pH (potential of Hydrogen)

What is pH?
 Is the figure for expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic that
goes from 0 to 14.

 pH is calculated as the negative log of a solution’s hydrogen ion concentration:

pH = -log10 [H+]

The pH Scale
 Is the tool used to rank solutions in terms of acidity or basicity (alkalinity).
 It has a range from 0 to 14, where anything below 7.0 is acidic, and anything above
7.0 is alkaline, or basic.
 Constantly the pH indicator shows how acidic or alkalinity is a substance by giving
a color where the most acid is red and the most alkaline is purple, like we can se in
this image.

Fig. 1 The pH scale. Retrieved from: Fig. 2 The pH scale. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
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The pH indicator
 Is a compound that changes color in solution over a narrow range of pH values.
 The principle behind the function of an indicator is that it reacts with water to form the
hydrogen cation H+ or hydronium ion H3O+. The reaction changes the color of the
indicator molecule.
  There are pH indicators just like plants containing these molecules include red cabbage
leaves, rose petal flowers, blueberries, rhubarb stems, hydrangea flowers, and poppy
flowers. Litmus is a natural pH indicator derived from a mixture of lichens, but the
indicator more used are the universal indicator, because these indicators change colors
over different pH ranges, they may sometimes be combined to offer color changes over a
wider pH range. They contain thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, thymol blue,
and phenolphthalein. It covers a pH range from less than 3 (red) to greater than 11
(violet). Intermediate colors include orange/yellow (pH 3 to 6), green (pH 7 or neutral),
and blue (pH 8 to 11).

Fig. 2 The pH universal indicator Retrieved from:

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Acids and Bases:
 Solutions are classified as acidic or basic based on their hydrogen ion
concentration relative to pure water.
 An acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H +) in a
solution, usually by donating one of its hydrogen atoms through dissociation.
 Acidic solutions have a higher H+ concentration than water (greater than 1 × 10-7
M).
 A base, in contrast, raises pH by providing hydroxide (OH -) or another ion or
molecule that scoops up hydrogen ions and removes them from solution.
 Alkaline solutions have a lower H+ concentration (less than 1 × 10-7 M).

Fig. 3 The pH scale with acid and alkaline examples. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fculturacientifica.com%2F2019%2F11%2F28%2Fque-es-el-ph%2Fph-scale%2F&psig=AOvVaw1Y-Vv_-IxU2Bu-
MV5zGGaD&ust=1600022912600000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJCgvMGk5OsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

 In the figure3 we can see that the strongest acid is a battery because have the more
readily it dissociates to generate H+.
  In the figure3 the drain cleaner is the strong alkaline this is because it completely
dissociates in water and released basic ions that can absorb H+.
APA CITATION:
 pH Scale: Acids, bases, pH and buffers (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. Retrieved
September 12, 2020, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-
acids-and-bases/acids-bases-and-ph/a/acids-bases-ph-and-bufffers

 Helmenstine, A. (2019). What Is a pH Indicator? ThoughtCo.

https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-ph-indicator-60549