Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev.

01-2014

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Mohammad Azzeim bin Mat Jusoh
Group : EMD4M8B
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Free Vibration Experiment – Natural

Frequency of Spring Mass
System Without Damping
No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE
1. MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI 2019602104
2. MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN 2019848172
SALIMAN
3. MUHAMMAD AZRUL AZAM BIN IBRAHIM 2019653864
4. MUHAMMAD BUKHARI BIN ABD HAMID 2019814564
5. MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI 2019467912

LABORATORY SESSION : 11/6/2020

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 14/6/2020

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

1.0 Abstract

The definition of free vibration is which vibration that takes place when a system
oscillates under the action of forces inherent in the system itself. The natural frequencies of the
system under the free vibration will vibrate at one or more which are properties of the dynamics
system established by its mass and stiffness distribution. The main objectives to do this
experiment is to let the student to determine the spring constant (k) and the natural frequency (f).
This experiment is performed by using the vibration apparatus complete set with helical spring,
adjuster, guide rollers, guide columns, damper, base, carriage, mechanical recorder and
additional masses. The result is based on the theoretical value 1.710kN/mm for the spring
constant with speed of recorders 20mm/s. All the data is calculated and discussed by the students
in this lab report.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

2.0 Introduction

Free vibration is vibration that takes place when a system oscillates under the action of
forces inherent in the system itself. The system under free vibration will vibrate at one or
more of its natural frequencies, which are properties of the dynamics system established by
its mass and stiffness distribution. This experiment uses simple harmonic motion theory to
demonstrate how to calculate the spring constant and the natural frequency of simple mass
spring systems; demonstrates Hooke’s law. The experiment was divided into two main parts.
For the theoretical value of the experiment, 𝑤𝑛 = √(𝑘/𝑚) was used. Weights were added to
the spring and the value of the extensions were recorded in order to find the value of spring
constant, k. This value was then used to the theoretical value of natural frequency. The
second part of this experiment allowed students to find the natural frequency by first finding
the time period of the oscillation and the substitute it into equation 𝑤𝑛 = 2𝜋𝑇.
Vibrations occur in many mechanical and structural systems. If uncontrolled, vibration
can lead to catastrophic situations. Vibrations of machine tools or machine too chatter can
lead to improper machining of parts. Vibrations can be introduced, with beneficial effects
into systems in which they would not naturally occur. Vehicle suspension systems are
designed to protect passengers from discomfort when travelling over rough terrain.
Vibration isolators are used to protect structures from excessive forces developed in the
operation of rotating machinery. The importance of study vibration for engineer is to
improve the efficiency of certain machining, casting, forging and welding processes and to
reduce vibration through proper design of machines and their mountings.
The rapid advancement of technology has changed the way the manufacturing industry
operates, where more lighter structures are being utilized. One of the examples of light
structure is thin plate, which commonly used in various fields such as aerospace, machinery,
civil engineering structure, the boards in electronic equipment, computer peripherals,
modern housing and marine industries. However, the trend towards lighter structure has
potential to led structure being more susceptible to vibration. Thus, may lead to problems
including fatigue, instability, and performance reduction, and eventually may cause damage
to the highly stressed structures. As the results, there are needs for vibration control with the
adequate approach in order to avert all the aforementioned problems.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

There are few examples of method that can be used to solve the problems stated above.
These include: (1) by modifying the system, so that the natural frequency does not coincide
with the operating speed, (2) installing isolation devices between adjacent sub-systems.
Despite these studies thus far, it has not yet reached a situation where an appropriate control
method that can fit to all the vibration situations. Based on the objective once completion of
this experiment, it is highly proved that students able to achieve all the objectives as the
spring constant and natural frequency can be determined.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

3.0 Theory

Figure 1

Hooke’s Law is a model for a mass hanging from spring (involve with the spring constant).
Hooke’s law was used as reference. This theory of elasticity says the extension of spring is
proportional to the load applied to it. When the spring stretches from the rest position. The spring
acts on the mass with a force. The stiffness and strong of spring can be measured by spring
constant and, the distance the spring is stretched or compressed away from its equilibrium or rest
position. The force exerted by a spring is called a restoring force. It always acts to restore the
spring toward equilibrium.

Fs = kx
Where;
Fs = Spring Force
k = Spring constant
x = The length of the spring deflection
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Figure 1 shows the spring mass system and free body diagram. In this investigation, it starts with
no applied force to the mass where the spring is in rest. Then, applied force to the mass
proportional the spring. The stretched of the spring is the deflection length, x. The spring
constant, k can be obtained from graph Force vs Extension (Figure 2). The value of k can be
calculated by plotting the graph. Then find the gradient of the graph. The gradient of the graph
is the value of k.

y2 − y1
k = gradient =
x2 − x1

Figure 2

When no force applied to the system:

F =0
mg − kst = 0
 kst = mg
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

When force has applied to the system, the force generated an acceleration of the mass as given
by Newton's second law of motion:

F y = ma

Where :
a = the gravitational acceleration ( 9.81m / s 2 )
The sum of the forces on the mass then generates this ordinary differential equation:
mg − k ( x + st ) = 0
••
m x + kx + kst − mg = 0
••
 m x + kx = 0
••
k
 x+  x = 0
m
Compare both the equation to get natural frequency of system,  x

k
x = = 2f
m

Figure 3
Figure 3 shows the motion of spring mass system. This solution says that it will oscillate with
simple harmonic motion that has amplitude of A and a frequency of fn . The number fn is called
the undamped natural frequency. For the simple mass–spring system, fn is defined as:

1 k
fn =
2 m
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

4.0 Apparatus
Vibration apparatus which is included:
1. Base
2. Guide columns
3. Carriage
4. Additional masses
5. Guide roller
6. Damper
7. Helical spring
8. Adjuster
9. Mechanical recorder

5.0 Experimental Procedure

Procedure 1: To determine the spring Constant K
1. Paper and plotter pen were fitted.
2. Weight was removed from carriage.
3. Adjuster was used to set carriage such that plotter pen is on 20 mm line on chart paper.
4. Spring was loaded by placing weight on carriage.
5. Recorder was briefly started after each weight was added.
6. The stepped curve was obtained from which the individual steps can be read.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Procedure 2: To determine natural frequency

1. Plotter pen was fitted.
2. Chosen additional mass was attached and secured with knurled nut.
3. Adjuster was used to set height of carriage such that stylus is centered on paper.
4. Recorder was started.
5. Carriage was deflected downwards by hand and allowed to oscillate freely until it comes
to rest.
6. Recorder was stopped.
7. Experiment was repeated with other additional mass.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MUHAMMAD AZRUL AZAM BIN IBRAHIM

Member’s Name 1 : MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI

2 : MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN

3 : MUHAMMAD BUKHARI BIN ABD HAMID

4 : MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Finish work on time

Member 1: Always help another team member

Member 2: Display a good leadership

Member 3: Has a good way of solving team conflicts

Member 4: Easy to communicate

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Results
Spring Constant, k

Table 1: Result of deflection and extension

Mass (kg) Total Mass (kg) Load (N) Deflection (mm) Extension (mm)

2 3.25 31.88 32 12

4 5.25 51.5 44 24

6 7.25 71.12 56 36

8 9.25 90.74 68 48

10 11.25 110.36 80 60
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Load vs Extension
120 110.36

100 90.74

80 71.12
Load (N)

60 51.5

40 31.88

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Extension (mm)

Figure 1: Graph of Load (N) vs Extension (mm)

Finding spring constant, k :

Table 2: Result of spring constant, k

Load (N) Extension (mm) Spring Constant, k (N/mm)

31.88 12 2.657
51.5 24 2.146
71.12 36 1.976
90.74 48 1.89
110.36 60 1.839

Table 3: Percentage error of spring constant

Theoretical (N/mm) Experimental (N/mm) Percentage (%)

1.710 1.635 4.386
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Sample of Calculation:
1. Newton: N= mg
2. Extension = Deflection – 20mm
3. Spring Constant: F = kx
4. Experimental spring constant (Gradient of graph Load vs Extension):

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
m =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
110.36 − 31.88
=
60 − 12
= 1.635𝑁/𝑚𝑚

5. Percentage error of spring constant:

1.710 − 1.635
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
1.710
= 4.386%
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Natural Frequency, f

Figure 2: Graph reading of frequency for load 1.25kg

Figure 3: Graph reading of frequency for load 3.25kg

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Figure 4: Graph reading of frequency for load 5.25kg

Figure 5: Graph reading of frequency for load 7.25kg

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Figure 6: Graph reading of frequency for load 9.25kg

Figure 7: Graph reading of frequency for load 11.25kg

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Table 4: Result of Theoretical and Experimental Natural Frequency, f (Hz)

Total Mass (kg) Length of complete Theoretical Natural Experimental Natural

cycle (5 cycles) (mm) Frequency, f (Hz) Frequency, f (Hz
1.25 20 5.887 5
3.25 30 3.65 3.333
5.25 37.5 2.872 2.667
7.25 45 2.444 2.222
9.25 50 2.164 2
11.25 55 1.962 1.818

Table 5: Error Percentage of Natural Frequency, f (Hz)

Theoretical Natural Experimental Natural Error Percentage (%)

Frequency, f (Hz) Frequency, f (Hz
5.887 5 15.06
3.65 3.333 8.68
2.872 2.667 7.14
2.444 2.222 9.08
2.164 2 7.58
1.962 1.818 7.34

Sample Calculation:
Theoretical Natural Frequency, f (Hz):
𝑘
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = √
𝑚
k = 1.710 N/mm
= 1710 N/m
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

1710
2𝜋𝑓 = √
1.25
36.986
𝑓=
2𝜋
𝑓 = 5.887𝐻𝑧

Experimental Natural Frequency, f (Hz):

1
𝑓=𝑇
From graph:
1 box (x-axis) = 5 mm, 20mm = 1 sec
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑇=
𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
20
𝑇 = 20
5
1
𝑇=5
Therefore:
𝑓=5

Percentage error of Natural Frequency, f (Hz):

5 − 5.887
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
5.887
= 15.07%
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim 2019653864 (EMD4M8B)

Discussion
From the experiment that has been done, the value of spring constant, k and natural
frequency, f is determined. For the first experiment, the result obtained taken to find the stiffness
of the spring. Hooke’s Law states that the restoring force of a spring is directly proportional to a
small displacement, in equation, F= kx where x is the displacement of spring. The theoretical
value of spring constant is 1.71N/mm. For the experimental value, the value of spring constant,
k can be obtained by calculating the gradient of the straight line of the graph, load vs extension.
The load value was taken start from 1.25kg (the mass of the carriage). As the force acting on the
spring increases, the elongation of the spring also increases. The spring constant from the
experimental value is 1.635N/mm. Therefore, the error percentage form the both spring constant
is 4.386%. For the second experiment, the result obtained to determine the natural frequency, f
(Hz). Each mass on the spring is allowed to vibrate to obtain sinusoidal graph. The mass is started
with 1.25 kg, the size of the carriage. Form each graph taken, the 5 oscillation were measure.
Then, from the length of the oscillation, we can obtain value of period, T:
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 =
𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Then to get the experimental frequency, f:
1
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑓 =
𝑇
The theoretical natural frequency, f of the spring is calculated using the formula given:

𝑘
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = √
𝑚

Conclusion
The experiment carried out to find the spring constant and natural frequency of an undamped
mass system. However, from the experiment, the experimental values are significantly different
from their theoretical values. It was because of several factors and errors. The natural frequency,
f depends on the spring constant, k and mass attached to the spring, m.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI

2 : MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN

3 : MUHAMMAD AZRUL AZAM BIN IBRAHIM

4 : MUHAMMAD BUKHARI BIN ABD HAMID

5 : MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Good communication skill and able to work as a team.
Member 1: Good communication skill and able to work as a team.
Member 2: Good communication skill and able to work as a team.
Member 3: Good communication skill and able to work as a team.
Member 4: Good communication skill and able to work as a team.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI (2019602104)

Results
A. Determine the spring constant, k by using this result:

Table 1: Table to determine spring constant, k

No. Mass, m(kg) Load (N) x 9.81 Displacement (mm) Spring extension, x (-20mm)
1. 0 0 20 0
2. 2 19.62 32 12
3. 4 39.24 44 24
4. 6 58.86 56 36
5. 8 78.48 68 48
6. 10 98.10 80 60

LOAD VS SPRING EXTENSION

120

98.1
100
y = 1.635x - 3E-14
78.48
80

58.86
60
Load, N

39.24
40

19.62
20

0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-20
Spring extension, mm

Figure 1: Graph of Load, (N) against Spring extension, (mm)

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI (2019602104)

Experimental: Calculation of spring constant

Gradient, m = spring constant, k

𝑦2−𝑦1
Calculation to find gradient: 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1

Sample calculation to calculate at: Point 1 = (12, 19.62) and Point 2 = (24,39.24)
39.24−19.62
m= 24−12

m = 1.635 N/mm

Compare theoretical value and experimental value of spring constant:

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
P𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | |× 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

1.710−1.635
P𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
1.710

P𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 4.386 %

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI (2019602104)

B. Determine the natural frequency, f by using this result:

Table 2: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f

Mass, Total Number Length Period, Natural Natural Percentage

m mass, of for 6 T (s) frequency frequency error (%)
(kg) m cycles cycles, theoretical, 𝜔𝑛 experimental,
(kg) (mm) (rad/s) 𝜔𝑛 (rad/s)

0 1.25 6 22.5 0.188 36.99 33.42 9.65

2 3.25 6 37.5 0.313 22.94 20.07 12.51
4 5.25 6 42.5 0.354 18.05 17.75 1.66
6 7.25 6 55 0.458 15.49 13.72 11.43
8 9.25 6 62.5 0.521 13.60 12.06 11.32
10 11.25 6 67.5 0.563 12.33 11.16 9.49

A. Calculation to calculate time allocated for each mass:

1 small block on graph paper (x-axis) = 5 mm = 0.25s

For total mass = 1.25 kg:

22.5𝑚𝑚
× 0.25𝑠 = 1.125s
5𝑚𝑚

B. Calculation to calculate Period, T of length for 6 cycles:

1.125𝑠
T= 6
= 0.188s
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI (2019602104)

C. Calculation to calculate theoretical natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛 (rad/s):

𝑘
𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚

By using spring constant, k theoretical = 1710 N/m

For total mass = 1.25 kg:

1710
𝜔𝑛 = √ 1.25
= 36.99 rad/s

D. Calculation to calculate experimental natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛 (rad/s):

2𝜋
𝜔𝑛 = 𝑇

For total mass = 1.25 kg:

2𝜋
𝜔𝑛 = 0.188
= 33.42 rad/s

E. Calculation for percentage error (%):

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
Percentage error =| |× 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

36.99 −33.42
=| 36.99
|× 100%

= 9.65%
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI (2019602104)

Discussion

Firstly, based on the carry out experiment, it highly proves that the objectives of this experiment
are archived which are to determine the value of spring constant, k and the natural frequency, f.
In order to find the spring constant, k which is also known as the stiffness of spring, the graph of
force against spring extension has been plot. The stiffness of the spring can be obtained by using
the equation to calculate the gradient which is:
𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1

Based on the plotted graph, the straight line exist shows that the relation between the force and
spring extension is directly proportional. From the experimental, the value of stiffness spring
obtained is higher compared to value of theoretical stiffness of spring. The theoretical value of
k is 1.710 N/mm while the experimental value of k is 1.635 N/mm. From this, it can be concluded
that the result obtained is not accurate, but the experimental value is near precise as the
percentage error calculated is 4.386%. This experiment made to find the spring constant, k is
near successful as the percentage error is still not over 10%. The percentage error is calculated
using:
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
| |× 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

Secondly, in order to find the value of theoretical natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛 the equation used is:
𝑘
𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚

From the above equation, it shows that the value of spring constant, k is needed to find the value
of natural frequency. Next, for calculating the experimental natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛 the equation
used is:
2𝜋
𝜔𝑛 =
𝑇

During this second experiment, the value of natural frequency is obtained by using different mass
of load. The length of amplitude for 6 cycles are measured for each of the mass. From the value
of length, the period, T can be calculated by using formula:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
T= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI (2019602104)

From the result of obtaining the natural frequency, it clearly shows that as the mass of the load
increase, the value of natural frequency will reduce. Thus, the relation that can be made is the
value of natural frequency is inversely proportional to the load. All in all, there are some
improvement that can be made in order to get a more precise and accurate data. Here are several
type errors that can be eliminated:
i. Used the fixed measuring ruler.
ii. Used the transducer that can record higher displacement of the spring=mass system.
iii. Placed our line of sight perpendicular to the scale to avoid parallax error.
iv. Take the reading of data more frequent and the average readings must be taken in order
to avoid random errors in the experiment.
v. A small pointer should be attached to the bottom of the spring so that when the spring
extends, it is easier to read the value off from the ruler that is corresponds to.

Conclusion
In a nutshell, this experiment fulfilled its desired objectives which is to find the value of spring
constant, k and the value of natural frequency of spring mass system without damping. Based on
the obtained spring constant, k percentage error value, this result is expected to be successful as
the error value is less than 10% which is considered as acceptable range of error. However, the
more precise value can still be calculated by improving the experiment using the method listed
earlier in discussion. In order to produce a more accurate and precise data, students can take
several readings during experiment and make the comparison logically. In my opinion this is the
best way to get the most accurate results. The results might not be 100% accurate but the
percentage of error still can be reduced to the lowest value.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name
1 : MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI

2 : MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI

3 : MUHAMMAD AZRUL AZAM BIN IBRAHIM

4 : MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALMAN

5 : MUHAMMAD BUKHARI BIN ABD HAMID

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team members on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50
Comment
Self: Easy to communicate and able to do a work in a group

Member 1: Easy to communicate and able to do a work in a group

Member 2: Easy to communicate and able to do a work in a group

Member 3: Easy to communicate and able to do a work in a group

Member 4: Easy to communicate and able to do a work in a group

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI (2019467912)

RESULTS

Mass (kg) Total Mass (kg) Load (N) Deflection (mm) Extension, x
(mm)
2 3.25 31.88 32 12
4 5.25 51.50 44 24
6 7.25 71.12 56 36
8 9.25 90.74 68 48
10 11.25 110.36 80 60
Table 1.1 Tabulated data of extension

Load vs Extension
120 110.36

100 90.74

80 71.12
Load (N)

60 51.5

40 31.88

20

Extension (mm)

Figure 1.1
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI (2019467912)

Determine spring constant, K

Total Mass (kg) Force (N) Extension, x (mm) Spring constant, k
(N/mm)
3.25 31.88 12 2.66
5.25 51.50 24 2.15
7.25 71.12 36 1.98
9.25 90.74 48 1.89
11.25 110.36 60 1.84
Table 1.2: Tabulated data to determine spring constant, k
Theoretical Experimental Percentage Error (%)
1.710 N/mm 1.635 N/mm 4.39
Table 1.3: Percentage error between experiment and theoretical value
Sample of calculation
Theoretical value of spring constant, k = 1.710 N/mm and Gradient = Spring constant.
Experimental value of spring constant, k = 1.635 N/mm.
𝑦2−𝑦1
m = 𝑥2−𝑥1
51.5−31.88
m= 24−12

m = 1.635 N/mm
Compare between theoretical and experiment value of spring constant
1.710−1.635
Percentage error = x 100%
1.710

= 4.39 %
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI (2019467912)

Determine natural frequency, f

Mass (kg) Total mass Length of 6 Natural frequency, f (Hz)

(kg) complete cycle Theoretical Experimental
(mm)
0 1.25 18.5 5.89 6.49
2 3.25 32.5 3.65 3.69
4 5.25 41.5 2.87 2.89
6 7.25 48 2.44 2.5
8 9.25 56.75 2.16 2.11
10 11.25 65.5 1.96 1.83
Table 1.4: Tabulated data to determine natural frequency, f
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI (2019467912)

Mass (kg) Natural frequency, f (Hz) Percentage Error
Theoretical Experimental (%)

1.25 5.89 6.49 10.19

3.25 3.65 3.69 1.1
5.25 2.87 2.89 0.7
7.25 2.44 2.5 2.46
9.25 2.16 2.11 2.31
11.25 1.96 1.83 6.63
Table 1.5: Percentage error between experimental and theoretical value
Sample of calculation
Theoretical natural frequency, f (Hz):
Mass = 1.25 kg
Spring constant, k = 1710 N/m
𝑘
2πf = √𝑚

1.710
2πf = √ 1.25

f = 5.89 Hz
Experimental natural frequency (Hz):
Speed of recorders = 20 mm/s
Number of complete cycles = 6
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 6 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑚)
Period Tn = 𝑚𝑚 ÷6
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 ( )
𝑠

18.5
T= ÷6
20

T = 0.154 s
1
Frequency, f = 𝑇
1
f = 0.154

f = 6.49 Hz
Comparing theoretical and experimental value of natural frequency, f
5.89−6.49
Percentage error = x 100 %
5.89

= 10.19 %
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI (2019467912)

DISCUSSION

Based on the result of the experiment, the value has been achieved which is the spring
constant, k and the natural frequency, f. Formula Hooke’s Law stated in equation, F = -kx which
is displacement of the spring. As the displacement id acting downwards, it is considered that the
displacement acting in negative direction. Therefore, F = -k(-x) also as F = kx.
For the first procedure of the experiment, the theoretical value of spring constant, k is
1.710 N/mm. This experiment also takes the mass value of the carriage with is 1.25 kg into the
account. To get the value of the spring constant, the graph of load vs extensions was plotted. The
extensions of the spring will increase as the load at the spring increase. Compare the value of
theoretical and experimental, we can find that the value of spring constant, k that we get is 1.635
N/mm. This show the results that we get is slightly different with the theoretical because of the
error during experiment. The percentage of error is 4.39 % but we can ignore it as the error that
we get is still low than 10 %.
For the second procedure of the experiment, we want to identify and compare the
theoretical and experimental value of natural frequency. The reciprocal of time for one
oscillation can be show the result of natural frequency for experimental. Based on the
observation, we identified that the natural frequency will decrease when the load on the spring
increase. We also find that the result that we get for natural frequency is slightly different
compare to value for theoretical. When the load on the spring is 1.25 kg, the value of theoretical
is 5.89 Hz but for the value that we get from experiment is 6.49 Hz. There must be some error
occur during conducting experiment.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN MASTUKI (2019467912)

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the objective of the experiment was achieved which is to determine the
spring constant, k and the natural frequency, f. Hooke’s Law has states that the force of the spring
is directly proportional to displacement, F = -kx. The spring constant also can be obtained in
gradient of graph load vs extension. For value of natural frequency, it can be obtained by using
𝑘
formula 2πf = √𝑚. However, the result of experiment for natural frequency is slightly different

because of some error during conducting the experiment but the result can be accepted because
of the percentage error is lower than 10 %. The percentage error can be decrease by improvise
and take some precaution during conducting the experiment.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Muhammad Azreen Soffian Bin Saliman

Member’s Name 1 : Muhammad Azrul Azam Bin Ibrahim

2 : Muhammad Azim Bin Mat Raffei

3 : Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

4 : Muhammad Faiz Bin Mastuki

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Always punctual

Member 1: Good and supporting team leader

Member 2: This guy always performed

Member 3: Functioned every time

Member 4: He is brilliant one

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Results:

1. Deflection and Extension of The Spring

Figure 2.1 The graph of deflection of the spring

Mass (kg) Total Mass (kg) Load (N) Deflection Extension

(mm) (mm)
2 3.25 31.89 32 12
4 5.25 51.50 44 24
6 7.25 71.12 56 36
8 9.25 90.74 68 48
10 11.25 110.36 80 60
Table 3.1 Collection data of deflection of the spring
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Graph Load (N) vs Extension (mm)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Figure 1.2 The graph of load(N) vs extension(mm) of a spring

2. Determine the spring constant (k)

Spring force, Fs = kx
k = (F/x)
Total Mass Load/ Force Extension Spring constant, k
(kg) (N) (mm) (N/mm)
3.25 31.89 12 2.658
5.25 51.50 24 2.146
7.25 71.12 36 1.976
9.25 90.74 48 1.890
11.25 110.36 60 1.839
Table 4.1 The calculation data of spring constant (k)
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Calculation:
Theoretical spring constant (k)= 1.710N/mm
By using the formula of slope/ gradient which is m= (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
𝑦2−𝑦1
m=
𝑥2−𝑥1
90.74−71.12
m=
48−36
m =1.635N/mm (Experimental spring constant)

(1.710−1.635)
Error Percentage = [ ]x100
1.710
Error Percentage = 4.386%
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

3. Determine the natural frequency (f)

Figure 3.1 Graph reading of frequency for mass 1.25kg

Figure 3.2 Graph reading of frequency for mass 3.25kg

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Figure 3.3 Graph reading of frequency for mass 5.25kg

Figure 3.4 Graph reading of frequency for mass 7.25kg

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Figure 3.5 Graph reading of frequency for mass 9.25kg

Figure 3.6 Graph reading of frequency for mass 11.25kg

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

**using 5 cycles
Total Mass Length of Theoretical Natural Experimental Natural
(kg) complete cycle Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
(mm)
1.25 16.8 5.89 5.95
3.25 27.5 3.65 3.64
5.25 32.5 2.87 3.08
7.25 41.5 2.44 2.41
9.25 47.0 2.16 2.13
11.25 55.0 1.96 1.82
Table 5.1 The theoretical and experimental natural frequency (Hz)
Calculation:
Theoretical natural frequency:

𝑘
Formula: 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = √
𝑚

By using value of k = 1710N/m;

1710
2𝜋𝑓 = √
1.25

2𝜋𝑓 = 1.17
𝑓 = 5.89 rad/s
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Experimental natural frequency:

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
Formula: period, T = ; frequency, 𝑓 = 𝑇
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

*1 box is 0.25s
By using 0.25s× the length value of box in complete cycle
0.25×3.36
Period, T =
5
T = 0.168s
1
Frequency, 𝑓 =
0.168
𝑓 = 5.952Hz

Theoretical Natural Experimental Natural Error percentage

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) (%)
5.89 5.95 1.02
3.65 3.64 0.27
2.87 3.08 7.32
2.44 2.41 1.23
2.16 2.13 1.39
1.96 1.82 7.14
Table 6.2 The theoretical and experimental error percentage
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Calculation:
(5.89−5.95)
Error Percentage = [ ]x100
5.89
Error Percentage = 1.02%

Discussion:
Based on the result, the theoretical and experimental value for the constant spring (k) is
defined. The errors percentage between these two value were about 4.386%. By using the data
from the graph with speed of recorder 20m/s, the deflection point is tabulated and pointed in
graph. Then, the obtained value of deflection is subtracted with 20mm to get amount of extension
for the spring. Next, slope in graph of load versus extension is plotted and calculated by using
the formula of gradient m=(y2-y1/x2-x1) to obtained the value of spring constant as well. Then
proceed with determine the natural frequency that obtained from the graph of complete cycle.
The length complete cycle (mm) for 5 cycles as shown in the table. The formula used are 2𝜋𝑓 =
𝑘
√
𝑚
for theory calculation and frequency, 𝑓 = 𝑇1 for the experimental calculation. After the final

calculation, the results of frequency error percentage between theoretical and experimental
shows a slightly different with a small value as low as 0.27%. So from these results, we can
assume to neglect the value since it is not effect the any calculation data with that value.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN (2019848172)

EMD4M8B

Conclusion:
As a conclusion, spring free vibration experiment obtained the different value for
theoretical and experimental. So, from the result is it proven that the system under free vibration
will vibrate at one or more of its natural frequency. Therefore, the higher the value of mass of
the load, the lower the natural frequency of the spring will be obtained.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : MUHAMMAD BUKHARI BIN ABD HAMID

Member’s Name 1 : MUAHMMAD AZIM BIN MAT RAFFEI

2 : MUHAMMAD AZREEN SOFFIAN BIN SALIMAN

3 : MUHAMMAD AZRUL AZAM BIN IBRAHIM

4 : MUHAMMAD FAIZ NIN MASTUKI

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: Very good

Member 1: Very good

Member 2: Very good

Member 3: Very good

Member 4: Very good

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

Result

Figure 1 Appendix B : Summary of result

Determine the Spring Constant, k

1. Deflection and Extension

1.1. Calculation of Load

Use formula F = ma to find the load. Where F = ma is;

F = Force (N)
m = Mass (kg)
a = Acceleration (due to gravitational force, a = g = 9.81 m/s)

Example 1:
F = ma = (3.25) (9.81)
= 31.88 N
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

1.2. Value of Deflection and Extension

The value of deflection can be gain from Figure 1. The value of extension is result after the
value deflection minus by 20.

Extension = Deflection - 20

Mass Total Mass (kg) Load (N) Deflection (mm) Extension (mm)

1 3.25 31.88 32 12
2 5.25 51.50 44 24
3 7.25 71.12 56 36
4 9.25 90.74 68 48
5 11.25 110.36 80 60

Table 1.1

Load vs Extension
120

100

80
Load (N)

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Extension (mm)

Load vs Extension

Figure 1.1 graph Load vs Extension

 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

2. Spring constant, k

The spring constant, k (experimental) can be calculated from data in graph Load vs Extension.
The spring constant k is the gradient of the graph.

y2 − y1
k = gradient =
x2 − x1
51.50 − 31.88
k=
24 − 12
k = 1.635N / mm

3. Percentage error

Percentage error in determine the spring constant

 theoretical − exp erimental
Percentage error =    100
 theoretical 
1.710 − 1.635
Percentage error =    100
 1.710 
Percentage error = 4.39%
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

Determine the Natural Frequency of System

5 cycle 19mm

5 cycle 30mm
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

5 cycle 37mm

5 cycle 44mm
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

5 cycle 50mm

5 cycle 55mm

Sample calculation of period of spring mass system, Tn (s)

Length of 5 complete cycle

Tn =
Speed of recorder

19
Tn =
20
Tn = 0.95s
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

Sample calculation of Natural Frequency, f

i. Theoretical
k = 1.710N/mm
m = 1.25kg
1 k
f =
2 m
1 1.710
f =
2 1.25
f = 1.837Hz
ii. Experimental
Tn = 0.95
1
f =
Tn
1
f =
0.95
f = 1.053Hz

Sample calculation of percentage error

 theoretical − exp erimental

Percentage error =    100
 theoretical 
1.837 − 1.053
Percentage error =    100
 1.837 
Percentage error = 42.68%

Total Length of 5 Period of Natural Frequency, f Percentage

mass complete cycle, spring mass (Hz) error (%)
(kg) l (mm) system, Tn (s)
Theoretical Experimental

1.25 19 0.95 1.837 1.053 42.68

3.25 30 1.50 1.139 0.667 41.44
5.25 37 1.85 0.896 0.541 39.62
7.25 44 2.20 0.763 0.455 40.37
9.25 50 2.50 0.675 0.400 40.74
11.25 55 2.75 0.612 0.364 40.52
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

Muhammad Bukhari Bin Abd Hamid

2019814564
EMD4M8B

Discussion

Based on the experiment, the all the result is in calculation. In this experiment, all the
calculation is based on Appendix summary where it is a plotted graph of deflection and motion
of spring system.
The graph of deflection is to find data of extension. All the data is being collected from the
graph. For the mass, the carriage is 1.25 kg in the starting. Then the mass is being added by 2 kg
for the next mass. The data of mass, load, deflection and extension is being table. For the load,
the value can be calculated by using equation F = ma . The value of deflection is gained from
the plotted graph. For the extension, the value of deflection is minus by 20. Then the plotted
graph of Load vs Extension is used to find the spring constant, k where k is value of gradient in
the graph. After the graph has been plotted, the value k is calculated, and the value is 1.635N/mm.
This is the experimental value and it value does not same as theoretical value where it is
1.710N/mm. This is because of some errors occur during the experiment. For example, error in
taking data and other more.
The motion of spring system is used in findings the value of Natural Frequency. Determine
the length of the cycle. In this experiment I take 5 cycle only. The length is being table. Then by
using information of mass and the length of cycle, l , the value of period and frequency can be
l
find. For period value, the value was gained by using formula Tn = where v is speed of
v
recorder. The speed of recorder is constant where it is 20mm/s. For natural frequency, the value
1 k
has two, theoretical and experimental. Formula f = is being used to find the theoretical
2 m
1
value and f = is used to find the experimental value. All the data is being table. Lastly
Tn
percentage error is high where there have many errors during calculated the data and some errors
occur along the experiment, such as error in reading the data.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the objective has been achieved, where I have gained the value of constant
spring, k and natural frequency, f. In this experiment. The reading data must have been reed
carefully because to reduce the errors in the result. From the experiment there has percentage
error. The error that occur during the experiment is, in reading the data, take the data, error occurs
on the apparatus, decimal places. This kind of errors must have to consider.
 Applied Mechanics Lab – MEC 424/AHA/MCM Rev. 01-2014

9.0 References

1. Hibbler R.C, (2018). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics in SI units 14th Edition.

Pearson Higher Ed USA
2. Holzner S, (2015). How to calculate the spring constant using Hookes Law. Retrived on
https://www.dummies.com/education/science/physics/how-to-calculate-a-spring-
constant-using-hookes-law/
3. Lim A, (2018). What Is Natural Frequency. Retrieved on
https://www.thoughtco.com/natural-frequency-4570958
4. MEC424-Vibration, TiniEwann, 2012, Retrieved on
http://mechanical-girls-are-sweet.blogspot.com/2012/05/mec424-vibration.html
5. Fakhri Bakri, Vibration Report, Retrieved on
https://www.academia.edu/32443165/Free_vibration_lab_report