asd aulaer = : aa ae _ 1000 4.9 «1 “0.81 x 25 = AASs ARs APU (REDPLE) aulRrer Arcs TR Rails aulrven -AASs AR, wR wale = 242 a4 em dive dig miaua (i) = = © 2a2 2 AghSs AREA dee de mae GA yer 05 va. os sicada sin O0 = 0-1) a-l 2 =(- 05) (3) =05x2=1 Ass ARG gla aia x ema, 24 : 0.01 m K,[Fe(CN)bit wel stain siebigni wud aad 0.062K da, a alate Reeve via (a) vel, steed Mea mand sMis Kp) 1.86 HR Balsa We! d. Gla : gaein seBigui rad aad @eilas) AT, = Ke+ m = 1.86 x 0.01 = 0.0186 3&4 aeaetet seen tad DLs Had. are die 5a88 O » os saRgnl wn Sain wad wud K,[Fo(CN),] weld Dovel ciaat ou cud Aan suave wads ge suet aioe @) =3+1=4 44d. K,[Fe(CN)_](aq) = 3K*(aq) + [Fe(CN),]°(aq) + K,[Fe(CN) bl Riles 2in (a) 2 KyFACN) gD Reltet aia (a) = 0.778 va. ema 25 : 100 am APoani 2 sur Bela adounael a sevigui 0.69 Kad aad aa B.A Ad Aller Beige Gimeric) dH A AD yder via OO vWD. sas U2 Daa made aaais Kp 5.12 HE Baar De 8, Gla : Bela (C,HOM)d Acilas eufuen = 94 wa he 8. Beate ites alan = 100% Ke ater rt AT, Kaley ao _ 1000 x 5.12.2 0.69 x 100 = 148.4 wa We = Relad avid alae Griter QeifRs oulRren fla MB aie Wi iy = Girlie ave dle mane @) = DT abt euler cy euualaet 12Baia a2 ala via oO=0-) = 01-0633 C FT i = 0.367 x 2 = 0.734 Bella wi2 glen vin COG Yer 0.734 4a. ania © 2 ad ay ved Ma ASA wir sus Day Haw Hua A aa Mawr awe a 8. aramid & wzsd sous ae ota Dy AA stay BAF aes stu aay URL aD Bx AA wet 62 8, alae As clas WA As 2 Ds wal a aod aA AS eB. F mami Ay ctor WA As ates dy Aa gaRA Boil wae 42 8. aise vat WHR Bs a aaa, Maul alae AA aH aia. aiat siawadi ated 2 ols wae DN A caw os maw 4a B yale tas Yel ator HA aA cieUAE aye eied alloumal wri Bram (atae) aA 8. A coed OM wysel aout awa ad Da a a well ay as dad, Dar oust, sulla vsti gdle cies aor da 8. vias Oe wel D4 d ad va sida 52 B WA A Marien sided oetat sider Mardy saa sd 8, elMAL 1 Rar wela mae vein 1 at yrcm Faq aw adounal amet sae 1 ela @ aia 42 8. . 1000 x stair] awe (sui) IST arate oad: awei-geel asiantl (% WHY) + 100 FAR maw wa aden velar yar act ava- see 26 48 8. 100x siord a (% WIV) = - aaa 56seal ahd (% V/V) + 100 i alaeei alr ater veda ser seel 2st (% V/V) 8&8 8. 100 x stair 5¢ (PLR) aiaaig se (AR) ude ue BiRert Gym) + Beds awed saad sol won ye ser seueDl De eu aA wda 42 MRM (ppm) 2 cular O. wea we iad Ve gel yl ae aA vy use : (1) avt-ariel wide ua Ret (2) aet-sedl wda we RReet (3) se-seed whe a ARa (®VIV) siard orud (FLasuM) staal eal, (22) ae ad Wee Rue Bizet el use aude ALUM AA edUAL aDsse aren slasri Moen veda Hane wer a vente sisi £8 8, ae, andl 2A any eiaiad Ue anv sae am B. Dele) Pan = ‘era APU aga aid steak Nand aU A aged emus wore da YM staid ifs GoURL p= Ky+ X wi, Ky doled amis 8, F awd we wee wi B, Bal Fevrd aalew) wr Guided Asi calor wud 3. Het lat OUR Met giasri gia AL AR Ara Ut wae (Maa, sila, Wa Ate Aza ad) awe middle a alae (WC) oa B. Het aided sia waidl siasri oie tae WR WAR sedi UROL dwt WAL eoust 8. A sar aasni eur aaa rari wa a oumreousrii ad, Gcsaaiigni aud aA araligni azid wy 8. awn au qeuela qagn aac yeti ald aamani wa 8. aGeed, Fut: oumiele siasni stousuella iat slounae ote ciazien usucouerti ud wide vad sie Aearia ower da d. eoertserl EQ 4 PAR = 0 cubis A eval, x, = AGP ° dent Poel Bedlé wafeied B udg & ata aigcurl ayel saleri der Fama aga BAA rue aaa 42 O aA F aaa uben GWA aigara el IAA Grioued aiaed ea wai siaed 42d. No UM cia aDouel utd ARE CeberiigAl Mal aMULA Gcseriignl Grant ad. walt 12alae Govt Seams «1 Below aiasri 1 ou aulven Fear avetd soumrelle ator wMouMA sagt sietiadi Ant Gcserfbigni uu GWA Hea Grint wamis 58 8. x, = SRAM ga 1000 x Wy vag mata wamis +1 Gelour gas 1 sun aulaca Fear arid woumalle sie soul? sia setadi act signi wa aZist Aaa aati amis (K) $8 d. _ Ay My 04, 9 000% w, saeeent sl gel aig Hradi asda aviary use a rier sai, DM alga wadal aiaeiel ay algal Maal clam ve darn eeig, Nasa WARE 48 3. cain souiel ¢ F coum eons an aaa azeell use AA ahaa cue @ 8 8. oldeele diol Rus : Bad aur aaetd sare couet (nm) ace Dee aigaitt woud ANB. x C sies-abe dle Ran sa stead ais aan da A saad wPawA cou det Fade aman aoued du 8, x T VAAQeS ele Mow s weer Ur Fu wwe cou Dew da aai AR ae Won seal sik BI dea Dawud OY Od. xm aRT _ WRT ga vo MV alta (mel) cued : % made wPara coun aud da adi cada aprarad aaa wel sia 42 8. F crawrti ofln ciated amet nae coun wy BAA wSDAG star 42 8. & maga olen capil auelHi ware cougi a4 B ar aduedfis sae 42d. auluen taf seal AY ugled + , Pop _ XM, @® aber Rash Gude + ea @) Dae Gras wut Vala aie ede sufeuee = K, *1000x ate veil caret Georgi Gm aia ae diy Wea nerd wet uel = rt K, x1000x aia nerds aver 0 wel sales = TOO ES RRigiivati xaded artGy) wlwee coum Had ele = aia wendy aed x RT Hae PARAL COUR x Hla HE 1a wets auluen = Adar ames qatell Aai aA ay WS Bl ydea 3 Ader woud ae, de De sana () aire adage at Raat we ema srari wel, staid Aeiles auleyen he de et 0 = Ba alee auGeed Pua : aan. Gcearifig mr: AT, state] WHA SOUEL wien ain 00 = (1-1) Rader sia @ = Re outer Rsedsil dou Aseu wie sd: @) (2) @) aroun acai’ 48 aig Dann yer Beez a B 7 (a) aniea (B) Aaa (©) % ww (D) ol Ala su wate aaa 7 (A) wtuad = (B) vane = (C) agua = (D) ta 10 AR siaei 2 x 10 wer CO, ater ada da, ad acl wiser ppmru Asi deel wa? (A) 2 (8) 02 () 200 () 2x 10° (4) Suda aucddieni wie su ay asin ad ay vd 2 (a) HS () NH, ON (0) co, (5) Qdeuaid sD ewl welt adel ay cio 4d 2 (A) dade (B) 6d sade (C) Reade (p) sXe 38 ‘awaleut 12) mM (8) (9) (10) (1) (12) (13) (4) (15) (1s) (a7) (18) (19) dwt atl AYN alate Nadal eiaiatd eX (a) ad 8, () @ 2. (©) waa 8. (D) sd aH AB. aww ati Bel emit eX (a) @ 2. (B) a 8. () saa Bd. (D) ad HE AR. AAU slaBie OUMREOUAL Ne AwUt wee ale ay ada 3 ? (A) iis sta (B) NaCk{ aaa (C) BaCl yj sine. (D) wdlu HLS 0.02 maiigar Hatad Aerie su siasid Gcsarbig adel a vd ? (a) abu (B) Naci (C) Na,S0, (D) KFeCN)] 05 Moqdind wel sam su stam wd weiaud oa 7? (A) 0.1 m NaCl (B) 0.05 m NaCl (C) 0.25 m NaCl (D) 1 m NaCi FeCl vel rie aia H2 alee dle wana Gd yet eg vA ? (a) 1 (B)<1 (c)>1 ©) 4 ARRs AKA APH wounal ora wae AB dire dig maa Gy ye Beg 4d? (a) 0 (B)1 ()>1 <1 10% W/W NaOH valu site DeulWdd yer Bed vd ? (A) 2.778 (B) 25 (©) 10 (p) 5 sr aL A At welN ciaery dive dig aad YeLAS va ? fA) 0g, (B) QauR (C) qos (D) Raw su martt wale alae AB alee de wana OF HAL Td aH ? (a) 2qac (B) wis (C) esa (p) aa Breoueal ape, oumesum weet Grand aden sumone sai (A) a4 da (B) wg da, (Cc) aia da (D) A #A Boia af mia GDS ofl ase ? (A) 0.1 m NaCl (B) 0.1 m wis (C) 0.1m Na,SO, (D) 0.1 m FeCl, eusuilla W24 A WA Bal well siaatd qa Ba ge covet 0,02 oue B, A e2sAaL Weriu 0.2 du, d azs Bd wiles cous Bed ed 7 (A) 0.02 our (B) 0.04 oz (C) 0.016 sur (D) 0.2 our af cla adaRs sd ase ? (A) 0.01 M FeCl, (B) 0.01 M NaOH (©) 0.1 M yma (D) 0.1 M Na,SO,Dasa pad gerd wanes eds @. 2) @) (@) (s) © 7”) (8) (9) (10) (1) (12) (13) (4) as) (16) an (is) (19) (20) oust and: aia, eae tot AA cies AA HB? Aaeett UHR ad, Anal va, Bis da wr yA sai sa use aia 9? usa aus): AIBA, stale, ppm sittefl mat YR aMArrd war add, Raa at aaetti Gere wend. aig aaa da i? ahaa Grit af 7 Aaa ated Vea i ? eisa-dre ded Gur ed, wba Vea af ? saaaRe cous Ded yf 7 aearu aumanen ded y 7 ude via God aa a. Bait saa AA Raw ? dee dig manag yer Bs seal ay ud 7 amaiPaud gag OA aan 7 Wee 2 aule cud arat 48 NEA ay dou B? antig Rea Gf? Du wateu Gna eed : a) 2) @) (4) (5) (6) a (8) Ut ghd WHR, GeLset Rd ard, aly alam wae, Gesea ae aod, % VIV goui wine, pom 34 Geared wend. eel HLSet aerii ator siardl we war sedi UROL awh. Bale Feed GudBiaL avd, Reuha a sien geri wind. rie et cia, geri wind. ‘wuneert 12(9) (20) (at) (12) (3) aiaet eoieu A Geded aed. Daa Grit Mt NEA BAMA. giv 2A Red wind. atawitt aoucts eel 2A eh 7 aie dig ave @ wl ame A ued 7 ADA wedu Roar Ene ah a) Q) @) @) (s) (6) ” (8) 9) (10) (1) Isle Gam avd, aa aed HA AvleL ed, Maa Grtin aiumls VAG 2 yA ad. aberd Fee emf, ya aired. yp ala HA Wendl alas oie mLaRLe, lake NR WAR sai WROD av aimed, eusuele sta WA alas MR uber Rand aa ard, Adee savin mais Qa fT AA aa. aufaen dl Rall yal yl da axl wind. aaa eourien Geel al at aad aaPad acl wend, wPawe cour Fa ed, maid wiRea wind, dee de nana wed. ale de sada @ ema saul vad dues qetellal at amd. (12) Darn emer oi : (1) 2 Raz stage 4.78 wi Wain Far ata ain A atastedl sialBa aed. 2) SHVIV aisc tad SAeiad 2 Ree wela sas uaa Bear MR sda wR? 3) 0.2 M NaOH sie aye-seel estard ade. (4) 2 Rar magi 2 x 10-7 Baum Rawr ommsritre ga ada Du ad sae ppm od. (5) 300 Kaen Ch aiyd mils coun 2.5 x 10 oe Da a add welll aera Mderiani owl. ay 42 Kyi Yeu 7.1 x 10 our 8. (6) 300 K aww HLS ay 1 Rzz weltiel wur sedi Been ARla wir ad 7 Ky Yet 5.6 x 10 ou B HA ayy mils cou 3 x 10* wR Bd. (7) 0.1 m slo well siete], 300 K aneUr eureouet sist, 300 K dAWwUr wells ouueoust 0.03 our 8. (8) AFG HA Aya oumreouR GSA 0.9 ou WA 0.85 OU2 B. 7.8 aL AAA 180 3 Aes Ra sai ote aiaele] ourscoust ove, 61(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (1s) (16) (17) (ig) (19) 25 % W/W dist aad Vis ated GcbertBig DM. atasrt Dea Gotu wali] Yet 4} Bed det d, 500 sue welt Baer sur yeu eDounall rmen glare seigi 0.2 Ftd wad ua B 7 samt Keq yer 32} Baum det dB, 298 K aweUr 2 Rize velX mpi Bear sued seas sDounauel giaete, aiALeel SHIRL 0.5 HR UM? 2% W/V Yuin velY ciaetg, 300 K anode 2aPaReL GOURL RL, aL ciaeL NaOH-u vela siae-u Bean % W/V wd anu vd ? 298 K UNA 10 sud Moura ietld Yet 540 Wm WelHi Donna weld ounzeous, 0.0335 sure adi 0.033 our igh ¥2, cd ated Yevld wre ade 500 aH welt 1.5 sur ried ver od seal Aa GeseiBigai O2K-D aud wd, d raid veld aulrem ade. staged lad Gat amis 3 3 Below Wer 8, 1 Gao weld 2 wer maid ved war sedi den sabignl 04 KA aad a B. A aasd Dea maid wasis 4.5} Bas Ret da, d sid wire a. 10 zr staari 300 K aiwur 5 aor rene Ved ounce givetd WR cour 0.2 oe Mig WY, A sata YenlG aulFaen ori. 2a FeCLA 250 PR wwellal cio seal Art. ataBBigni adi ead 0.3K wugH WO. alae AD dle de sara @ el. dee HD Nae Hawt wails 15 Baar Det 8, 0.02 m Al, (SO,),rt We siARAL GoseigAi 0.04 KA aud ad DH, A seared Rade via aed. carl Ded Grit wale 19} Beour Det 3B, 100 swt Aleyderti 1.5 avi Bella adounael ann srigi 0.56 Kal aad ae . Ad yaya Bois da, A ad gale ain ove. stay m2 Aaa atartunt waais 4%. Basu dem! 3. ewan 12zsH fagcazenael 34 din) wiua ill und sunlhs A sols uae stews seal dl ae yell mum aueiLe avmRaved 8. dua yu we ar delved sly aaa As wen anud Gee wl ad AA Agama RA sou wel wLUMAed Deo seo AML OLR raURREUD Geete wi, cue sue VARS eae, MAP auueRend a2 anual weugaur wRacwi wad. a6, FL wierd ou aramid Ua B, aru wowed Rau Fake u2 Gwdel 8, neoia, RaauGe wus wed cular Gude 8, % aed ARa Wl Ageraed mou Radu Gale a2 wm d, 7 eile AMNRE WAT ee Ae Yo YD WA A Rael Guido IRA a du all was Ruel sa a quiaRa wn 8. 1 Ru M2 eis A WAY yaa aPianl d. eral (ude weuseii) ui audel tugad, ARI wi6Jaauss, +R, eel oe are wai oti eae Bode, Rgdauver vealed cat wa B. dzded wa aaaeded, wUUUarA RadAviui guide 4 B mA A aR sound ARG awed aA Guede awe d, Rgquamis 22 add wBwed ay suas, ad ugha dad. del v gazed sou td Ueddierda Pade, af aA wilarela Boyd aad asa, aAcnuadl Mowe, AND ade duet WA AM Age vow deed utd wRReUR, 2H A Burda siti Rigas wuda 8. Radreuuem del As asl aus wicricita Raa 8. 2u Asi Suna Qa yo obra YueADA wadly gers Avi al wOu We wa 8. 34% CuSO, wale giaevri Zn tugell weet ud ysal, Cu Wg Zo Midel wl wR wala BWA siaeD ym ol ZL auE Uc Bou B; s1VeL 3 au wand Curd Resat aa O 2 Zo age aed aa 8, an ass Wen fla woud wad : RagtarenZn(8) + Cu™ (aq) = Zn™ (aq) + Cu(s) wae dn NBM A A whuBuadl aad @ : Cu (ag) + 207 = Cu(s) (Risser) Zn(s) = Zn™ (aq) +2e7 (AGAR) su WBM Zo WA Cu NBUAA Deol tubal aon Rae A sae wedi am ad) wet. sf use 8. zo Ads —__f |__cu tds z0S0,4, cso 44 wal cia, veo saat aw sug a1 Rgaeruata 26 @a-ca AN) NOAA aad aud ara GAs-AGOM UM A yA WHA DB. audl wa Ageriaialbs Qu Bari AB, Regis Avo was Buri Geeta Avid Rgd@viai guia ae 3. WRUMRUAY Rqaafri guide seat Gus (evies Agarraiults AX 4d B (1) ose Ani ZnSO ,G We sae B, Zn tug ave Ae YAA AA ADA our waaretl He 2a ar eu ataewti Ded B. au atlAwai Zn age Us Zn? auertetl IM well staat dubai 8, FA Zn(s)1Zn™%(ag) era ealOA veug ala gard wa B. i Bel A Zo val WA sawint Zou wad avs euld 8. esa BAL CuSO,d WAM ca B. Cu tag awd dl WAR AA AA our sgt 2 Aa aa staerai shed B, au awe Cu fugell ul Cu aurettt IM veld sLaeie audi B, FA Cu(s)1Cu?*(aq) aie eal acu cela srarni wud B. Bai Aol ld Cdl val a saeicn Cun auatd and eld 3. GB) Ryda Ha weve ysl sar MAA gasdA Asa M2 mrAgA zu au wud d. U-rusire lai NHNO,d vely sae od att 1A Bar ath yrs WHA oaiat-qarll cig sul 8. su AA GO WA Ad As BA ose AML BA oN BA Ofer Bi 2 AH ated 8. G4) aA med AA AMzr RgrwRuwiid aa Racaed wa sl aa B wr TArdoMler As Agana ast Rar mel asia 8 adel whi Aer 3 LAdler sani Ds wie sd as, ADi2r ara Rgduwwid aden Aganais WA SAsgieell awnRen vast wee 3. @) a“ eaweet 12mig 3.141 Bie Mag HA ANE Mga WADA Adware 3 AMEE AA Asad ANE anil Aga aut ave 8 a eal B. Da wea YA tugede GA UABDA cael ou AA arayds Faia wel ad AA yes sf aa sacl aud 2 Bill wd awet aay B WA Anal weld awa auf O. au ald d % ZaSO 4 sat oReL A WVAi Zn(s) = Zn™* (aq) +2e7 WE WA CuSO,| sia oer B wwii Cu” (ag) + 2c" = Ca(s) wBu aS val. mug 3.141 eal aan Reraaules AX Electrochemical cell) waa, AAP AX (Galvanic cell) ae A@Ss AN (Voltaic cell) af Maw B. au wa vsti Reda wr Wave Av Daniell cell) ue 42 8. cael gel wget wha Rqdke 42 8. cL, Zn{s)| Zn™*(aq) AA Cus) |Cu*(ag). F Aqaya Gua Reset WOU al dy AA Feds +) 68 8 WA & Agaya Ge aMGat wOu add de Ad AAs C) 42 9. Aqarauals Arai aa oA Rgd- MAA AUR aut ad Aad SAsgleied wars Aes Feds are ous wRuari a8 8. A siasdai Aaa aed quale RNG UGE QNH,NO,}i caatell oRel U-susizd wld wi22q Galt bridge) 48.8, masrti Reged aut aud ae an 9. seve uy O152 Bi Cou Reseriel sve ort Daud sae Cul alga azael SOF wmaDA AA CuSO,’ sia wARQaeurysd HB, sof cuYL O16 AAI Bis WEWadell Geant tai Zo? wae waRtAi WALA Aaiel ZMSO,G cla HIRQdeURysd HAD, A wr AL AL Oxf was wa stad wd. 2uel Ave nO aad aug Wa a 42 sia giaell AgaourreBd war ASA, sud, A ose aad MA wr Ag Dou mau stasrg wand weer waa B, wag A sieved Asad MA Act Agaoued azn wd aad sel 42 8. Awl wha wa aisuder swede alec ade Reet da a wee wd A AS ay aismaa) Qu wi ad coum 1ouz WA aud 298 K da, @d Aa AMA yeultia AM Gtandard cell) #8. 33 Ragagent wad ype of Hear) Amat magi se gel ugled sua Reise Far sttuger aru F FA awd we Bw wu 8 aa Rgaga 22d. Ragas Awai audi Rgagau you ae wa da @ = () age aBHRad ga (ii) AB Aga ga aaa Redgs. (i) Sige wa Rgaga : Zn, Ni, Cu, Ag a Fel gad tugs aBa Ranga &. au sie Agayan wuged aRQer wi B@ (as) saa ad aafai War ee aud aaa gaya wud Gur Rese nBu siqord & (eds), sa nse Raga we add WBA DA Ua ealdl asa @ : ‘Zm(s) = Zn* (aq) + 2e~ Cu (aq) + 2e7 = Culs) (a) Alea Agaya : Sn wengad aiPAQan aaa Resart wen sige tel wig Reset anal ABU uBAAD au Fifer Ranged wud we a B, dete 9A RAH Pisa gags B, wud Fe aa Fe aud Head law Gude, Awl weil sawii aud B aud adi Bar aed Rgaga add Gude am 8. ABvel usd veel Sasa Anaauell Fe Feu Reset wa B geen «mina ARAN aA SAsgld ual Fed Fei WE aa d wm werd Radya we add wr 2 wud ealdl ame : Fe**(aq) +7 = Fe? (aq) (11) aaa Rgaga : aapia Rgaga aed FiBea Rgayed Had aud 8, adi, wage GHA Re wd we ay we sari Wa B. HB asdwr ay Rgdyari Hi(aq) Hated wiaarti sou Bevel wel va eis deet aly WAR se ZH aah) Ruud ad A, ay oa B awa H, ayy AMG Ret aS 2g) 4A, dl Ruel Wel Saale RGM AB vad dub wud yd ud B. au wae Agaya we ad wBa A youd cele wae : 2H (aq) +267 = Hy(e) 3.3.1 wi AM Golf Cell) : wg a fugel wet wAN ciaePti 4A F waved avai 2a B aA Agaya Electrode) 62 B. Agays AF siamrel AA goused dla A arom aigeawd ad Ax AD whom dal Aud Fguar gaya WA aba suadeai al a Aol dla ys srari wa d. etd, Za(s) | Zn?*(aq); Cu(s) | Cu*(aq); Fe(s) | Fe**(aq); Ag(s) | Ag“(aq) ay Raigad Fave Bey fig aaa atidd Yet, add SURRY ya, abe audi yall @Rt sai WA B. eld Pel H,(142) | Haq) 3.3.2 dud aids Agua (Gymbolic representation of cell) : Rqaunis Aud aides Fave seal 42 Ae Bai auld A oh Arve Faved Gut aa B.A Auai A sawa Asa wag) Gua Rami aud dud al ( el Md) Rar ae cular 8. A aga Gud a sami sued da d adi 1s Ael A) gt aa ela 8. din als Fauecii Gai DAs go sug WA Ws oeell ouy cafe B, Axl wei awd saw wigan Naa Asani UU ae aan atu yr WL sant, aU B. AAT ay Raayad Aull wuri Gude wh dy, A ad coum our Dewi wu saat aye ar uel deci aun d. @ Za(s) 1 Zn* (ag, 1M) Il Cu? (ag,1M) 1Cu(s) Gi) PtH, (g, 162) H* (ag, 1M) Il Cu* (aq, LM)ICu(s) ii) Mg(s) |Mg”* (aq, 1M) II H* (aq, 1M) 11, (g, 162) [Pt Gv) Ag (6) Ag* (aq, IM) ICI” (aq, IM) IC (g, 102) IPt & and Ase aiaatell iat 1M OH amaL uy COUR 1 OUR aL UML 298 K DM a a set aad DMA wud ad AY 42-8. A waka wh AM Asuel wulBa AX (standard cell) oA 8. 3.3.3 wrulia widdieei ay 44 Gtandard Hydrogen Gas Electrode) : AY Ranyad SAsAla Anaad 3 Adsl ys satel qhiell aad avmel wa wddea ai And Gwe eAA ae , see 2, waka adv ya olla yar Beokad sel «2B al iddwa yar ateol ga 8 aS eH. Wud Get ary gan ad Awd zn A wud ai wa B+ aR 3.241 ealou yx As weil 298 K wu IM HY(agyd ata Gail aud 8. au maar AR else do widel Aare) val gousarti wa B. wa wzl Ws BAN oie Al stall stad SAB uate gas MSA WEA Da SO. au ae gat Ga aus a wa GAD Aven ar 66 aanaet 12wives Aare sear aud 8. au NA wel 298 K anwur WA 1 oe coud smUIs DY ay WAR Aa 2B. au aif ANA deol AB wud ata ae Aw aud Ad aiygl Av wail ud O cud a ADs saat Hs ad ad Ro 8. A Was AB ad A WBerO WA Ww AAO RUA Ae ne wou am B : aad HY (aq, IM) +e" = i (g, 1 ou) vig A wala wsdea anya Bs ei ad ad WAR VA we AA yee OTR ua aw B : PL 1 + - 7 ih lan) =H (aq, IM) +e aug 3.2 walka seSdwry ya aul, seule side Regaiga Saale edlatzandl gf Wad B. amar SsAlt yo szatell ght Wald 8, 24 Gai Al au gM dlaad es aWUA O dle adlaDil aude B, aud aL Rgagdlel Sasa eAerad gad aa Sasdln yea satel gfodel dlaanii wie Yad Anew’ aera 2d. Rangel Sasa edlsie sear gil wie daar Rest DR E,, WMA BP, 58 B aA Rgagad 6dszl4 yea sear gi aula dama sited WR E,, weal Ee, Rd. wuld widder aya oll ail AM a2 aieol gaya AB sel 2B. on ath Avell Gagged Anaad gt ar da ad waka sidded ayya Ads as ad B WA walla widded auyya ale Anaad ght aad Ua A wukla addr ayya Bs a ad B, a2 ole wae es aA Heder outue wile siddlver auygartt alec da B aed aa alee ya 48 8. exa., wuRid aidgier ayant aeclai Zn Agaya waiad wl Ax ads ab WA Cu Racka wuad al Ax ds alld ad d. 34 Bn aoe (Cal Peta gars AM wUURUAr] RgaGelri guide «1 a2 ag alter (device) . Aneien & RgayaA Rect GAs nats UNM WOU aval Gudea Rgcuaua den Helen Bs ave ous URMAM a2 8. m1 Agduasima Au deFava B, 688. A A wukia da ad aed would Ou W2Fa4a BL, 2 cules B. dleewlze wht aa wai suad dy WF ada avd dsu WePeva ded ved, Av) aed OPaaa yar w2 dzPadlze werd Gude sed wd. Awa WEFave we dA gaya 6s Anaad dlaard amad 8. ds Rea GAsgia Anaaiell qh Waiad Du B WA Asp Yoet said qAR tated DUB. all aie ei webu uRawdaid wad : @ © Zngs)1Zn™* (1M) II Cu IM) 1Cu(s) & Gud An wud suka de oak AA wu ae @ : ‘Za(s) + Cu** (ag, 1M) =+ Zn™ (ag, IM) + Cu(s) Ragas aaad, Zn SAszit Yd 42GB MA Cu Sasgit ANA OB. Cur SasAt Anaaiel gf Zn set aa Qu 8, F Gur euldel Ave wBeud sud sf asad, i) © Cus) tcu** CiMpil Agt (1M) | Ags) © Guad OM wud sihea Qu aud MAL wu aed: ‘Cu(s) +2Ag* (ag, 1M) = Cu” (aq, 1M) + 2Ag(s) rid, Cu Gasglt oct 62 B WA Agr asgld AMA B. Agel Sasa Asacidl gh Cu Rai Wh da 8, F Gur cule Aw Owen su sll and. Gudst WR (iti Curl dasglt Anal gh Za sai aed B wu wHar (G)Mi Curl Sauda Anaad ght Aga gfe sai Dl B, aed wBw (Mi Cod ya Bas add HA BU (Aa Curd ya Weds al aA B. AND DERIUa Beds HA Dello Sse Anaad gh laced dgiad B. AS As Rgayad bAsga Anaad gel dad Gade yer und aig al, see 3 al And Ade when ysl ad el Bol wu yer A al Ane would Resid DEGaNaAt dgtad OR du 8. au aia AA wu calan B EXcat = Brac) Emacs) M8 Bon = Eads) ~ Pnatstds) 3.4.1 wufa aif Awd D3P ava 1A sarll uel (Method for Determination of Standard Half Cell Potential) : AS va wuta wh Aud D2FMa Anaa a wh AW walked aided al AM wa ag atu Asati wa B, a da due Har adysl Au WF we By MRD BQ nua wa 8. mal wud War aiygl Awa As at AN waka eidded ak AN Dawe aa ae aw AAP Ye qt stetaad adaete Dawe adel AVNER ME Bag ellen ae Ameer walle aa Ave WEAMat YA aU WO, Welw at AnD gaye Ais ade add a A Bed tet Ye A Rgekad BL, we yet cela B. vig Wa Rgaga Ws cM add OY, A Fags tet Yor A gaya Ey Het Yeu |tilA B. Zn af ANA waulRid widde ka BA AL Rega BO wedi Zoe aah BW es ADE aD. AR EP et YOR Zot BUA Reseed WARN eI Ye eaume QAO. Cut af AMA wala MBDWYA Ua AM AgaaUMRU AN zai Cod aif AN Bes dh eT OAM Bad HA HL Cutt HM AM Reseed TERaMertL Ht Yer AHR dH B. ASuA Rgdgand By Yad Ani B,, YADA wae de O. wig Bait Re de B. BL, WeFared wet Yet Ped tet yeu tld B. era, Py = - Py Bose igre = -2:36 hee Bvgimetew = + 2:36 cle Pat igy = + Ode - 034 de Pronice 38 await 12em) 1: 298 K wu AQ endear Awd Wee 2.36 de 8. Ave uBud where auf FARA ad Axed wika Resa DRA owl. © Mg iMg**(1M) II H*(IM) 1H, (10u2) Pt ® Glas AAMT Mgr gaya eds 8. dds + 2H*(ag) + 2° = Hy(g) (Rasen) Des: Mpls) => Mg*(aq) + 26° = @ALRRun) Av-uleu : Mg(s) + 2H*(@q) = Mg™(aq) + H@) Boar = Baas) ~ Beatie) Broan = Fats Lag — Pag nes 2. 2.36 Me = 0.0— Bert ing Bg? ive = — 236 de wu wl AnD wulia Resid 2FaMe BO 2 ye = — 2.36 dle ad. emél 2: 298 K awit ld aula Awd daa 0.34 de 3, d Aw wt Av waka Resta WR a sel. © pei, (912) 1HYGM) II Cu*(IM)1Cu® Ga ; awl sd gays Ws d. Brean = EPanats) ~ Eas) Pea = Batt ica ~ Buti tiny . 034 Me = Far pq, 000 w+ BOQ2+ jg = 0.34 Me au af Dn woud RUsATERE Baroy = 0.34 alee wd mA de AE ANAL wud Ider WME Bi = 034 de a, Gudea A ermaad ure arma 2 > Agayder wala addin waka Kesar DEPaeti yal aa 8. Aa Reaaydel dasala Anaad aft sided Raaya sai ay da Bd. wuel aL useal aMANA wukid added otf AX WA AL Awe rat saatai ad da Beds a ad B. sue Age F Agaydrn walla a Av wuld Resid Wet yal aa Od Aa Agayd Sasa Anal g ww Aqaya sai adsl da O. auc au mae ane waar gavii wud d a Ads add ad 8, A woe idee a Boe Reet, aioe soul ae Ath Geel wale AMeLL BALL ARAL 2a, AQ aM & Regan suid af Aven Risen WRaad yer aud 4, a Bes cd ada. 4B, Za(IM) Zn A CoMCIM)ICu aX ANA AM aiysl AN sieuccuni BUA, AML Bee Rgayer Dyan @Aadls A Aue Rigaya Ds aM ada. site. 2 Br 12,14 Yet —0.76 Lee 8, F Br jo,rt Yer +0.34dlee saai alg @. au AA ren aiygl Amd © zn(s)1Zn2*(1M) II Cu*(1M) I Cuts) © wuld WERIHa sel asia dB. bas 2 CuPt(ag) + 267 = Cu(s) (Reset) weds = Zn(s) = Zn?*(ag) + 26° (GR) AuuBea + Zn(s)+ Cu (ag) = Zn**(ag)+ Cus) de) Bean = Feats) ~ Peas) = Brest ica — Biz zn 34 — (0.76) 0.34 + 0.76 = 1.1 dee a5 6A, Dal (mt Sees) ad Ragadvd Dhue adder gaya defi wari wd ad ole Rgeyert WAGauar aselBa dal lectromotive force) FA Zari (emf) a wermai 2a 8. AR wud wh At Resut WaRIadi yeh (F wuld Raaya Dave 8 ad) Aan si adeaaiel wud Reaydel ALMA SAMAs, Ae 48 8. wus MGRat Weiner vera mui ed. G2 ST AH wud Resa WeraKad Hera auuai aud 8, TUPACA we wukid Rasad W2Rer vy waka Raays WeRina 68 3. BP, YeNA wd wuld au wsdl Ael des api wd d. ares 3.1 298 K aA vaula Ranga WRee ead vele (aqueous) 243% 2A HAO wad) 243d, apd a an usted aged g 2s eaqual sale 3. F@ + 26 a Fe 287 CoH > Co* 181 HO, + 2H™* + 26° > 28,0 = Mn++ 44,0 i 151 Aut + 367 > Auls) @ 140 Ch) + 26° > or i 136 Cr,07- + 148* + 26> > 2cr*+ 7H,0 1.33 O,(@) + 4B + de~ > 21,0 | 1.23 Mn0O,(s) + 4H* + 4c~ > Mn+ 2H,0. 1.23, 70 eaweet 12Br, + 27 NO, + 4H + 367 2H + 26° Agt +e Fett + O,(g) + 2H* + 267 1 + 2 cut + em Cut + 26> AgCl(s) + 6 AgBr(s) + &~ 2H + 26 Po + 26 Sn + 26> Ni + 267 Fe + 26° Cr + 30> Zn + 26° 2H,0 + 26 APY 4 367 Mg + 26- Net + = Cat + 26° Kee Lit + bbe bbb vu bue bub b buy yuyu vous NO(@) + 2H,0 Hg," Agis) H,0, cus) cuts) Ag(s) + CC ‘Ag(s) + Ber He) Sn(s) Nis) Fe(s) Cr(s) Za\s) H,@ + 201g) Al) Mg() Na(s) Cals) Ko) Lis) 1.09 097 092 0.80 0.7 0.68 052 034 0.22 0.10 0.00 = 0.13 = 0.14 - 0.25 = 0.44 - 0.74 - 0.76 = 0.83 = 1.66 = 2.36 -2n = 2.87 = 293 - 3.05 (1) oe. BORA 2 Wa adgaal 2 AIH, srai non Resadsal add ad 8. (2) 4a EP Aza 3 Bde aigani a HIM, saci Fein Rosereal als ad 3. Dyanoes 3.14) Ad au AeM veel AA wR wed a B= (1) aa Aeli AMBRE wou vqeaardl ght, Sela yit sarll gh WA Reseed ddd nome Guadl fae Ran are ah O. (2) eu Agta Rest wu agora gh, ddalt else gh wa wWRRudd! cael yonat fA Guadl Rar are ad 8. (3) ma Aart aud AS we A av ANA Asal stat aiysl AMA wR MEF INE axel ase O. an Ali AD Raaya ls oid wa 4D Raya BAS oad adil wll wat dad ase 3 (4) ma AelbAL F aged Batt LA BA tagrn APA ARNE GUE Vell Huge AIR aLawAl aeici gel APD ataerd Mg se aA A aed Ve tug aia gad Zee WA B. thd, Fed Hut emf AeA Cu sadi fA 8, Fett APU Cua siaeri sai Fett a®el Fei 2A Cu, Cugai guide wi 8. cmd 3: 298 K wud fA sauder wud al Aru Gude atu And asl Fgue a. Dut wBu arf ad wukkia Rw Be, oe. (1) BY 2 74 = - 0.76 ee (2) Batiag = 0.80 ee Ga : Bis (waa) wala Reset WEE aD dave 2 ADs ad add. sued ws Faguevii 2 soll uy anud. Avg aie Agua : © zn 1 zn amy tl Aga) 1 Ag © bas + 2Agt(ag) + 267 = 2Ag(s) (Rusti) BLS + Znfs) 2 Zang) + 267 (GRRL) An-uBeu + Zn(s) + 2Ag"(eq) = Za™M(aq) + 2Ag(s) Be Eka = Eeatiad) ~ Ean) = EPagting ~ Pizza = 0.80) - - 0.76) = 1.56 de wala BAS ee WO 2D QR Odi Aa Ey YEA 2D Qwarl ell we, eet 2 artlee ga sear EuBen alee 2-2 oye ud sel Avell IM aigcuel eur seed adl emid 4 : 208 K aur 12 ater wukta af Amen Gwloull vidi dud ws Agua 40. Ave WB aed oA ad would Wve Boy ail. 1) Byg@ting = — 2.37 Ue 2) E°egtticn = — 0.28 dee Gla AANA yaa Rest TAMU ADA Daw A As a ad. aul, wR Fane & ell uy aud. And wBRs Fgua : © Mgts) | Mg (IM) I CoAM) | Cots) ® 2 uae 12bas + Co™M(aq) + 26 = Cols) (Rsser-t) wells + Mg(s) <= Mg*(aq) + 2c7 (Rat) BeuBar : Mg(s) + Co?*(aq) + Mg*(aq) + Cols) Bhed(hds) ~ Pate Ekg ico — Ey? iatg = (0.28) ~ © 2.37) = 2.09 dle 26 wal wien et Bon) Raqdya we add wud wd aisadar aed win dei Asn da A val ae Ragas Ad WER, aut, Al WH Ua Leader saad wise WA Rgaydell wel we mula ULB. Aeiiy tas (Nemst) adel Gud awur Peooula Agrees Dna WP WA UB wa asmidai sided vice ae vein eulad wller euyj. ou alerted avael GouaiRaieia ReidA AMA aS a Ag ava veuel, aria cnfou yo Rgaydla wwii: M™(aq) + ne“ = M(s) Raaydy TERME AS we alee seule addr Regain deoksl aed ad euis, 0 Bcau RT, M Footing = Paetin ~ or ary we waeagl Mell algal ai ovata, RT, 1 Euetiny = Bae in ~ ar a Begging 2 weld B. RA astm G.316 JK mol) #2 Fal Fad wanis (96500 gels we“, T = cut Bi aA OMT] aaguel aiccu eula d. SAA Wye Anni Cu 9A Zo? sundd Deer ala Radka Wari al Ad. RT, 1 BALM : eemiey = Bettien ~ nats ® Rt, 1 AAD: Bathing = Batten SE a ® -&, ANAMERUA : Boa = Beg cn?) +160) RT, 1 RT, 1 = atten ~ oy a — Bat ing + a (Peo ae feu] wie * oe R 1 RT = Brticn~ Beatin ~ opie] * ora] RT, (Zn"*] - na ca op ica] ae gaara Bmu Wee sll WHY Fay, Coe AA Zn satel alge HR atUR WAB. Aq EL CAL alga aa eA B A Zl alee audi 2 B. allsant (3)Mi Aare ARI (Natural Logarithm)? aud 10 Ay a6 R, Fed T = 298K aed youd wleeet A woud «A: 2.303RT _ 9 959 F a. » 0.059 | [Za™) stl, Boa = Eoan — > 108 (G2 o aud HA Rgayad a2 amuet Saag (0) ln Dew AM Gua wud mall wae : Ad © AA HA Mga MD yor yer GAadla Aad AV aA wud oad ase : © Nis) NP Age 1 Age) © AouBar : Ni) + 2Ag*(aq) = Ni*(ag) + 2Ag(5) aS wll qa HA WHA ea: 0.059 IN 2 Oe ae? Age was wBuie] aun anda of wud we : Fay = Bay - aA + bB = cC + dD wad wae aya, Fon = Bog - Bink wl K = get amis 1F RT = Bog — BU. ctor nF [Ay IB) Prenat, wf Ava OGaa wer aves aeflered Gwi sal ove ast. A Co’ 1 Co wl Awl wOeu ResurnBur dl avd a Co*(ag) + 26° = Co(s) a d. 0.059 1 Bees ea) = Best eo) ~~ 8 TESRy wig A Col Co™ af Ae BAL AGA wu alld ald A Co(s) + Co™(aq) +267 a 8. 0.059 " Eecotcaty = E’cotea) ~ 3 108 (Co*] ii cular WRve Aur WAM da 8. 4 auualnt 12awd 5; 298 K awUr fd aude Axed WERIve aed, © pais) 1200.6 M)ICu*(O.3 MICs) © Bg zy = — 0.76 Ae; B21 ey Gla : mal Bird Rgaga Ads HA dived Rgays dds B. Act wuld Resut WEFava ed audi B, Fu uel yeu owed sai, = 0.34 dee Fea = Peg tcn ~ Bast an = 0.34 — (- 0.76 ) = 0.34 +0.76 = 1.10 dee AuaBa + das + Cu(aq) + 267 2 Cals) (Reser) ads + Zals) = Za?*(aq) + 267 (2G Ra) Za(s) + Cu?*(aq) = Zn™*(aq) + Cus) wd, n= 2 ad. 0.059 | [zn = Py — 2.059 jog Und Feat = Boa ~ —S~ 108 cary 2110 — 2959 jog 10-61 2 (0.3) = 1.10 - 0.0295 log 2.0 = 1.10 — (0.0295) (0.3010) = 1.10 ~ 0.0089 = 1.0911 dee amd 6: Await AA wudd wBu we B+ ‘Mg(s) + 2Ag*(0.0001M) = Mg™(0.130M) + 2Ag(s) Fear seed 4. Bay = 3.17 de Ba: Ay 1A wad eur : © Mg(s) | Mg*(0.130M) 11 Ag*(0.0001M) | Ag(s) ® dueuBar Bas = 2Ag*(aq) + 2c" => 2Ag(a) wis Mg(s) = Mg? (aq) + 267 Mg(s) + 2Ag*(aq) = Mg™(aq) + 2Ag(s) Ryseuwe 75adi, n= 2 2a, RT, [Mg**] = Pq - Sela. Bea = Boa ~ ap Tag P 0.059 | (Me™) = 3.17 - 29 19, Beat 2 taghe Boge 317 ~ 2952 og 10:36) 2 °* (0001)? = 3.17 - 0.21 = 2.96 de 3.6.1 ulsdt 4M (Concentration Cell) : Agsiuat ci Agagad Asuewu da, vig Aga Rouvaa cian alga gl ga du da AWA aiga du 4d O. 243, Cais) | Cu (C,) I Cu (C,) 1 Cure) oO cafou wud alga AML ALwBAD aude ais Meee B, F Le wOeu gawagd B. wig sagen auad vie staat Ade ved Dau au waren AMA aia AM 42d. au Awai wBAt Cus) | Cu*(C,) Il Cu*(C,) | Cu(s) XZ Bg = 0.0 dle dU B. as : Cu*C,) + 27 = Cu(s) vs: Cus) SOPHC) + 2° AusBu : oC) = crc) wburt AA cud igen gama Roses uae a arnell ouy and A a beds ad ada, wisn duu Av DeFare fA yal oma wa O + 0.059 [Ci] a] aid, Foy, = 0.0 dle 8, saa 2 oA Rgaya an B day saa wud Reser DRE aA Aled MaRen yer aL ANB. AvL Mt Bama Rad DUO AD araed qa ave 8. A Rgaydai Cur wigan yl yal B, wa atawoii Ht sud Bud B. Ael Vas wf AW WA Beds wl Anal DRA yed wid ua ARs Mgtami 8, add Bg = 0.0 de a 8. 0.059 | (Ci) Bean = 0.0- = log —E n [C2] emia 7 = Ag*(ag) | Ag(s) 4 AND wud Reset W2RNe 0.80 dle B. 298 K aur AQ wie Ad WRVe oe : © Agia) | Ag*(O.25M) Il Ag*(0.75M) | Agta) ® Fea Poa Ga: Bas = Agt (0.75M) + cm = Ag(s) (Rasaet) ads + Agi) = Ag*(@.25M) + &° (Gad) Bu-uBar : Agt(0.75M) = Ag* (0.25M) 6 uae 12Gurr wlere wel wen BD} wud Aw sled dud cud ais sawn sued ve saw eae A 42 B. WU AM HZ By = 0.00 de B. 0.059 (CI = Boy tog Ft Fea = Bea D8 ety 0.059, 0.25 ; = 0.00 - “log 5 => (mel, n= 1 Aci) = - 0.059 x (+e5]- — 0.0592 x (log 1—log 3) == 0.059 x (— 0.4771) = + 0.0282 de ia 8: Cu 1 Cust Awd naulia Reser W2Rine 0.34 de B. 298 K award «ld aude Aud WeRue oe : © cues) 1 Cu*(0.1M) I Cu*(M) 1 Cage) © Ga: ads +: Cx(IM) + 267 = Cu(s) (Rue) as +: Cus) == Cu*(0.1M) + 26> (iRRa) AwuBa : Cu%UM) = cu@.1M) c) Cc ise Ai Bis mare are rie cae dre 4 B Arie ized AWM Eng = 0.00 de das. =o 0.089 IG) Fea = Poa “SI [C_] = 0.00 — 2959 tog 0-1) - i = 0.00 — 2 tog gy ashe m= 2 Me) == 00295 x log 4 = ~ 0.0295 x log = = 0.0295 x (1) = 0.0295 chee aida AD MAU wuel aD da B. ale caw wna le aan are val Daw fA af ANDi alco Burt at wot AD WA alee avi NL AND TERME yo aL . A Aven Wad ye we HA Aa yBa BF AA Ads avai ued Ba aati Bes 8 WA BA Bas amar wel B a anal Ads d. (2) AN EU YEDA suAd AVL uel WOU aigeet amis oie used. (2) Doe Ave wet sf Ae WRG Yeu UNA ABRs wave pH AA weld sae geste tell ast, (3) ax WeRwed Gudea sf deals aged ad a d. Ryeaigaet sami ovgiad (Calculation of Equilibrium constant) : Fee AN (ougla 3.1) 4 uRua sua B wa aia fd wou did < ‘Za(s) + Cu™ (aq) = Zn™ (aq) + Cu(s) wi wBen calaa Swati wn vai Zn? fl aise a B WA Cu fl wind wz B. wL aAd Amu dle, deelar ana W2Fwler we alal une 8, Bal dee acd weur B. Asi awa wh UMA TM WAAL MAE 2 BD Cur AA Zou sual Bree ud awl, 2a BUR aiqert yas B wu Relat iad aeflere A wu eel asia : 2.303RT | [Zn] = Boy — mime Poa = ow 2F [cu*) 2 =p, — 0059 5, [za] Fo = Pea — > 18 Gry a ust digaet wa, a cc A OL MD (WRAL amlleee,) HAT = 298 K UMA Gudea weseet fl wud au = BK © 2.303 RT flog = PRBEE to Pou = 208 top Ke = 11 de y= 11 de} (12) og Ke = ee = (0.059) = 37.288 f: 298 K aNUd Ke = 1941 x 10°7 aan, aaa GAL F MB ou AO Axi wad ager semis HA wala WRIA AAD dist AMA cul B, su, wud aigat aeunis Ha yde B. Aeon, dred EP er ei amed #1 una 8, ema 9: wBuu agar amis outa sa Cu(s) + 2Ag*(ag) = Cu™(aq) + 2Ag(5); Fog, = 0.46 dee Ga: 0.059 2 Bog = 29 togke = 0.46 ale wnat 46 x2 log Ky = Sen = 15.593 Kg = 3.92 x 1088 B aaa 12ered, 10 : 298 K wu LA sudan Axl WEPuae 1.02 die 8. HCL aaa pH aed. yeripg= 0.80 ee) © Pe 1H bar) | HCI GM) Il Agé (0.01M) | gts) ® Cha Boy = Eades) ~ Feats) = Byes atin Bou = 0.80 dee Beau: THY® + Astea) = He) + Ag) (Oil, n= 1 8a.) = Buy — 2059 tH") Boat TAs" tH*] 1.02= 0.80 ~ 0.059 108 022, _ _ Jog (H'] + (2.0) 0.059 3.729 = pH - 2.0 ©. pH = 5.729 emia@l 11: 298 K auvnir lA aider sd WePaxe 0.096 die 8. HCu aiaetll pH aah. Bg 2isy= — O14 alee) © sn 1 sn?*(0.05M) IIH*(RM) | H,(1 42) Pt ® @a: Boy = cst Ly — Bs 150) Pou = 0.0 - 0.14) = 0.14 die Juan : Sn(s) + 2H"(aq) = Sn**(aq) + HA); (al, n = 2 4a.) 0.059, [Sn] = BO, — 20592 jog Sod Feat ‘call a 8 a + 0,096 = 0.14 — 0.0295 log rd 2, 9096-014 __ 1, (0.05) 0.0295 se 0.044 + 2, OSE = — log (0.05) +21 0.0295 1g (0.05) + 2log fH*] Rayne Es= 1.3010 + 2loglH*] s+ = 1491 = 1.3010 + 2log IH] 1491 + 1.3010 = —2log ['] + 1.491 + 1.3010 = 2 x pH 2.192 2 Sool cs pH = 1.396 eid) 12 : 298 K awur HA auden Amd D2Rura 0.53 dle 8. welled arly qeusiz «,) ada, © Pe 1 FC. 042) | KOH(.002M) II HCKO.00SM) | H(1 uz) 1 Pe ® Ba: Bas + H*(@.005M) + =} H,(1 our) (Resa) was : ; HQ 4) = HY (@M) + & (GR a-) Awe : H*(0.005 M) = HY(KM) Smet esd Heel wicaii w BR aL 8. a. =u AN B= 0.00 de ad. KOH stage Ol aigat = 0.002M 8. AS we well saguii HY A OH Gul Qu eB WA Ad alga youse Ky ae B. sue KOHAL sae ue, [H*J[OH7] = Ky, “8g [OH] = 0.002 M 8. ©. Kor gas pr] = Kw_ (©.002) = wig, — 2059 1,4 (KOH aiaeni Hl ale) Feat = Beat = 7 (Cru sai Hl wise) 053 = 0.00 — 2.959 jog w/0.002 1 0.005 053 0.059 ot soans| == 108 Ky + log 105) 8.983 = ~ log Ky ~ 5.0 = 8.983 - 5.0 = — 13.983 o Ky = antilog 14,017 = 1.04 x 10-4 zane 123, que coo) RgaRowrd Le wou 3. RgdRourii Rgdle Aeky waUMRUAAL gee aH Ba ME auaidl GUE ReqaRowrd AX 4d B. RgdRoured val alae svat RoUdd RgdRere Avert ad Ai ow Rgayad soul Rganais war sadi Rgayad Gwe Reset 24 aR Qen xBued, ad AWA wid WB, AL NA LAM WBA UREA RedRour 2 Domania 8, 24 3, well wage ARuu de Avi GAL MeiRa wel ABRs oud adi Rw ABA gaya soul RgaRoure s2a1 BOs wr saad ay WA Des vz seVlTA ay Gein wad. 1 H,0M Sian, HA® + 50,0) eu WH Moda Aw sdladsu AqaRourad Feds ue aRar wg wa Ads we SMEAR ay Gart aH 8. 1 aac Bader, ana(s) + >Ch(@) Fada AgaRouv-u Purd : aus usec $22 (Michael Faraday 18344) wOwell wee ad flue, eo WA A HA audi Aga yeu a flat asi wea sul val, FA Fur AgaRoudu Ped 42 3. (1) wha Ra : RegaRourl Rega we Gout del AURA we RegaReuws ANaidl wae Sa Raga wear BuoUEEL DAO. AW Gout Udell clue em 1A Q aU Aer Rgaveug ye de a, Ww=Q (2) oDea Pare s A aed aud yer yer MQaRouwe Huan RgdRourd ADA ellie sf awl Qswd Reged wud war sari wa, A RRA Rgayd Gur und add Lud wad dea qeourn wooed dad. W = Eq, ui, W = Nd lund eM HA Eg = Llu qeuoure Faden Gudsd Feed wea aa ous el ale agaudci avlai weuged ssaiely eau Rad att aur Asa eae We wRu ed wr nevi wei ad ad. au eu lad aisevue var asia wi wa, mall Been Gude Poel oughs ceue A wud saved aul: Reset a vila vidaGaed gat Agayad we yun add den Mert deen a wai eae tel Seidl war act Ager vem ead vote aud B? an Gerd alee dai Gerwredel Radar ara usu B : Na*() + & — Na(s) saa Na‘() + & — Na(s) Mg**() + 267 > Mg(s) tea 3 Mg") + Mao) AIM® + 3e° > AMs) Ha 2 APD +e > 1 Ag 3 3 Ryesa Rose EBD tla BF 1de Saag Mgatans wae seal Lote AR, Fhe Aeate w F ole AeyhPvoe aga ee we UB. 1 fea Sasgid au ast ud Raat wear 1 Fed 48 8. aa F tim a cvlad. 1 6asgit wad Agave 1602 x 107 gar 3. aud, 1 ha Gaede ved Byarad, 1 Bad (F = 1.602 x 10 x 6.022 x 10 = 96487 (= 96500) gro a-(Sasaleiett) gave, Dasari 1322 = 96487 gor aa O. apur Za ciidd 2 96500 sda eisrami aaa 3. BAS RgdRoure Avail TAPIA Agana ¢ ee a2 wR avi Ua A wae wa Rawal Q gdh Aeiai Aa aleae ad aie ase 3: QaIxt (I Aqamas Auaei, t wy Asi) RgaRoura eau Rgaya we get ued uel wad, wae sami man Rgdren we sue UAB. Ay Jad Fed Rgawad wae sea 2 ada vel Rgaya we gd WB. dai n= Rgdya we 1 Me vel ga Wa AB Rgaya veel BU aa alemdar Psa Marl sia, Bree 3.2 Rgawed aA AgaRours Agalourt Sok aun dai 100 26: ed ell, ame, Aoefh are Att yotell vel tsi i) - AeedaedBu ye Avell act (204i) ave jaeine yer * 100 a aaa 12suid) 13 : 300 K aud A 1 our eOUA CuCLrtt welA claein AgaReurdri sega 4 ig gg WB BA Haga We wR ay ga DO. 2.0 ABUR Agauad 1 sas MB wa sedi 3aq Cu mA Bed suse ay wa usd ? (F = 96500 gal1, Cu = 63.5u, Cl = 35.5u HA R= 0.08314 our Rize We Ha) Ga: WA WAR sai aude Rigewvmel aed 4A. euraugUr, Q=Ixt Rgawed = 2 x 60 x 60 = 7200 gar - z = 0.075 F Sas we ad) war : Cu*(ag) + 267 + Culs) (2 sla) (63.5 aut er") Gurl uBumi 2F wa 1 Ne Cu asada d. aud, 0.075 F wa asada Con De = = 0.0375 0.075, 2 = 0.0375 x 63.5 = 2.38 WH Cu Hud. aw Aa, Weis 42 2CI-(aq) > Clg) + 2 2d 3 OF dlwwad 1 he Clay wa asda d. 1x 0.075 euel 0.075 F wd asude Cl, ay 2 0.0375 We punt ay aR UA PV = ORT (0.0375 x 0.08314 x 300 1 = 0.9353 ze eid 14: NaSOpt vella aaa RgdRousni 25 APaRd Agavas 1 sas ye war ai auaal Wea Ne 300 K ANU AA 1 Aue eo Fed O, ay DUA wa 7 = 96500 ged, STP-A Ay De ayy se 224 Ber 9.) ha + 2H,OW) + 4H%aq) + O,(—) + 467 Tale 4F 22.4 Rar wri aA WA eOUa) 300 K awwr AAT our EUR Bat Nad Oyd 46 ehh BH 300 K ctumtl 1 our cow CL ayd se = = 573.93 Ae 96500 Ryanema, 15 : Avbi clsdar Hg,(ClO,,, Hg(C1O,),, CuSO, #A AgNO,nti siaadiel 2.68 Parad Agmuas ds sas a2 wane sail suari es fuga Bean Me Ws we aru ad 7 @a: ; Hgy"*(aq) + —> He) 4 g*"(aq +e —> + Hg) 2 2 Fou ay +e cuts Ag? (aq) +e —> Agi) AgePouwha Aedui cheou d add doi Dswwd Agevad var ad. Rgawel = 2.68 x 3600 = 9648 gel 9648 56500 =O0888F = 0.1 F aut, &s RgoMouwdaitl 0.1 F Fd Raawwd wane ad. aul sia ealdar ar RadReuwhal we Hg, 0.1 De, Hg) 0.05 he, Curd 0.05 Mea mA Agvh 0.1 aha, ug Fas we eeu ad. ermal 16 300 K ANd 1 our EMA CHSO,AL WAM waRG ewer yA ad 10 ABaard devas 193 Az w2 var sre Bear wid Cu Hma HA Bear seed O, ary wma ? RgiRousa dvd wu 80% B. (Cu = 63.5 ud.) Ga sae RA Raawal= 1x t = 10 x 193 x 60 gar =12F aawahis ual : Bas = Cu?(ag) + 26° + Cus) QF) ada) Ves + 2H,OM —> O,(g) + 4ET(aq) + 4e7 a tay GF) vO yw, 2 $2 Agduate uae seal 1a Cu WA 4 i Aqauae var seal 1a 0, ay Garr we 8. Cu 42 2 Fak Agauas war seal 1 Na aa. 12 12 Ba Rgaas war sad +2 = 0.6 de cu aaa. Cy uae 12( Curd eet = 0.6 x 63.5 = 38.1 WL Brel au 80 % B. del ae = 3048 wt Cu na. 0, ay AB, 4 Bad Rgenans wate sz 1 Da O, ary Gard UH d. 12 BR Radas war Rad 2 = 03 Ra 0, ay Gein ad. MPU ay atl yee, PV = ORT ART _ 03x 0.08314 x 300 P 1 = 7.4826 zr v= Dwell wuu 80% B. del 2aen to = 5.986 Ree ewdh 17 ; eae tide (AgNO, ot vel staid Tawa gd aad 5 Aer) Agave 193 Ass HZ WAR Seal 0.972 WH Ag NAB, dl RqaMouvd Amel ara oe. Gla sua Bd Rgamad = 1x ¢ = 5 x 193 = 965 gan _ 5x 193 ‘96500 Bas : Agtag + & > Agt) wBu yw, 13 Radnars war sedi 1 da Ag AA. del, 0.01 828 Agana war sai 0.01 la Ag xual. co Agi amt = Agu la x Ag] weuRaca Der! 0.01 a x 108 ai Dent 08 wa Ag 4A, 0.01 Fad wu stad Amada yer OB, al ad Adifas Ye aaa wa O, Ageours ead RadRourt sori 0.972 wr Ag gg VS FT whhs yr aA B. plus Yee its ye * 100 Soe ara (25041) = _ 0972. 100 1.08 = 90% ( Aw ard 90 % 8. geen a539 iRewred wa el AN roan Oba by Hea) wadu vale siaeed AgaRouril 46 fwd wea ad dd aur a ur auvan Rgayaded MAA, stad aiga WA Rgcuasa we wel B. au Ratt{ andi sedi Feais Geiseed 0 wii 3.9.1 NaCh{ AgaRourd (Electrolysis of NaC) (@) Reuter NaC) AgaRourd (Electrolysis of molten NaCl) : Mout NaCki RgdReuwt wlan HDs WA Dewart Ts a sack HDG Ua Na tug WA DS we Clary Gant ue Bd, vou + Nacl® > Nat) + Cr das + Na*() + e~ —> Na(s) aids (ase) + cr@ > $ cg (b) NaCl sic valu tae Agalouwrs (Electrolysis of dilute aqueous solution of NaCl) : NaChu sie vel slate] RgaRourt deen Rgayd a sai aiyel uBurii oa wily RgaRourr AOA HS wa suas (HL) ay HA SDS va sare 0.) aay Geert aH B. aie stewed C- sured! aigeu Dl awl Ads Gwe aj WMARar yoda d. al CLA aed swalFaw. 0, 4d d. Add vy GA WS va Navadd Rusu ye Dave Natagr Hed HOw Resuael H, aly AA B mA OH (aq) 4A 8. Ras 3 2H,O@ +26 + H,(g) + 20H(aq) wy: HOM > 0x8) + 2H(eq) + 267 AuuBur : 2H*(ag) + 20HM(q) > 2H,0() yd wus 100 > H® + Lo¥@ at, NaC vie wea aaa AgaRonrt eAserii weld RgaRoura 3. (© NaChi ais wala cian RqaAcuy (Eletrolysis of Concentrated Solution of NaCl): NaC wis vel ciaetd RgalRoum Rewer Ageyad ad sei 0A wud wOa wa d. ais steel cry wus aut dal HOA od Ais we Cr auetd WRRed we 8. sued CL ay 4A 2d. BAS + 24,00) + 26° + Hy) + 20H(aa) MDs + 2Cr(aq — Chg) + 22° stawintt Nat(ag) muir Rested wBa agora eal, set} HO} Rissa Nat suede Rasute geui aaa wa 8. ad Feds Gur WH, wy XA B. sum, ais NaCl siaeeit MqaRouree Ads GU Ch ay FL Gwe H, ay AAO WA alae NAOH Gait aH B. stsettinth Nat aut A Hee WML OFT Nd NaOH 2d 8. Guaded a4 Geuseell uel ga LB 2 As wy wen wey same ysl el aise aM Raia aawari RgaRoural yal ya fwd XA B. 86 uwelaeut 12Na,SO,i He wel siaeid RgdRouws deen Rgdkal od sea alysl uBuai est wold FagaReour: ada Sls Guz O, ary 2A Fas Gur H, ay Gaimt wa OB. H,O-fl gard Nat aiid, Rustin MA SOP seid Rad yde Darel au aud wba aqoadi ell, ads + 2H,0 (D + 26 > Hy(g) + 20H(eq) as: OM > FO) + 2H(aq) + 26° BuuBu : 2H*(eq) + 20H~(aq) > 2H,0—) agi ulus 100 > H® + 40,@ 21 Oso i wey gue deo Agno Stn of C80) @ A CusOu vel cae] RgcRouws sven Regd av sav wa, d wails wut Reed Tse sine HDs Gee ML aH B, AMR gaya (Sis) aBa dau RgaRouwe eat a Eat wou saqaa &. Ses (Sua) = Cu (aq) 420° + Cue) Beads (Sua) = Cle) + Cu*(aqhe2e™ aiysl wReus Cu(s)(Aeds) > Cu(s)Beds) sadl, FH Be wBU aura a B aX aa sua Dedie{ aa ead MUD 4AM} AU Teds aba ya dar eutwBa sql Com Gant £2 OB. stowien Cu sae Rese nda sao AUR Hg Cus) Fes wR MAL AB, AM Bese ewer at MAB. YS dA Vs ord dou Rigaeoud RgdRours sal % yal Aer aqotad ol a cael ad wa d. Aue tugetai oye Aw Alsi Wel Au, PrFd ABex tiged 2 F WRBaa aqoad all a Advil yor aA AWA AMA wu aa O aa elds Ms (Anode mnd) 42 B. (b) A Cuso,-u vel4 side, RadRouri ARH 2 dgiden Absa Rgayd 2 seati wa, d 12 wud wBard wa d= BAS + Cu(aq) + 267 > Cus) as : HOM > 2H(aq) + $010 + 2 mawiin S02 AGRer HON gawd ye Dal H,04 aARWas aS Hi(aq WA 0, WY Gerd ay B, sawmill Cu*(aqhd Reset adi ad wit HY%eq) AB. en AgaRouyri Beds ua sur tig WU ae B. Ads uz O, ay AA MA cai HSO, Gaunt aM B. Gadi RaaRours yo vy Herel Bau Deel Na, Ag, Al Pel tugeied Geue4, NaOH, KOH Gauet AA Cu, Ag, Au, Fl ug) yes RgdReurel ami wa 8. aga am ama (electroplating) wa RgdRours uBud Gude aad. Rye212 yi SA Be MBEAN (Cee Haran Co ote) Gourd Mal ysOel G) RA vy wld Aad. ani Roda Ay 2 ouWHA add wQueded neudl oie wd. d2d 2 yaad drew wm or B. Agawam Aw RqaydA Aout Qu ve aA aU uBued 2 AGG Ye wa dud. a AND Wma Fea AH MA AW nF Rgd Aaaand wu a, AG = -OFER, A, FRO amis B. wun AN 2 Gude wleeer aL UA au : AG? = FE, A Gout ul Rana ayaa Agavial wiaRa ad dx a, AG = Wereeiet = — SFE gy, ain, Yoo a Bete Agdle aA wun ww @. mid 18; Agarmus Avai A auld usu vBarel Rqauais Gent aia 8, Fes) + Cu?*(aq) > Fe™(ag) + Cus) A wuts Rgds AVAie 0.85 BUI Raga wd seam BUA, A Awl Beg NEL wl aS ad 7 on AND waka AV UAE 0.78 de 8. ha : Mawt Ragas Waseca = AO? = — nFEPell 0.85 x 96500 x 0.78 63979.50 gas die 6398 x 10' ya [1 gdm ee = 1 yal Axel uBairdeu aigat amis wala Ax-DRmadn yet situr al wey B. en U2 AAD cmd ASA = emia 19 : 298 K dwur BPive Am a2 fA aude uBard agar sais wr ysaulFa ae oe. ‘Zn(s) + Cu(ag) = Zn*(aq) + Cu(s) (F = 96500 ga) ay a2 UzRuva = 11 de Ga son wba we n= 2 8. AG? = ~ nFE°,., = — RTInk =~ 2.303RTlogk ° nF B%cat top K = 2 505RT ___2* 96500 x 1.1 2.308 x B.314 x 298 log K = 37.2074 K = 161 x 107 AG? = — nFE%,, = — 2 x 96500 x 1.1 gaa dle 212300.0 ya = -— 2.123 x 10° ye 83 uae 12RgaaRs AV AA ReaRowwa AY ale ated LAL yeRdM ww asin B: (1) au Ave Rga@ely wauulkuaetai quia ww B. (2) Wa-wBar aud owl ud Regal sand B 8. (3) 4A gaya As x wri RgaRoura aarti 2 Raa ari gader da 3. (4) % qa Sedu siya wa wsai wa Bar Aes 48 B. cli AMA a d MA Adl wv da Aan wage wa Wer gael Jas 48 8. ai Ruan aa d. (5) au deel aad medal war usd ae, (6) wa. SAKRAR, aug yesreri Bees 3.341 eallau woud wereld RgaRoune seal HDs WA Des Ge wich BAMURL Me LAD. Bes 3.3 3.15 Rgda avd eRe ax saa vail veil A wera DY od. aot au wand Neill 2 & Rganansd ase 62 aa ued anes vere] HA aid Aqaansd, auet ad tel dat veil sass veil 4d 8. wneud fd anes vettou A wate at HA Bs (1) ths ais mA (2) RgaReurann aiaell 42 Ug gaast, (1) Suras aA (Metallic conductors): aged ae Bi gad Radaws ved B. awai Rage] aut tug urugpilell ous seuri We wtetidlRd (Delocalised) SsAlt au wa d. Radaser eau su Nenad aaUNRs B29i2 ued tl Uig ols Breeni Aan au awd a d. gaan »(2) RgaRouse siaed cia ag Mga : % werd welt ards aw suid yst $2 a eA RgaRousy veil 48 B wa suai aaa AqaRoure wazh 48 8, As, Ada avy ae vel maki Aganais wane sal dati aud ait Agaast a 8. RgaRoury yevilai siaadni Rigel aissu (Electrical conduction) wivar 42 Agd4 aad Electrical resistance) ua Aad Ada, RgeReura ciaadai War ausde eee sR aNi Raed aut alo wuedd a d. sud ade aad d Rgds add aden wud AA suede ade add A Aged ast aud wun aa d. Agdy wader R a culaai aa B. ad amet afleer Bey ad sami ua 8. AS war Asan assed RAD AML ous (ra ayeumi #A Au susBeru Rum (A)AL ort ue da 8. Red a Rept sei, R= ads, 1 = oud, A= susded dase, p = WoruRa sais WoLURLL WAALS PA WaAdtiscu (resistivity) / AMZ a2 (specific resistance) S8aM4i 212 @, madtse (resistivity STH waa Mize (OQ m) B vig Mar oud. a aye Bl (om) BHO Gudovii Aami wa 8, 216 ent (Ae SN) (Ray pete Ren) aan deus 1 fae WA Ds sued Aagm as aaa Mee Haadl assed ADH adl madeoat (fine aads) sd. 1Q Mar = 100.0 a0 ana 1:2 A = 0.01 A Aer agian : atadk Re ae? alsa G sdavii wa d, AckA wi, kel a, Keget Ro pel 1 e A aids S114 [at Giemens)S B evlawil 2A B. aA sdyHe (ohm aan QM! BAAL wl (mbo Waal U) auld cular d. ARve asset (Specific conductivity) : Madeedet ada RA aissdt sai wa B. TUPAC au 48 Ag edna B 2 Ane atesar atssa Ald dled, auel RAVE cesar wed Gs uss ae aUNRADHE AU _B, alse yr ti MEL Quake ALNALUL att aba ANAL amis da 8. ad yet Ag at sf any rina raved Gla sl aa ais KCL Fa RgaReuw aa worn aur axl ass al wBeridl aq yer And) asl sf ase B. nae tus GA Ju SuMiis (cell constant) 8 qyeard ARre atesed 4A B, BA lls WHR SUL (kappa) K a celaa 8. re asd K = vel ass G x Ay sais Are aasdieh STAs Smt awa Som B. sx oud 1 Mize WA Ben sued Aner 1 apa ze Yad aidiell aise Sor! 8. 1 Sem = 0.01 Smt 0 uae 12Des 3.4 298.15 Fei aur zeus veri avsaai yeh Gun Des 3.4 well woe wn O 3, yor yer Yer assed Yad aad ved DA asia 24 8. Aad aur verde evaRuued we ad 8. awud WA cower ue veel cussed MeL We mar adi URW B, uss wet coffer Aa auuscuet eel ttl (magnitude) wut LA wa sari ma + (1) yauss : WGA WA Ra ugdel aise ay Daw A yas savii aud B, Beas sHtule Nei] Far 2 Reise, sols ouga’ (organic polymers) Yas B. (2) mands + sa dey Gruhs veri asec aaer vue da au xewdAa aes evil sdami aa 8. (3) wiais& : & vetlel aussdun ye YaGA WA wade Newlle uascted Ye aa G4 A veld atlas 2 meld 8. BRA, wih, Ar wuss ali wlasA d. Beau vould atedesc qu DUB wa dell auaser yor a aud Da AA aARAaUGA Guper- conductors) sari aud O, 2UG Higa mA Pie Hig la AWA GH 15K) ayasA ad sreud od, Wig Gan eiUA (150 K) weL ott RUPs Hele HA Bia aleeuds aRyaLEA Alt swell 8. fuged aa ad Agdasaa ws maa sAlele aaa sari wa B.A Sassi santiar a at B. Sagi uate AL URW Ue WHR WB : (1) agd sta 2A Af erased (2) tug YeURU aise AWAL Wer Sasa ian (3) avoued aua RaW Hg geass 2 2. gard eur hig suri AS Fer ad «0, Rgaue SSSqe wes widget HA wid AFaa aud wus waver 10-7M da d, ddl well Yeass add sour 8. (asa = 3.5 x 10% S$ mr) sad AgaRouwa yet weld adoundi dq suede wate gaged anes a® 8. saad uss Youd stawieti Ver miMeDA sea da B. eu wsieel ass oellY isso 68 B. aH audstd PuHLe Ati YRow we Wel Bs ee GRa AgaReuwi-l wel (nature) fo Getet allan aude se A dr weasee © Middl ugha aA axl Reto%al (viscosity) © Rg@Reuwid aise eet aura aaehai Aqaias yur sedi devrauaiis wGeued aa sider situeeri 82912 un 8. aaransse (Molar conductivity) + yel yer AgaRouran As y siasri vuaai rer We sari avsel As % AAA Baar Her DH SO. WH wale SEL Get Ben UMD dlvoUr axe swede se 8. RgoRoundel aia AA Rederiet ae DA auedy aq eutia we sea aieat aided: M2 wausere B. aud suai aaeilel ciasar Dae aias @ celadl ay aida wa 3. Maras p, (ols mar Art) a eufaami wa Bd. Kx 1000 c nei, K = su Capa) ABVE atusa HA C= gage ged DeURA Rewri Aa zargsdid Ase +d AML? Det SB. A sae ais BA aaa suH qeourti Aaa aad, A qeiatsdid Asi dL Qo? swigert ad. sitet aise Saeed wa AL aasscrrid aai Bera + slawi eouden MydReura viccuri Bree aaiel tae ass day Ae Deraasuri see aa 8. Fein ave wor ola wae RgaReuw veviiai sadai alga veal wd sae asa ddai ad B. gag Ws seri Aeroure, dart seat suiedefl avn aicetel aicat weal Del aa B. au Alsaell awe wa B 3 ataaiell asset a2 8. sr wUBe Hrladi WA Mor doudeu sid Wel A Raw yA ae adar Asn se Had aude alain RgaRouriat stan a ag Radar A staged asad. Gurl alsa fda ard we aad + aeRaetl An = Aex, A mA pl Hn San Mee anal AM Qa, dary, Let BUDE Haladd WA Rs douseu vied ader A ya aad ade Vs Ma AgaRouwe, ‘iad V see ciadtel aissai Daranssal sda wa B. 2 aaa 12