WEEK-7-11 CM MDL SEM1 HUM311-Midterm-1

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)
MODULE 7: VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR 2-6 MODULE 10: WHAT IS WORLD LITERATURE? 22-30
Lesson 1: Visayas: Hybrid Modes in Local Color Lesson 1: What is World Literature?
Lesson 2: Introduction to the Worlds Literature’s Period
Lesson 2: Romantic Novel as Popular Literature
Activities and Assessment
Lesson 3: Metafiction
MODULE 11: LITERATURE OF GLOBAL NORTH 31-36
Lesson 1: Literature of the Global North
MODULE 8: MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT 7-13 Lesson 2: Anglo-American
Lesson 1: Mindanao: Literature of Conflict Activities and Assessment
Lesson 2: Filipino Muslim Literature Midterm Project
Lesson 3: Literacy Anthologies
MODULE 9: WHAT IS LITERATURE? 14-21

Lesson 1: What is literature?
Lesson 2: The Genres and the Elements
1
VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

UNIT 2
MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• Appreciate the contributions of the canonical Filipino
7 •
writers to the development of the national literature
Infer literary from literary language based on usage
Duration: _________
WHAT FOLK ELEMENTS MAKE

TODAY’S POPULAR FORMS
WIDELY APPEALING?
VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

One of the longest known epics in the world is the ethno-epic “Hinilawod”
of the ancient people of sulod in Central Panay, the only epic record in the Visayas.
Recorded in the 1950s by anthropologist F. Landa Jocano who hails from the
province of IloIlo, HINILAWOD is more than 53,000 lines long and takes thirty hours
Overview: to recite. Segments of the epic have been adapted at festival (the Hirinugyaw –
Suguidanonay in Calinog, Central Panay). During the Spanish colonial period when
The first literary works in Visayas, the immensely popular Lagda sa pagca
maligdon sa tauong Bisaya (1734) and another Cebuano work, Fr. Blas Cavada de natives were indigenizing the pasyon and koridolcorrido (metrical romances),
Castro’s Ang Suga nga Magadan-ag sa napayupo sa Cangingitan sa Sala Spanish and native aspiring writers were also looking to the available literary
(1879), combine into one books several dialogues,maxims,tales,meditation,and models at that time. The first literary works in Visayas, the immensely popular
ajemplos (pananglitan). A new set of economic and social conditions prepared the Lagda sa pagca maligdon sa tauong Bisaya (1734) and another Cebuano work, Fr.
ground not just for the revolution at the end of the century “Spanish rule 19th” but Blas Cavada de Castro’s Ang Suga nga Magadan-ag sa napayupo sa Cangingitan sa
also the rise of the vernacular writing in the Visayas. Relative prosperity in Iloilo, Sala (1879), combine into one books several dialogues,
Negros, and Cebu Where large haciendas grew export crops like sugar helped maxims,tales,meditation,and ajemplos (pananglitan). A new set of economic and
create a middle class who could send to Manila or Abroad to Study. social conditions prepared the ground not just for the revolution at the end of the
century “Spanish rule 19th” but also the rise of the vernacular writing in the Visayas.
Relative prosperity in Iloilo, Negros, and Cebu Where large haciendas grew export
crops like sugar helped create a middle class who could send to Manila or Abroad
to Study.
2
Philippines only changing colonial master rather than gaining long terms "Tales from The Mouth of the Halawod River". The epic must have been commonly
independence, the liberal atmosphere that Filipino-led movement helped create known to the Visayans of Panay before the conquest, since its main protagonists,
led to the burst of provincial journalism and native language writing. It also helped like Labaw Donggon, were noted in the accounts of the Islanders' beliefs and
that the Spanish language was already losing favor, and the English language had recorded by early Spanish colonizers. One of these Westerners' accounts says that
not yet taken root at this time of early American colonial period. The golden age of the adventures of this ancient hero of Panay were recalled during weddings and in
vernacular literature in the 20th Century would not have been possible without the songs. It was noted that there were still native Mondos of Dingle, Iloilo who
rise of provincial journalism. Before the turns of century, the dominance and pro- worshipped Labaw Donggon even until the last years of the Spanish rule in the
Spanish periodical was already being eclipsed by native language paper El Porvenir Philippines. These worshippers would stealthily enter a certain cave in Dingle in the
de Visaya (1884-1989) of Iloilo and El Bolitin de Cebu. The creation of the native evening of a certain day of the year, in order to render homage and to offer
language periodicals continued., in Cebu, Iloilo. Serialized fiction that dramatized chickens, doves, rice, bananas, and pigs to the ancient Visayan god. It is recorded
popular sentiments become such a hit especially in 1930s that periodical heavily by F. Landa Jocano more than 53,000 lines long and it takes 30 hours to recite
dependent on them for sales. The first Visayan Novel, Hiligaynon Angel M. Hinilawod of the ancient people of Sulod in Central Panay.
Magahum’s Benjamin (1907), was one such hybrid that combined the Spanish-era
ex emplum (novel of manners) and the modern chronicle (short historical account). ROMATIC NOVEL AS POPULAR LITERATURE
POETRY AND METRICAL ROMANCES Some forms of poetry are, Dialogo

(dialogue), Manual de Urbanidad (conduct book) Ejemplo (exemplum) and Tratado
(tratado). (The most well-known are Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng
Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza" (Correspondence between the Two
Maidens Urbana and Feliza) in 1864 and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson"
(The New Robinson) in 1879, an adaptation of Daniel Defoe's novel.) The most
notable of the secular lyrics followed the conventions of a romantic tradition: the
languishing but loyal lover, the elusive, often heartless beloved, the rival. The
leading poets were Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Francisco Balagtas.
Some secular poets who wrote in this same tradition were Leona Florentino, Jacinto
Kawili, Isabelo de los Reyes and Rafael Gandioco.
Another popular secular poetry is the metrical romance, the awit and
korido in Tagalog. These are colorful tales of chivalry from European sources made
for singing and chanting such as Gonzalo de Cordoba (Gonzalo of Cordoba) and
HINILAWOD Ibong Adarna (Adarna Bird). There are numerous metrical romances in Tagalog,
Bicol, Ilongo, Pampango, Ilocano and in Pangasinan. The awit as a popular poetic
Is an epic poem orally transmitted from early inhabitants of a place called genre reached new heights in Balagtas' "Florante at Laura" (ca. 1838-1861), the
Sulod in central Panay, Philippines. The term "Hinilawod" generally translates to most famous of the country's metrical romances. Corridos – Were widely read
during the Spanish period that filled the populace's need for entertainment as well
3
as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. Set in octosyllabic quatrains. works that contain only a few lines of self-consciousness creates ambiguity. In her
Awit –it is set in dodecasyllabic quatrains like corridos, these were also widely read review of Patricia Waugh's METAFICTION: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SELF-
during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisure CONSCIOUS FICTION (1984), Ann Jefferson argues that "the trouble is that Waugh
time. It is also a fabrication of the writer’s imagination although the characters and cannot have it both ways, and present metafiction both as an inherent
the setting may be European. The structure is rendered dodecasyllabic quatrains. characteristic of narrative fiction and as a response to the contemporary social and
cultural vision" (574). Other theorists often employ the same double definition of
Again, the winds of change began to blow in 19th century Philippines. metafiction, which makes it difficult to know whether his or her definition refers to
Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the contemporary metafiction or to all works containing self-reflexivity. John Barth
downside of colonization. This, coupled with the simmering calls for reforms by the contributes a short blanket definition of metafiction as being a "novel that imitates
masses gathered a formidable force of writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, a novel rather than the real world" (qtd. in Currie 161).
Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio. This led to the formation of
the Propaganda Movement where prose works such as the political essays and Patricia Waugh also provides a comprehensive definition by describing
Rizal's two political novels, Noli Me Tangere and the El filibusterismo helped usher metafiction as "fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws
in the Philippine revolution resulting in the downfall of the Spanish regime, and, at attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the
the same time planted the seeds of a national consciousness among Filipinos. But relationship between fiction and reality". Metafictional works, she suggests, are
if Rizal's novels are political, the novel Ninay (1885) by Pedro Paterno is largely those which "explore a theory of writing fiction through the practice of writing
cultural and is considered the first Filipino novel. Other Filipino writers published fiction". Mark Currie highlights current metafiction's self-critical tendency by
the essay and short fiction in Spanish in La Vanguardia, El Debate, Renacimiento depicting it as "a borderline discourse, a kind of writing which places itself on the
Filipino, and Nueva Era. The more notable essayists and fictionists were Claro M. border between fiction and criticism, which takes the border as its subject". Yet,
Recto, Teodoro M. Kalaw, Epifanio de los Reyes, Vicente Sotto, Trinidad Pardo de he too encompasses works that are marginally metafictional by proposing that, "to
Tavera, Rafael Palma, Enrique Laygo (Caretas or Masks, 1925) and Balmori who see the dramatized narrator or novelist as metanarrative devices is to interpret a
mastered the prosa romantica or romantic prose. substantial proportion of fiction as meta-fiction". Despite the subtle differences
between their definitions, most theorists agree that metafiction cannot be
METAFICTION classified as a genre nor as the definitive mode of postmodern fiction. They suggest
that metafiction display "a self-reflexivity prompted by the author's awareness of
Although implicit in many other types of fictional works, self-reflexivity the theory underlying the construction of fictional works," without dividing
often becomes the dominant subject of postmodern fiction. The narrator of a contemporary metafiction from older works containing similar self-reflexive
metafictional work will call attention to the writing process itself. The reader is techniques (Waugh 2).
never to forget that what she is reading is constructed--not natural, not "real." She
is never to get "lost" in the story. Explicit use of metafictional technique stems from
the modernist questioning of consciousness and 'reality.' Attempting to defend
twentieth century metafiction, theorists link metafictional technique to older
literary works. Some supporters trace self-reflexivity as far back as Miguel
Cervantes' fifteenth century novel, DON QUIXOTE. Employing the term
"metafiction" to refer to modern works that are radically self-reflexive as well as to
4
Spectrum of Metafictional Techniques
Further individuating the differences between metafictional characteristics

present in post-modern fiction becomes even more complicated because some self-
reflexive works also fall under more radical definitions. Some contemporary
metafiction can also be called surfiction, antifiction, fabulation, neo-baroque
fiction, post-modernist fiction, introverted narrative, irrealism, or as the self-
begetting novel (Waugh 13).
Characteristics:
Although characteristics of metafiction vary as widely as the spectrum of
techniques used within them, a pattern of several common traits can be traced.
These techniques often appear in combination, but also can appear singularly.
Metafiction often employs intertextual references and allusions by examining Reference:
fictional systems incorporating aspects of both theory and criticism creating http://msad49bes.ss5.sharpschool.com/resources/staff_resources/non-
biographies of imaginary writers presenting and discussing fictional works of an _fiction_text_features#:~:text=Examples%20of
imaginary character. %20Nonfiction%20Text%20Features,Illustrations%2C%20Glossary%2C%20and%20
Index.&text=A%20verso%20page%20is%20found%20in%20the%20beginning%20o
f%20the%20book.
https://prezi.com/nmniwg6qdya9/luzon-genres-of-urban-writing/?fallback=1
https://prezi.com/if8cbesqbwke/how-to-contribute-to-the-development-of-local-
literature/?fallback=1
https://gistwithinlinesblog.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/contributing-to-the-
development-of-literature-to-the-local-community/
https://www.slideshare.net/JadedeGuzman/region-1-philippine-literature
https://catalogue.surrey.ac.uk/2020-1/module/ELIM049
https://www.slideshare.net/romilynh13/fiction-and-nonfiction-44711684
5
Important Reminders
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along
MODULE 2: Photo Essay
with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the Engaging Scenario:
students to do on a separate paper. • Capture a photo that may use to relate in Visayas Culture.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS • You may use old photos or can capture a new one.
presentation (s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send • No words needed for this activity, only your creative shots
them to my email at ____________________________________________ will describe the story about your photo.
following this format: (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet. Example and Meaning of Photo Essay
ACTIVITY 1:
Essay
Engage Scenario:
• Explain what folk elements make today’s popular forms widely
and appealing?
• What form of literature is popular widely appealing?
A photo-essay is a set or series of photographs that are made to create series of emotions
in the viewer. A photo essay will often show pictures in deep emotional stages. Photo
essays range from purely photographic works to photographs with captions or small
comments to full text essays illustrated with photographs.
RUBRIC FOR PHOTO ESSAY
6
UNIT 2 MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

• Appreciate the contributions of the canonical Filipino
8 writers to the development of the national literature
Duration: • Infer literary from literary language based on usage
____________
• WHY IT IS IMPORTANT
TO REMEMBER THE
HISTORY OF THE PAST?
MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their
Overview: literature is a diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the Muslim
people in the Philippines. Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups, which
The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their
literature is a diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the Muslim thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen are Lumads and third and fourth are
people in the Philippines. Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups, which Christian settlers. It was then the Americans colonize the region, and the lands of
thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen are Lumads and third and fourth are the Lumads and Muslims have been taken by the colonialist, so they had lost a large
Christian settlers. It was then the Americans colonize the region, and the lands of area of their ancestral lands. The land ownership comes from Muslim is Tawhid
the Lumads and Muslims have been taken by the colonialist, so they had lost a large which means “oneness” or unit. Literature in Mindanao especially the folk
area of their ancestral lands. The land ownership comes from Muslim is Tawhid literature in cultural communities as in other Filipino groups follow the oral
which means “oneness” or unity. It is said that the cultural products of Mindanao tradition in that folktales, myths, legends, epics, poems, riddles and proverbs are
are fast vanishing and the people themselves are not aware of this. Literary handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. The epic “Blue
preservation and development have seemingly taken the back seat. Maybe Blood of the Big Astana”, of Ibrahim A. Jubair, is a story which there is a twist of
because people are seemingly preoccupying to the considerations such as politics romance and history. It also demonstrates the severe transformation that occurred
and economics. While this is more important, the Filipino Muslim cultural when the Americans started to combine the colony under their governance. Both
communities must realize the significance of their literature in their lives in that it the parents and the husband of the princess, who Jafaar refers to us Dayang-
helps preserve the richness and uniqueness of their respective cultural identities. Dayang meaning noblewoman are dispossessed of land that has been theirs ever
since Sulu had established itself as a sultanate an autonomous state. The story
7
reflects the life of the Muslims, which experienced loss of lands because the FILIPINO MUSLIM LITERATURE
Americans and the Government ushered a number of foreign business that
includes illegal mining and illegal logging which altered the regions landscape. Filipino Muslim Literature is an inventory of diverse cultures that displays
Other than this, there are many more literary forms from the different places in features and cultures of the Muslims in the Philippines. These distinctions
Mindanao. One of it is “Prince Batugan”, from Maranao, is an epic story told in the distinguish one Muslim cultural community from another. Yet, all these
great oral tradition of the Maranao tribe. It is a story about the great Prince communities are unified by their Islamic faith, which has already pervaded many
Bantugan, the greatest warrior of the kingdom of Bantugan. Other epics are; in aspects of their folk literature since Islam is a way of life. Regardless of cultural
Maguindanao, Indarapatra at Solayman; and the Tausug, Parang Sabil hi Abdulla community, all Filipino Muslims belong to one Ummah Muslimah. Yet, it has been
iban hi Isara, “The Flood Story, “THEY SAY FILIPINA IS ANOTHER NAME FOR MAID”, distinguished as Filipino Muslim Literature so as to differentiate it from other
“ANY WOMAN SPEAKS”,” DEAD STARS” and “Disquisition.” Muslim countries that have different cultures from us. In general, the folk literature
of Muslim cultural communities in Mindanao, the Philippines, may be in prose or
It is said that the cultural products of Mindanao are fast vanishing and the in verse. But the style and form of expression may vary from one Muslim cultural
people themselves are not aware of this. Literary preservation and development community to another, what with the various languages that the people speak.
have seemingly taken the back seat. Maybe because people are seemingly These oral literary forms may be didactic, hortatory, entertaining, instructive, or
preoccupying to the considerations such as politics and economics. While this is informative.
more important, the Filipino Muslim cultural communities must realize the
significance of their literature in their lives in that it helps preserve the richness and Folk literature in Mindanao Muslim cultural communities as in other
uniqueness of their respective cultural identities. Filipino groups follow the oral tradition in that folktales, myths, legends, epics,
poems, riddles and proverbs are handed down by word of mouth from generation
to generation.
Moreover, as is true of
folk literature of other
people, folk literature
in the Muslim cultural
communities has a
participatory
audience. The
audience listens,
reacts, and retells
what he or she hears
to another audience,
thereby ensuring the
transmission of the folk literary material to others. Authorship is not individual; it
is collective. Apparently, what the Muslim cultural communities must build and
develop eventually is a body of written literature just like other Filipinos.
8
ORAL LITERARY FORM IN MINDANAO EPIC - a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the
deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.
THE FOLKTALES - A story originating in
popular culture, typically passed on by word Example of Epic in Mindanao:
of mouth. • Agyu: The Ilianon Epic of
Mindanao (of the Manobos of
Example of Folktales in Mindanao: North Cotabato)
• The Epic of Nalandangan:
• The Vengeful Mantiyanak from Matabagka Searches for the
Mindanaoan Folklore Deity of the Wind (of the
• Biraddali, Angels from Above | Philippine Talaandig people of Central
Myth & Folklore Bukidnon)
• Tigbanua, the Terrible Ogre | Philippine • The Guman of Dumalinao (of
Myth & FolkloreTAMBANOKANO: The Giant the Suban-on tribe of
Crab, Mandaya Folklore Northwestern Mindanao)
• The Kingdom of Keboklagan (of
the Suban-on tribe of
MYTHS & LEGEND - A Northwestern Mindanao)
traditional story, especially one • The Maiden of the Buhong Sky
concerning the early history of a (an epic of Manuvu hero,
people or explaining some "Tuwaang")
natural or social phenomenon, • Tulalang Slays the Dragon (of the Ilianen Manobo of North Central
and typically involving Cotabato)
supernatural beings or events. • Tuwaang Attends a Wedding (the second song of the Manuvu Ethnoepic
Tuwaang cycleUlahingan: The Visit of Lagaba’an to Nelendangan (of the
Example of Myths & Legend in Manobos of North Cotabato)
Mindanao:
• Gods and Demons of the
Bagobo People
• THE BUKIDNON TRINITY: POEMS - a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song
Creation of the Universe that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such
• Mebuyan, Mother of the formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanza structure.
Underworld: BAGOBO BELIEFS
• MINOKAWA | Mindanao’s Eater of the Sun & Moon
9
Example of Poem in Mindanao: PROVERBS - a short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of
• The Land of Promise advice.
• I Love Camiguin
• THE CRAFT CAN CAPTURE IT Example of Proverbs in Mindanao:
• THE NAME THEY HAVE
RIDDLES - a question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity

in ascertaining its answer or meaning, typically presented as a game.
Example of Riddles in Mindanao:

The people themselves are not seemingly aware that their cultural products
are fast vanishing. Literary preservation and development have seemingly taken
the back seat. At present, what seemingly preoccupy the people are mundane
considerations such as politics and economics. While these are indeed important,
the Filipino Muslim cultural communities must realize the significance of their
literature in their lives in that it helps preserve the richness and uniqueness of their
respective cultural identities. Another sad reality is the difficulty in locating literary
cultural bearers. Many are getting older each day; others have moved out of their
original cultural communities for one reason or another. Others are dead. The
earlier the indigenous peoples realize this, the better.
10
LITERACY ANTHOLOGIES The anthology’s 366-page, 4th volume of the Mindanao Harvest series
features 63 writers, majority of them belonging to today’s generation of writers
from the country’s second largest island. It answers the need for resource materials
close to home, as it were, and to hopefully promote understanding among students
of the island’s three main groups of peoples: lumad, moro and the present, 3rd and
4th generations of Christian settlers. The book’s 38 poems, 17 short stories, 14
essays and 3 plays in English, Filipino, Cebuano, and translations to Filipino or to
English of original works in Binukid, Maranao, Maguindanao and in Mandaya
showcase Mindanao’s diverse cultures and languages.
The first two volumes of Mindanao Harvest featured fiction and poetry by
Mindanao writers published in 1995 and in 1996 respectively by New Day
Publishers. These were compiled and edited by An Lim and Godinez Ortega. The
third volume of Mindanao Harvest is a retelling of Mindanao tales edited singly
by Godinez Ortega and published by the MSU-IIT and the National Commission for
Culture and Arts (NCCA) in 2014. After the Mindanao Harvest 4 book launch, the
one-day seminar on how to teach the contemporary Mindanao literatures follows.
Edited by Jaime And Lim, Christine F. Godinez Ortega, and Ricardo M. de The lecturers are MSU-IIT alumnus Ralph Semino Galan, faculty and Associate
Ungria, the anthology is a new addition to the ever-evolving development of Director of the University of Santo Tomas Center for Creative Writing and Literary
Philippine Literature. Published by the Far Eastern University (FEU) Publications Studies; Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan English Department Chair, Dr.
(2018) it will be launched at the MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT) Lilia Abregana Cotejar and, XU faculty and Xavier University Press Manager, Dr.
CASSALIDA Theater in Iligan City on September 17, 2019 as part of the Iligan City’s Arlene J. Yandug. Galan will discuss his translations of Cebuano poems to English
Fiesta Celebration, the Diyandi Festival. The book launching and the Seminar on from the book, while Yandug will give an overview of the poems in English and a
the Teaching of Contemporary Mindanao Literatures is spearheaded by the brief review of the book. Cotejar will give a teaching-demonstration of selected
Mindanao Creative Writers Group-Multi-Media Arm and hosted by the MSU-IIT fiction from the book using primarily Ateneo de Davao University’s Dr. Macario D.
Department of English and the Department of Filipino & Other Languages, the Tiu’s nascent theory on lumad literature. The book’s cover art design called the
Culture & Arts Studies Center, the Office of Publication & Information, in “Messenger of Peace” on the other hand is by Mandaya artist and writer from
cooperation with Xavier University Press and the Iligan City Government Diyandi Davao City, Danny Castillones Sillada.
Festival. Other book launchings are scheduled in Manila during the 40th Manila
International Book Fair on September 12, 2019 and in Davao City in November,
2019.
11
Mindanao Harvest 4: A 21st Century Literary Anthology is the first comprehensive literary
anthology on Mindanao’s contemporary literatures featuring 63 Mindanao writers.
The FEU Publications Manager Melany Lance Caperal, the book’s References:
contributors based in Central and Northern Mindanao, and the three editors, An https://msuiit.edu.ph/news/news-detail.php?id=1204
Lim, Godinez Ortega, and de Ungria will be present during the Iligan book launch https://grantcraft.org/content/takeaways/understanding-the-
to answer questions about the production of the book and on literature and on marginalization-of-indigenous-peoples/
creative writing. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-
on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/central-cultural-
communities/folk-literature-of-the-muslim-cultural-communities/
https://prezi.com/s5w1hd-clwyy/mindanao-literature/?fallback=1
https://www.kapitbisig.com/philippines/english-version-of-epics-mga-
epiko-philippine-epics_1178.html
https://www.aswangproject.com/myths/mindanao-myths-folklore/
12
Important Reminders essays range from purely photographic works to photographs with captions or small
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along comments to full text essays illustrated with photographs.
with the other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the
RUBRIC FOR PHOTO ESSAY
students to do on a separate paper.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS
presentation (s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send
them to my email at ____________________________________________
following this format: (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 1:
Photo Essay
Engaging Scenario: Narrative Report
• Capture a photo that may use to relate in Mindanao Culture. Engaging Scenario:
• You may use old photos or can capture a new one. • Choose 1 Literary Form in Mindanao, Narrate and describe
• No words needed for this activity, only your creative shots your chosen topic.
will describe the story about your photo. • The your narrative repot must compose of 500 words,
providing your supporting idea about the literature of
Example and Meaning of Photo Essay Mindanao.
RUBRIC FOR NARRATIVE REPORT
A photo-essay is a set or series of photographs that are made to create series of emotions
in the viewer. A photo essay will often show pictures in deep emotional stages. Photo
13
WHAT IS LITERATURE?
UNIT 2
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
MODULE • Explain the text in terms of literary elements, genre
and traditions
9 •
•
Appreciation of literature as art
Produce a creative representation of literary text.
DATE: ____________
• WHAT IS LITERERATURE?
• WHY WE NEED TO STUDY
LITERATURE?
DEFINITION OF LITERATURE
Literature gives the impression that there is only one kind of literature
governed by so-called timeless standards thar are universally applicable, that is
despite very high degree of contextual differences in cultures and timeframes.
Literature brings up the idea that some works deserve to be included. In a kind of
Literary Hall of Fame. This phrase is usually understood to be quite inspirational,
Overview: seeing literature as a “powerful and beautiful application of ideas to life to the
questions of: How to live.” There is no one correct or essential or natural definition
The definition of literature is no one correct or essential or natural for literature. Some says “Literature is canon of great works and authors” some says
definition. What we have at are several provisional definitions that emphasize literature is an artistic expression that emphasizes the relation between the text
certain aspects while deemphasizing others. We have already examined notions of and the artist.
literature as a canon of great works and authors; other definitions you may have However, this time let us look at how the question itself is put across or
encountered include literature as artistic expression, literature as mirroring the real phrased; in this case why is the singular term “literature” used rather than the plural
world, literature as a repository of moral lessons and other kinds of good teaching “Literature”? Why Literature with big letter “L”? And why is the word enclosed in
(in technical language: the expressive, mimetic and didactic theories of literature double quotation marks? The question is phrased this way-with the word
respectively). As schematized in M.H. Abrams’s The Mirror and the Lamp (1953). “Literature” in the singular, with the big L, and enclosed in quotation marks to call
attention to three common assumptions that lie unnoticed or unchallenged
whenever attempts are made to discuss the nature of literature by “assumptions”
we refer to deeply seated ideas that we have unconsciously accepted as timeless
14
or universal truths, but actually carry unexamined values. In fact as in the case of THE GENRES AND THEIR ELEMENTS
drawing from western inspired assumptions for the understanding non-western
text, or drawing from patriarchy inspired assumptions for understanding literature • LITERARINESS – “Literary” means artistic written expression as opposed to
written by women we do ourselves and our own literature a disservice when we traditional forms like myths. epics, folktales, legends, ballads, proverbs, folk
leave these overarching assumptions unidentified and unexamined. drama which had oral cultures as their life and basis. In the formalist view,
Let us begin by looking at the assumptions behind the common use of the literariness is the apt use of devices, techniques, and figurative language in
singular term “literature” over the plural “literatures.” (by all means we can use the the careful shaping of the elements of a poem or story to communicate a
singular term for convenience’s sake, let’s just be aware of the baggage that comes point or insight. The use of creative techniques must not feel forced or
with the habit.) it gives the impression that there is only one kind of literature artificial; verbosity or shallow, decorative applications of figurative
governed by so-called timeless standards that are universally applicable, that is, language do not qualify as literariness.
despite very high degrees of contextual differences in cultural and timeframes.
“World literature” is conventionally understood this way, as a collection of the best • FICTION – Is basically prose narrative, its distinctive feature being the
writings from all over the world and doesn’t this sound as commonsensical as it centrality of plot action.
gets? Yet when we try to go beyond what appears to be commonsensical and ask
probing questions like “What exactly are criteria for selecting the ‘best writings’?” ELEMENTS OF FICTION
Who sets the criteria, and who gets to judge?” “How are differences in style, 1. PLOT – Rarely the most important element of a good story. It tells what
themes, and conditions for writing accounted for?” “How come certain text and happens and how it happens in a story.
authors are deemed representative of people, country, or region, while others are SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF PLOT
not?” “Has the criteria ever adjusted, and why?” and so on, we will soon understand 1. Suspense 3. Flashback
that often, what we have come to absorb as “universal” definitions of good 2. Foreshadowing 4. Surprise ending
literature are not universal at all, but cherished ideas held by select (usually PARTS OF PLOT
dominant) group/s of people with context-specific views.
WHY STUDY LITERATURE?
• To express one’s self

• To have access culture
• To recognize human dreams and struggles
• To develop mature sensibility and compassion for the condition of all creation
• To appreciate beauty
• To shape one’s own goals and values and clarify one’s own identity
• To develop wider perspective of events
15
- Exposition—setting the scene. or implied.

- Inciting incident— something happens to begin the action. 8. TONE – The author’s implicit attitude toward the reader, subject, and/or
- Rising action—the story builds and gets more exciting. people, places, and events in a work as revealed by the elements of the
- Climax—the moment of greatest tension in a story author’s style. Tone may be characterized as serious or ironic, sad, or
- Falling action—events happen because of the climax and we know that the happy, or any other attitudes and feelings that human beings experience.
story will soon end. 9. POINT OF VIEW – Refers to who tells the story and how it is told.
- Resolution—the character solves the main problem/conflict, or someone Third Person Narrator (uses pronouns he, she, or they):
solves it for him/her. 1. Omniscient—the narrator is all-knowing and takes the reader inside the
- Denouement—the ending. characters’ thoughts, feelings, and motives, as well as shows what the characters
say and do.
2. SETTING – The physical and social context in which the action of a story 2. Limited Omniscient—the narrator takes the reader inside one (or at most very
occurs. The major elements of setting are the time, the place, and the social few characters) but neither not the character(s) has access to the inner lives of any
environment that frames the characters. of the other characters in the story.
3. CHARACTER – Major Character an important figure at the center of the 3. Objective—the narrator does not see into the mind of any character, rather he
story’s action or theme. Minor characters function is partly to illuminate or she reports the action and dialogue without telling the reader directly what the
the major character. Static(unchanging) they remain the same from the characters feel and think.
beginning of a work to the end Dynamic exhibit change as the story First Person Narrator (uses the pronoun I) – The narrator presents the point of view
progresses. of only one character’s consciousness, which limits the narrative to what the first-
4. CHARACTERIZATION – A writer reveals what a character is like and how the person narrator knows, experiences, infers, or can find out by talking to other
character changes throughout the story. characters.
MODES OF FICTION
FACTORS IN ANALYZING CHARACTERS Romance --the ordinary laws of nature are slightly suppressed (it is like looking at
1. Physical appearance of the characters 4. Relationship reality through rose-tinted glass). The characters are rendered superior to the other
2. Personality 5. Conflict and the environment, Stories are told in expressive, hyperbolic language.
3. Motivation 6. Does the character change? Realism --claims to be the most transparent in its imaginative depiction of reality
stories are told in sparse, clinical, straightforward, rational, plain, and prosaic
5. STYLE – The way a writer chooses words(diction), arranges them in language, aims for verisimilitude, or the empirical and objective depiction of
sentences and longer units of discourse(syntax) and exploits their ordinary people living in the everyday world.
significance. Style is the verbal identity of a writer, as unmistakable as his
or her face or voice. Reflecting their individuality, writers’ styles convey • CREATIVE NONFICTION – A hybrid genre that incorporates elements of
their unique ways of seeing the world. fiction and poetry in the retelling of a personal experience. Nobody can fully
6. SYMBOL – Is a person, object, image, word, or event that evokes a range of remember the past, nobody can assess. To some degree, then,
additional meanings beyond and usually more abstract than its literal fictionalization of the past; memories are constructions of past events
significance. rather than objectively retrieved data from the past. It inescapably involves
7. THEME – The central idea or meaning of a story. --heart of the story --direct re- imagination and revaluation of the past based on who we are at present.
16
than the sword.” “I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches.
• POETRY – A “prose bewitched” (Mina Roy) --“life distilled” through words They did not do me any good. All they did was make me think of Silver Wig,
and language (Gwendolyn Brooks) --works via suggestion, implication, and d) Synecdoche—a part is used to represent the whole (for ex. ABCs for
ambiguity rather than via literal, straightforward communication. Poems alphabet) or the whole to part (England won the World Cup in 1966.)
are primarily relished as words the building blocks of this art how their General Motors announced cutbacks.
meticulous selection, arrangement, and calculated interplay deliver ideas, e) Personification—human qualities are given to inanimate objects, animals,
feelings, perspectives, shades, flavors, and layers of meaning. or abstract terms. The flowers nodded. Snowflakes danced. Thunder
grumbled. Fog crept in. The wind howled.
GENERAL TYPES f) Apostrophe—the speaker addresses someone who is absent, dead, does
1. Lyric Poetry— This applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and not/cannot respond, or is not ordinarily spoken to. “O western wind, when
feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple, and easy to understand. wilt built, thou blow That the small rain down can rain?” “Blue Moon, you
2. Narrative poetry—deals with series of events. saw me standing alone, Without a dream in my heart, Without a love on
3. Dramatic poetry—the speaker is an imaginary character addressing another my own.”
imaginary character who remains silent. g) Hyperbole—the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or
heightened effect. “I was helpless. I did not know what in the world to do.
ELEMENTS AND FORMS OF POETRY I was quaking from head to foot, and could have hung my hat on my eyes,
1. Theme—the main point or the insight to be derived from the poem they stuck out so far.” “He snorted and hit me in the solar.
2. Speaker/persona—the fictitious character whose voice we hear in the poem h) Understatement—a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation
3. Dramatic situation—the moment (in lyric poetry) or series of events (in narrative seem less important or serious than it is. “The grave’s a fine and private
poetry) that the speaker speaks in the poem. place, but none, I think, do their embrace.” “I am just going outside and
4. Diction—the poem’s choice of words, with each word suggestive in terms of its may be
meaning, sound, and placement. i) Oxymoron—combination of contradictory words or ideas “How is it
5. Figurative language/ figure of speech—comparisons or substitutions that, for possible to have a civil war?” “The best cure for insomnia is to get a lot of
the sake of freshness, emphasis, or surprise, depart form the usual denotation of sleep.” “A yawn may be defined as a silent yell.”
words. In other words, non-literal use of language. j) Paradox—a statement that appears to contradict itself. “The swiftest travel
FIGURE OF SPEECH is he goes afoot.” “If you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in
a) Simile—a stated comparison (usually formed with “like” or “as”) between frankness.”
two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain k) Pun—a form of word play involving two similar sounding words but with
Example: “Good coffee is like friendship; rich and warm and strong.” “You know life, different meanings. “Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave
life is rather like opening a tin of sardines. We’re all of us looking for the key.” man.” A vulture boards on a plane, carrying two dead possums. The
b) Metaphor—an implied comparison between two unlike things that have attendant looks at him and says, “I’m sorry, sir, only one carrion allowed
something important in common. Love is a lie. Life is going through time. per passenger.
You are the light of my life. 6. Image--word/words that appeal to any of the five senses to convey a flash of
c) Metonymy—one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is understanding Imagery—refers to a cluster of sensory perceptions, all the images
closely associated to. “between the cradle and grave” “The pen is mightier in a poem taken or mean something together rather than separately.
17
7. Tone -- the manner of the poem, could be the speaker’s attitude toward a play, or movie
subject. Tone is usually an effect of distraction and may be affectionate, hostile, 7. FEAR – An unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something
earnest, playful, sarcastic, respectful, serious, humorous, surprised, angry, is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat.
nostalgic, tender, expectant, etc. 8. ASIDE – used to indicate that one is dismissing something from consideration, or
8. Irony– saying one thing but meaning another. a. Ironic point of view b. Verbal that one is shifting from one topic or tone of discussion to another.
irony c. Situational irony. 9. SPECTACLE – An event or scene regarded in terms of its visual impact.
9. Sound– patterns of consonants and vowels, that contribute greatly to the poem’s 10. TRAGIC FLAW – Tragic flaw is a literary device that can be defined as a trait in
effect. a character leading to his downfall, and the character is often the hero of the
a. Onomatopoeia—a word that imitates the sound it denotes e.g. “zoom”, “crash”, literary piece. This trait could be the lack of self-knowledge, lack of judgment, and
“bang”, “buzz” often it is hubris (pride).
b. Alliteration—the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of or 11. CATHARSIS – The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong
inside successive words. e.g. “so smooth”, so silvery is thy voice. or repressed emotions.
c. Assonance– the repetition of the same vowel sound at the beginning of the same 12. PATHOS - A quality that evokes pity or sadness.
sound or inside successive words e.g. Eager beaver
d. Rhyme—two or more words contain the same combination of vowel and
consonant sounds.
10. Rhythm—the recurrence of stresses and pauses in a poem.
• DRAMA – It is an ancient form of communal expression, and it is best

enjoyed when preformed and seen by embodied audience.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
1. SOLILOQUY - An act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or
regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play. Reference:
2. MONOLOGUE - A long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a Beyond Boarders Reading Literature in 21st Century Pages (70-74)
theatrical or broadcast program. https://www.slideshare.net/LyzaDugay/the-genres-and-their-elements
3. PITY- The feeling of sorrow and compassion caused by the suffering and https://www.slideshare.net/ericsoncabrera/elements-of-drama?qid=335132c6-
misfortunes of others. 26e5-4e14-8da6-10016e281690&v=&b=&from_search=1
4. TRAGIC FALL- Tragic flaw is a literary device that can be defined as a trait in a https://www.barnesandnoble.com/b/books/asian-fiction-general/filipino-
character leading to his downfall, and the character is often the hero of the literary fiction/_/N-29Z8q8Z11g2
piece. This trait could be the lack of self-knowledge, lack of judgment, and often it https://www.slideshare.net/LyzaDugay/border-crossings-in-world-literature-today
is hubris (pride). https://prezi.com/mdftm5w6bqqk/what-is-literature/
5. TRAGIC HERO – A great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is https://www.slideshare.net/rick143/what-is-literature-15475840
destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat: Oedipus, the classic tragic hero.
6. DIALOGUE – A conversation between two or more people as a feature of a book,
18
Important Reminders voice was the sound of glass breaking. I tried to look at her, but the water kept
spilling and spilling from her eyes.
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a
III - What Solitary Means
separate paper.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), pictures,
I never know when the lights will go out. Nor that it matters. All I have here is a
pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at pack of playing cards. I cannot see them in the dark, but I like to feel their smooth
____________________________________________ following this format: faces. The worn edges like velvet, like the cheeks of my daughter. When she is
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a digital copy from your afraid, when she is asleep, she looks like her mother. In this place, it is easy to
flash drive together with this activity sheet. forget. This heart is the mole on her forehead. This spade is the birthmark on her
arm. I play this game all night, in the dark. Drawing the same cards repeatedly. I
ACTIVITY 1: always win.
Exploring the Text IV - What Was Taken Away

Instruction: Read the short story, written by Sandra Nicole Roldan and answer the Swiss army knife, broken blade, tweezers and toothpick missing. Six hundred pesos
following questions below. in my wallet, grey. Elephant leather. Two ID cards, my keys to the house. Remind
your Lobo to change all the locks. My camera. Socks with holes, white bacon briefs.
THE MAN WHO WASN’T MY FATHER My shoes. Is today a Monday? Brown corduroy pants, blue polo shirt. A soiled blue
by Sandra Nicole Roldan hanky, blood will never wash off. The pen you gave me on my birthday. Is it time
to go? Wait. Your grandfather’s watch is twenty minutes fast.
I - Sixth Day at Camp Crame
Late August 1990, sometime in the afternoon. Perhaps the shadows on the grass Answer these Questions based on “The Man Who wasn’t My Father.”
outside have grown longer. But I am not sure. The walls here are painted the color
of ginger. A mat in the corner farthest from the door. There is nothing else in the 1. Although not written in verse, this is considered a wok poetry. The Author
room. has chosen to see her father’s solitary confinement in poetic terms. Cites
Maybe it is the same outside. Outside. Out there, they are watching my lines from the poem that make use of figurative language to convey the
daughter. They know things: what she wore, where she went, how she cries when depth of experience of being confined in jail.
no one is looking. I want to break something. But there is nothing here that is not __________________________________________________________________
already broken. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
II - The Mirror __________________________________________________________________
They used to hang something here. Splinters around the hole where the nail used __________________________________________________________________
to be. The ghost of a rectangle on paint, fainter than a scar. A square of yellow light __________________________________________________________________
pinned to the wall. The hours spent staring at it, willing it to move. And it does. __________________________________________________________________
Wall heaves, nail hole yawns open. A gaping mouth, jagged teeth. Mostly, it just __________________________________________________________________
stays in place. A day where nothing happens. My daughter visited yesterday. Her __________________________________________________________________
19
__________________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY 2:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ Poem Writing
__________________________________________________________________ Instruction: Write a poem about the following, you may pick one topic for your
__________________________________________________________________ poem.
__________________________________________________________________ TOPIC
__________________________________________________________________ • APPRECIATION OF LITERATURE AS ART
__________________________________________________________________ • WHY WE NEED TO STUDY LITERATURE?
2. The scene drawn in this poem takes off from the scene in “The Safe house”
where the father is arrested and jailed. The author, however, reconstructs
her memories but using the father (rather than the child) as persona. And
yet, the tells us that this is “The Man Who Wasn’t My Father.” What do _________________________________________________________
these disparities suggest? _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
20
MODULE 1: Assessment: 9. To attain the purpose of tragedy, the protagonist called a

________________ must be highly relatable to the audience in that
he/she,
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks. Choose the answer in the box below.
10. like a typical human being, possesses a noble character yet afflicted with
weakness called a __________________.
TRAGIC HERO SPECTACLE PATHOS FEAR 11. This weakness, minor in comparison to the hugeness of the character’s
noble traits, nevertheless causes his/her downfall. The result is called
ASIDE TRAGIC FALL MONOLOGUE CATHARSIS _________________, or an overdetermined series of events that have
SOLILOQUY PITY TRAGIC FLAW DIALOGUE snowballed into inevitable, and to some degree undeserved.
12. Tragedy, however, is the only truly attained when the protagonist realizes
his or her flaw. Otherwise, what is attained is simply _____________ or
mere sentimentality.
13. __________________It is used to indicate that one is dismissing something
1. In drama, there is usually no narrator; the audience is invited to infer
from consideration, or that one is shifting from one topic or tone of
meaning from the characters’ actions, words, and the props on stage and
discussion to another.
other sensorial embellishments (costumes, lighting, music and sound
14. ___________ The feeling of sorrow and compassion caused by the
effects) that make ups the play’s __________________________.
suffering and misfortunes of others.
2. Spoken words onstage may be classified onto four: when a single character
delivers a long speech, it is called a ________________. 15. ___________________A conversation between two or more people as a
3. When that long speech is delivered as though the character is speaking into feature of a book, play, or movie.
himself/herself alone on the stage, it is called a __________________.
4. When a character speaks to one to another, the exchange of words is called
__________________.
5. When a character steps out of the scene for a while to confidentially
address the audience, perhaps to comment about the scene or another
character, it is called an ______________________.
6. Plays are largely classified into two according to the purpose: tragedy and
comedy (with tragicomedy as a combination). The purpose of tragedy is to
elicit two emotions from the audience, _____________
7. And _______________ to produce
8. _____________________ or emotional release in the audience.
21
WHAT IS WORLD LITERATURE?

UNIT 2

• Identify representative texts and authors from Asia,
10 •
North America, Europe, Latin America, and Africa.
Appreciate the cultural and aesthetic diversity of
Duration: _________
literature of world
• WHAT IS WORLD
LITERATURE?
WHAT IS WORLD LITERATURE?
It refers to any “written work”. It is derived from ‘literatura ‘which means

writing formed with letters. It is the mirror of the society which reﬂects societal
norms, culture, tradition, experiences etc. Literature goes along with society. World
Literature is in global context. It suggests to the sum of total world’s national
Overview: literature and the circulation of work into the wider world beyond country’s origin.
What is World Literature? It refers to literature from all over the world. World
What exactly do we mean by “world literature”? It carries with it two Literature contains a diverse collection of artistic works. It is a language in "motion."
possible meaning. First, it may refer to the vast literary production across the world: It evolves & changes other literature. World literature links its readers to the ideas
second, it might only contain what is deemed “the best” of what the world’s & spirit of the world, World literature connects ages & cultures. It acts as
literature can offer. In reality. World literature subscribes to both definitions and so counterbalance to reason & logic. It has intrinsic value; it makes us feel good to
one can imagine the internal contradiction of the phase “ world literature” it is read, World lit is teacher of virtue it has a connection to virtue & moral excellence,
inclusive of all literary works produced across time and space and yet the phase is and it has a relation to ethics.
also rigid in selecting what works can be deemed truly representative of the
literature of the world.
LITERATURE, HISTORY AND CULTURE
The relationship is reciprocal. Our culture affects what we write and what
we write is used to interpret our history. However, our history influences culture,
22
which creates a beautiful loop in which these three things work together to define THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (455 CE – 1485 CE)
a group of people, a nation, etc. - ANONYMOUS “ - Also known as Anglo-
Saxon Period.
The phrase “World Literature” Some Significant Literary work in
comes from the German scholar this Period:
and poet Johann Wolfgang von • The Canterbury Tales
Goethe’s phrase Weltliteratur. In • Beowulf
1872, Goethe (GUEH-teh) to his • The Dark Ages and Bards
disciple Johann Peter Eckermann • The Dreams of the Holy
that national literature is no longer Rood
of importance. It is time for world Famous Authors during this period:
literature. In his use of this phrase, • Geoffrey Chaucer
Goethe envisioned literature that is • Thomas Aquinas
truly global in scope but deeply • Martin Luther
rooted in the Indo-European
• Caedmon
classics especially those of Ancient
Greece.
Significant Literary Genres:
• Elegy
• Religious Liturgy
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD LITERATURE PERIODS • Narrative Romance
EARLY PERIOD OF LITERATURE THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (1200 BCE – 455 CE)
- A Golden Age for literature and arts. THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1485-1660 CE
Some literary work in this period: - It is the division
* The Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer between the middle
* Works and days by Hesiod age and Modern Era.
* Theogony by Hesiod Some Sifnificant
Greek writer and philosopher during this Literary work in this
period: period:
• Georgias • Romeo and Juliet
• Aesop • When I was Fair
• Plato and Young
• Socrates • Utopia
• Aristotle • The Faerie Queen
• Euripides Famous Authors
23
during this period: THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1790 – 1830)

• William Shakespeare - The great age for the Novel, and
• Sir Thomas More emphasize on emotion, Imagination
• Queen Elizabeth I and individualism.
• Edmund Spencer Significant literary work in this
period:
LATER PERIOD OF LITERATURE • I wondered lonely as a Cloud
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1660 BCE-1790) • Kubla Khan
- Referred to as The Age of • Song of Innocence and of
Reason. An Era of Logic. experience
Significant Literary work in • Mathilda
this Period:
• All for Love Famous Authors in this period:
• The Rake of the Lock • William Wordsworth
• Right of Man • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Elegy written in a • William Blake
Churchyard • Mary Shelley
Famous Author During this THE VITORIAN PERIOD (1832 – 1901)

Period: - The reign of Queen Victoria. The
• John Dryden literature of this Era expressed the fusion
• Alexander Pope of pure romance to gross realism.
• Thomas Paine Literary works in this period:
• Thomas Gray •The Pickwick papers
•How do I love Thee
•Ulysses
Popular types of literature in this period: Famous Authors:

• Essay •Charles Dicken
• Melodrama •Elizabeth Browning
• Letters •Alfred Lord Tennison
• Fables
24
THE MODERN PERIOD (1914 – 1945)

Characterized by a self-
conscious break of writing, in
both poetry and prose fiction.
Some Significant Literary work
in this period:
• The Road not Taken
• And Death shall Have no
• Dominion
• Insensibility
Famous Authors during this
period:
• Robert Frost
• Dylan Thomas
• Wilfred Owen ASIAN LITERATURE
It refers to the study of the literature of the people in:
THE POSTMODERN PERIOD (1945 ONWARD 1. China 3. Japan
- Characterized by reliance 2. India 4. Other small nations surround them
on narrative techniques such
as fragmentation, paradox,
and the unreliable narrator.
Some Significant Literary
work in this period:
• Infinite Jest
• The Love song of J. Alfred
Prufrock
• Waiting for Godot Chinese civilization is the oldest civilizations in the world that dates to the
Shang Dynasty in 1765 B.C. It is known as “The Red Dragon”. The Chou Dynasty that
Famous Authors during this followed the Shang Dynasty of great intellectual activity and was in this period when
period: the philosophies of the Confucianism, Taoism and legalism originated. It is the
• David Foster Wallance longest dynasty in Chinese history which lasted from 1122 B.C. To 256 B.C.
• T.S Eliot The Han Dynasty which succeeded after the collapse of the Chou
• Samuel Beckett strengthened the unity within the bureaucracy, but Confucianism was substituted
for Legalism.
25
THE FIVE CLASSICS Po – Chu – I (722 – 846) was a well-known

Chinese poet who represented the classical
1. THE BOOK OF CHANGES tradition in Chinese literature, politics and
2. THE BOOK OF HISTORY morality.
3. THE BOOK OF RITES
4. THE BOOK OF ODES
5. THE SPRING AND AUTUMN ANNALS THE FIVE CLASSICS
Perhaps the greatest philosopher of the

world has known. One of the truly great
men that China has produced. The word
Confucius is the westernized form of his
name, which is Kung Fu-tze, Kung being
his proper name, Fu signifying revered,
and tze signifying teacher.
-Confucius
Li Po (701 – 761), or Li tai Po, was one of the

leading Chinese poets of the eighth century. His
writings deal with the good things of life and with
the pathos of human destiny. With a striking
India is the vast land in Southern Asia, extending from the Himalayan
vividness they treat of love, friendship, wine,
Mountains south to the tip of a great peninsula that reaches from out into the
nature, and simple village living.
Indian Ocean. It is known as “Land of prayer”. The first characteristic we notice
about Indian literature is that it is based on piety, a deeply religious spirit.
Dravidians- earliest people in India dating back to 3000 – 2500 B.C.
Towards 2000 B.C. Sanskrit- literature of India. The word “sanskrit” means
cultivated or perfected. Vedas – the bible of the Indians. Ramayana and
Mahabharata are the most important epics of India. Ramayana is about the
reincarnation of the creator god Vishnu in the person of Rama, who is the hero of
the epic. Mahabharata deals with the other reincarnation of Vishnu in the person
26
of Krishna. It is considered as the greatest epic of India. The Indians believe in CONSIDERATIONS WHEN READING A LITERARY WORK
reincarnation. The reincarnation of Vishnu is called Avatars, descending from the When reading a literary work from a different country or region, you may
god. need to read “around the text” by considering the following context, whatever
applies:
ROOTS OF INDIAN LITERATURE 1. CULTURE
2. THOUGHT
1. Rig-Veda – made up of hymns in praise of the gods. The hymns are 3. POLITICS/GOVERNMENT
strong, energetic religions expressions comparable to the Old 4. SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Testament Psalms. 5. GENDER
6. ROLES
2. Upanishads- consists of a group of sketches, illustrations, explanations
7. TRADITIONS AND CUTOMS/ETIQUETTE
and critical comments on the religious thoughts suggested by the poetic
8. HISTORY
hymns of Rig-Veda. 9. ECONOMY
10. PHILOSOPHY
11. RELIGION
12. ART
13. POPULAR CULTURE
14. EDUCATION SYSTEM
15. MYTHS
16. FOLKLORE
17. FAMILTY STRUCTURE
18. VALUES
It is one of the major Oriental Literatures. Katakana – basic alphabet in

Japan which consists 47 characters. Reference:
Earliest Japanese Literary works: st
Beyond Boarders Reading Literature in 21 Century Pages (94-96)
1. Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) https://www.slideshare.net/SleepingBeautyLulu/world-literature-a-brief-
2. Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan) introduction
https://www.slideshare.net/kazumaki/asian-literature
favorite form of amusement. Three Types of Japanese Drama: https://www.slideshare.net/kenzieancheta819/world-literature-overview-of-
1. Noh play 3. Kabuki play literature-through-the-ages
2. 2. Joruri or puppet play
27
Important Reminders Wearing t-shirt from London, Thailand,

Auckland, Japan, Finland, India,
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a Malaysia, Poland, Korea….
separate paper. ‘Where are you from, father? We are teasers.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), pictures, Names of places bold
pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
____________________________________________ following this format:
In English on his chest. He does not know.
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet. ‘China,’ He answers. WE laugh.
We laugh. Bad daughters.
ACTIVITY 1: Medium-sized t-shirt on top of Large
Sized ones in his drawers,
Collage He once stood huge in front of a snack bar,
Instruction: Create a collage inspired by the poem “His T-Shirt” by Tammy Ho Lai- Buying us coca-colas, and we cheered.
Ming. Having read the poem carefully, your task is to make a collage that best
translates the theme of the poem into another artistic work. Provide a title to ACTIVITY 1:
your artwork. (BOND PAPER)
Essay
HIS T-SHIRTS Instruction: Describe the following in essay form.
By Tammy Ho Lai-Ming • WHAT IS WORLD LITERATURE?
Medium-sized t-shirt on his dark body. __________________________________________________________________
He is totally Chinese more so than me. __________________________________________________________________
But in period when he is building bridges, __________________________________________________________________
fixing windowpanes or drilling roads, __________________________________________________________________
I think he is from Africa. __________________________________________________________________
Yellow skin is black in sun. __________________________________________________________________
Who said colors are God-given? __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Medium-sized t-shirt he has aplenty. __________________________________________________________________
Elated, in countries foreign, we do not forget __________________________________________________________________
At home he is suppressing his worried lips. __________________________________________________________________
He wants nothing from is, but __________________________________________________________________
We like the idea of giving. And so, he is
28
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________________.
• INDIAN LITERATURE • LITERATURE, HISTORY AND CULTURE

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________. ___________________________________________________________.
• LITERATURE IN RENAISSANCE PERIOD • POPULAR TYPES OF LITERATURE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

__________________________________________________________________ PERIOD
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
29
__________________________________________________________________ 19-20. ROOTS OF INDIAN LITERATURE

__________________________________________________________________
19. ________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
20. ________________________________
MODULE 1: Assessment: 21-24. FAMOUS AUTHORS IN THIS PERIOD
A. ENUMERATION
21. ________________________________
INSTRUCTION: Enumerate the following statement below.
22. ________________________________
1-5. FIVE CLASSICS
23. ________________________________
1. _______________________________
24. ________________________________
2. _______________________________
3. _______________________________ 25-42. CONSIDERATIONS WHEN READING A LITERARY WORK
4. _______________________________ 25. ________________________________
5. _______________________________ 26. ________________________________
6-9. LITERARY WORK IN THIS MEDIEVAL PERIOD 27. ________________________________
6. _______________________________ 28. ________________________________
7. _______________________________ 29. ________________________________
8. _______________________________ 30. ________________________________
9. _______________________________ 31. ________________________________
10. THE GREATEST PHILOSOPHER OF THE WORLD 32. ________________________________
10. ________________________________ 33. ________________________________
34. ________________________________
11-14. FAMOUS AUTHORS IN GOLDEN ERA 35. ________________________________
11. ________________________________ 36. ________________________________
12. ________________________________ 37. ________________________________
13. ________________________________ 38. ________________________________
14. ________________________________ 39. ________________________________
15. EARLIEST PEOPLE IN INDIA 40. ________________________________
15. ________________________________ 41. ________________________________
16-18. THREE TYPES OF JAPANESE DRAMA 42. ________________________________
16. ________________________________
17. ________________________________ 43-45. THREE GREAT ASIAN LITERATURE
18. ________________________________ 43. ___________________, 44. _______________, 45.___________________
30
LITERATURE OF THE GLOBAL NORTH

UNIT 2

• Appreciate the cultural aesthetic diversity of literature
11 •
of the world.
Make reaction paper on film/s viewed
Duration: _________
____________
• WHAT IS THE LITERATURE OF THE GLOBAL NORTH

POSTMODERN
CONDITION? The concept of globalization is one of the most discussed subjects, not only
in art but in political, economic and academic debates, and refers to the worldwide
diffusion of practices, expansion of relations across continents, organization of
social life on a global scale, and grown of a shared global consciousness.
Globalization is not just expansion of capitalism and opening of financial markets
round the world. The economical part of globalization is surely important and
Overview: perhaps the easiest to notice, but…globalization is most of all transformation of

time and space in our lives. See Giddens, Anthony. The Third Way - The Renewal of
In this lesson, we will cover recent developments in European and Anglo- Social Democracy Cornwall: Polity Press, 1998.
American Fiction as specimen of Literary work from the global North. Although
Globalization New Communication Technologies Higher speed of
contemporary European and American fictionists have turned to experimental,
information Greater distribution of information Multinational Corporations
new, or alternative forms or modes as sociated with postmodernism (e.g.,
metafiction), realism is able to maintain its solid footing well into the 21st century. Increased International Trade Increased flows of money across national borders.
“Realism,” like “representation,” has become over time so much a part of our (Increased ease of travel!). Globalization - A contradictory and uneven process -
general vocabulary that both have required commonsensical meanings. Pulls away from local communities and nation-states - Pushes down on those same
communities and nation-states - Local communities' beliefs and cultural values may
be globalized and universalized - Individuals and groups may experience this
universalization as a 'dilution' and 'corruption' of their cultural beliefs - Resistance
to this process, sometimes with violence, rise of fundamentalism, nationalism and
31
terrorism could be seen as a response to this. “Exhibitions delimited by nationality, reform organizations. This genre gave birth to “gospel music” Blues and jazz
continents and other geographical demarcations have been subject to vigorous transmitted across American via radio and phonographs.
critique over the last few years, for many of the right reasons. In a cosmopolitan The Moderns (1900-1950)
art world, in which artists travel to make work and take part in exhibitions, the fact Authors: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, T.S Eliot, Karel Capek
an artist is British, Brazilian or Chinese is of diminishing significance. To compare Masterpieces: The Great Gatsby; Poetry of Jeffers, Williams, Cummings,
artists from the perspective of their geographical origins is often to emphasize the Frost, Eliot, Sandburg, Pound, Robinson, Stevens
most superficial aspects of their practice. The approach is fraught with the perils of Most of the masterpieces are novels, plays, poetry, and use of interior
seductiveness and stereotyping.” (FARQUHARSON, ALEX and Andreas Schleicher, monologue and stream of consciousness.
British Art Show 6, 2005, P12). “ With Globalization people become move able – Realism (1855-1900)
physically, legally, linguistically, culturally and psychologically – to engage with Authors: Gustave Flaubert, George Eliot, Mark Twain
each other wherever on planet earth they are” (Scholte, p. 59) “ Instead of the Masterpieces: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
monochrome fixation on nationality that reigned in the mid-twentieth century,
identities in today’s more global world have tended to adopt a more plural and
hybrid character” (Ibid, p. 225) “ Globalization has tended to generate hybridity,
where persons have complex multifaceted identities and face challenges of
negotiating a blend of sometimes conflicting modes of being and belonging within
the same self.” (Ibid, p. 226).
ANGLO-AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN LITERATURE

Topics dealing with the complex absurdity of contemporary life - moral and
philosophical relativism, loss of faith in political and moral authority, alienation.
Employing black humor, parody, grotesque, absurdity, and travesty. Erasing
boundaries between "low" and "high" culture
Lack of a grand narrative. Realism portrays faithful representation of life concentrating on middle-
class life and preoccupations, scenes of humble life, criticism of social conditions,
Harlem Renaissance
(Parallel to modernism) (1920’s) characters are in center of interest as opposed to a plot, subjects portrayed with
Author: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston simplicity and respect but little elaboration, honest, matter-of-fact style and
Masterpieces: Poetry, short stories and novels of Hurston and Hughes objects or figures are represented impartially and objectively.
Harlem Renaissance is the defining moment in African American literature because American Renaissance/Transcendentalism
(1840-1860)
of an unprecedented outburst of creative activity among black writers. It is unusual
among literary and artistic movements for its close relationship to civil rights and Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne
The genre or the style of masterpieces are poetry, short stories, and novels.
32
Romanticism (1800-1860) of western achievements. Often pessimistic in tone psychological themes. A

The Scarlet Letter is an 1850 romantic work of fiction in a historical setting, Collection of techniques often experimental often challenging often attempts to
written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is his magnum opus. reproduce the inner workings of the mind none of which are new
Authors: Walt Whitman, Washington Irving Postmodernism Does not” follow on” from modernism does come after
Masterpieces: Rip Van Winkle and Poems of Walt Whitman modernism not a literary style, more of a modern philosophy applies the same
techniques. Has a different outlook generally less pessimistic black humor return
to satire?
Post modernism – same techniques? Point of view – modernism withdrew;
postmodern writers often re-enter Satire Intertextuality Symbolic Representation
Discontinuity – increased non-linearity Stream of consciousness less common
Pastiche
Reference:
REALISM, MODERNISM AND POSTMODERNISM https://prezi.com/-jnfbggt48jo/global-divides-the-north-and-the-south/
The most notable feature of the poetry of the time is the new role of http://www.redwedgemagazine.com/online-issue/realism-modernism-lukcs
individual thought and personal feeling. Renders reality closely and in https://www.slideshare.net/DeborahJ/introduction-to-postmodernism-an-
comprehensive detail. Selective presentation of reality. Character is more introduction-globalisation
important than action and plot. Characters appear in their real complexity of https://prezi.com/gt0refopnxlt/anglo-american-literature/
temperament and motive; they are in explicable relation to nature, to each other, https://www.slideshare.net/GavinMalavolta/modernism-post-modernism-in-
to their social class, to their own past. Class is important; novels usually portrayed literature
https://www.slideshare.net/debgoodlett/realism-67301308
the middle or lower class. Realistic novels avoid the sensational, dramatic elements
https://prezi.com/7jz2kzaerzxs/realism-in-literature/
of naturalistic novels and romances. Events that occur in the story are predictable
because of the lack of over dramatization and fantasy.
Modernism Often questions that which has gone before It also questions
the future It offers a critique of “modern” culture It puts into question the results
33
Important Reminders
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a
separate paper.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), pictures,
pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
____________________________________________ following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 1:
Exploring Context
Instruction: Read the Milan Kundera’s story
(http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/the-apologizer) “The
Apologizer” and answer the following questions based on the story. (Short Bond
Paper) MODULE 11: Assessment:
B. ENUMERATION
1. In the story recalls that the eroticism or the seductive power of the female
I. INSTRUCTION: Read Ian McEwan’s Atonement (2001) and write a
body has a history: before the navel, there were the thighs, the buttocks,
paper that examines the following concerns:
and the breast. How are these objects symbols that have represented the
female in our culture? 1. To what extent is the novel realistic? Which chapters are postmodern?
2. Why does Kumbera’s invent a back story about his mother? Why does 2. What dynamic between realist and postmodern representations can we
the mother call it a “Fairy tale” despite its gruesome plot? infer from the novel?
3. How does “Eve’s Tree,” the second part of the fairy tale, provide a COMPARE AND CONTRAST. INSTRUCTION: Infer the difference and
rationale for the mother’s actions? Does Eve’s story make the mother a
more sympathetic character?
4. What is your general observation about life or worldview does Ailan draw
from this story?
5. What different sentiment about the navel as an erotic object does the
AUTHOR 1 AUTHOR 2
retelling explain the relationship and/or inequality between sexes?
34
GENERAL PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS: 11. Your output will be graded based on this rubric.
5 – Excellence 4 – Good 3 – Fair or Average
WHAT IS THE PROJECT ABOUT?
2 – Poor or Needs Improvement (s) 1 – Very Poor 0 – Not Observed
DO IT YOUR SELF DICTIONARY is one of the best ways for students to
understand how dictionaries work is to make one themselves. This project is CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1 0
designed to get students to create a dictionary on a subject of their choice, A. PLANNING TOOLS (Script and Storyboard) – 30 POINTS
collecting words that are unique to that subject. In doing so they will conduct 1. Planning documents show evidence of extensive
research that give students a good grasp of the topic.
their own original research. If students were examined on this topic, they would
pass the test.
1. PROJECT: DO IT YOUR SELF DICTIONARY 2. The Dictionary provides an information in every
vocabulary words.
2. Your DIY DICTIONARY may be sort of vocabulary words in unusual area of
3. The Project are neat and designed based on the
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. student creativity
3. Base on the discussed regions in the Philippines you have to gather a 4. Each part of the words is explicitly and clearly to
understand by the readers.
regional vocabulary word. 5. The dictionary is described in sufficient details that if
4. Students will collect and record words in specific area in the Philippines. they were given to another student, this person could
5. Decide which words merit an entry in their dictionary. produce the word and achieve a product like the one
originally envisioned.
6. write definitions for those words. 6. The documents are submitted in a professional
7. Provide any other information that has been agreed upon for each entry, manner. The pages are bound together, numbered,
and organized; the names of the author(s) are clearly
such as its pronunciation, part of speech, and etymology provide each indicated; the words are either typed or hand-written
dictionary entry with examples of its use, i.e. illustrative quotations. in clear penmanship.
8. Every vocabulary word is organizing in Alphabetize and sort of 50 words
in one region. TOTAL POINTS
9. Design your cover. There are many ways that you can make a cover, so
allow your imagination to run wild. You could design one with markers and B. FINAL VIDEO (OUTPUT) – 70 POINTS 5 4 3 2 1 0
construction paper, or you could make one on your computer and print it 1. Accuracy
out. - All the information provided in the dictionary is correct,
as verified by trusted sources of information (these
10. Any forms of cheating are prohibited and punishable by 3 - 5 days suspension and sources must be listed in the citations at the glossary).
invalidation of your final exam results and project grades as stipulated in the Senior 2. Academic Rigor
High School Policies and Standard Operating Procedures for Students. A committee - The authors of the dictionary show good grasp of the
or the subject instructor himself should investigate and deal with the said information. There is evidence of depth of research and
misdemeanor accordingly. readers learn a reasonable amount of new information
35
by reading the dictionary. The information is SUGGESTED COMPUTATIONS:

challenging to peers but not incomprehensible.
PLANNING TOOLS: 24 / 30, let us assume the student(s) got 4 points for each criterion.
3. Clarity FINAL VIDEO OUTPUT: 28 x 2 = 56 / 70, let us assume the student(s) got 4 points for each
- Information is communicated clearly and logically and criterion.
is disclosed progressively to build on the previous TOTAL SCORE: 24 + 56 = 80 / 100
foundation and provide a richer understanding. The
organization of the words is coherent and flows from
(80 / 100 * 50) + 50
one part to the next into a seamless narrative. = 90, this should reflect on the final grade.
4. Ability to Engage the Viewer
- The Dictionary is interesting to read. It elicits curiosity
and a desire to know more. The video shows evidence
of creative and original thinking in presenting the
information.
5. Completeness
- The dictionary meets the following submission criteria
(instructors may wish to indicate the weight of each
element on the final grade): a) Submitted by the
deadline, b) Submitted in the expected format, c)
Complies with 50 words length in every regions.
(instructors may wish to list the ones required for their
assignment, such as including a vocabulary words,
interviews, citations, etc.)
6. Content and Design
- Written clearly. The design does not detract by the
text written on your paper.
7. Relevant Visuals
- Include subheadings or tag lines to emphasize new
vocabulary or to introduce someone. Avoids distractors
such as fancy transitions, tangents, and
overstimulation.
TOTAL POINTS X2
FINAL GRADE:
Source: http://static.nsta.org/connections/college/201601CaseStudyFigures1-4.pdf
36

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ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

MODULE 9: WHAT IS LITERATURE? 14-21

VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

WHAT FOLK ELEMENTS MAKE

VISAYAS: HYBRID MODES IN LOCAL COLOR

POETRY AND METRICAL ROMANCES Some forms of poetry are, Dialogo

Spectrum of Metafictional Techniques

Further individuating the differences between metafictional characteristics

RUBRIC FOR PHOTO ESSAY

UNIT 2 MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

MINDANAO: LITERATURE OF CONFLICT

RIDDLES - a question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity

Example of Riddles in Mindanao:

RUBRIC FOR NARRATIVE REPORT

WHY STUDY LITERATURE?

• To express one’s self

- Exposition—setting the scene. or implied.

• DRAMA – It is an ancient form of communal expression, and it is best

Exploring the Text IV - What Was Taken Away

MODULE 1: Assessment: 9. To attain the purpose of tragedy, the protagonist called a

WHAT IS WORLD LITERATURE?

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

WHAT IS WORLD LITERATURE?

It refers to any “written work”. It is derived from ‘literatura ‘which means

during this period: THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1790 – 1830)

Famous Author During this THE VITORIAN PERIOD (1832 – 1901)

Popular types of literature in this period: Famous Authors:

THE MODERN PERIOD (1914 – 1945)

THE FIVE CLASSICS Po – Chu – I (722 – 846) was a well-known

Perhaps the greatest philosopher of the

Li Po (701 – 761), or Li tai Po, was one of the

It is one of the major Oriental Literatures. Katakana – basic alphabet in

Important Reminders Wearing t-shirt from London, Thailand,

• INDIAN LITERATURE • LITERATURE, HISTORY AND CULTURE

• LITERATURE IN RENAISSANCE PERIOD • POPULAR TYPES OF LITERATURE IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

__________________________________________________________________ 19-20. ROOTS OF INDIAN LITERATURE

LITERATURE OF THE GLOBAL NORTH

MODULE At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• WHAT IS THE LITERATURE OF THE GLOBAL NORTH

Overview: perhaps the easiest to notice, but…globalization is most of all transformation of

ANGLO-AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN LITERATURE

Romanticism (1800-1860) of western achievements. Often pessimistic in tone psychological themes. A

by reading the dictionary. The information is SUGGESTED COMPUTATIONS:

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