An

Anaalysi s of Indian Stee l

In
Indust ry

Su
Submi
mittt ed by: Submititt eddto::
Pu
P urvi Tibre rewall a Ms. Pa ramitita Sarkar
Ro
R oll 14646, Sec B.

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this Project entitled “Analysis of Indian Steel
Industry” submitted to Ms. Paramita Sarkar full-time faculty at Smt. J.D.Birla Institute
(Department of Management), Kolkata is an authentic record of my original work.
The total word count of this paper is 18113 words.

Purvi Tiberewalla

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“A student is always incomplete without the guidance of his teachers.”

The successful completion of a task is incomplete without mentioning the name of the
person who extended his help and support in making it a success.

Firstly, I would like to thank our college director, Dr. Suman K. Mukherjee, because if it
hadn’t been his vision to allot us the task of preparing a paper, I wouldn’t have ever got
so much knowledge about this subject.

I am greatly indebted to Ms. Paramita Sarkar (Full-time faculty at Smt. J.D.Birla

Institute), my Project Guide and Mentor for devoting her valuable time and efforts
towards my project. I thank her for being a constant source of knowledge, inspiration and
help during this period of making project.

Finally, I would also like to thank our f aculty in-charge of Learning and Research Centre
(LRC).It was indeed very kind of them to provide me with the necessary books and
journals on time so as not to delay the completion of my paper.

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ABSTRACT
Steel is a uniquely versatile material. It is involved in virtually
every phase of our lives from
housing, food supply and transport to energy delivery, machinery
and healthcare. In fact, it is
so versatile that pretty well everything people use every day is
either made from steel or is
provided by steel. Steel has facilitated our quality of life,
underpinned humankind‘s
development and even helped us to understand our planet and
the eco-systems it supports.
Without being aware of it, society now depends on steel.
Humankind‘s future success in
meeting challenges such as climate change, poverty, population
growth, water distribution and
energy limited by a lower carbon world depends on applications of
steel.

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 Ta
Table of contentss
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................... 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................... 3

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 4

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8

Field of Management: .................................................................................................. 8

Scope and Objective: ................................................................................................... 8

2. Literature Review............................................................................................ 10

I.1. Steel ......................................................................................................................... 11

I.2. History & Evolution of the Industry ................................................................... 13

II. The Global Steel Industry ...................................................................................... 15

II.1. Growth of the industry ........................................................................................ 15

II.2. Economic trends................................................................................................... 16

II.3. Industry size and geographic distribution ......................................................... 17

II.4. Consolidation as a strategy in the global steel industry ................................... 18

III. Indian Steel Industry ............................................................................................ 20

III.1. Background ......................................................................................................... 20

III.2. Steel production processes ................................................................................. 22

III.3. Types of steel ....................................................................................................... 24

III.4. Components of the cost of production .............................................................. 25

IV. Institutional Design ............................................................................................... 27

IV.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 27

IV.2. Policy regime for the Steel sector in India........................................................ 28

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IV.3. Role of Government ........................................................................................... 29

V. Performance of the Indian Steel Industry ............................................................ 30

V.1. Production of Steel ............................................................................................... 30

V.2. Steel Producers In India ...................................................................................... 32

V.3. Export and Import Of Steel ................................................................................ 33

VI. Industry Analysis36

VI.1. Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model ................................................................ 36

VI.2. The SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................... 39

VII. Major Indian Players In the Steel Industry43

VII.1. Public Sector ...................................................................................................... 43

VII.2. Private Sector .................................................................................................... 46

VIII. Current Global Scenario ................................................................................... 50

VIII.1. Current Global Scenario................................................................................. 50

VIII.2. Impact ............................................................................................................... 50

IX. Future Outlook ...................................................................................................... 52

IX.1. Factors Holding back the Industry ................................................................... 52

IX.2. The Road Ahead ................................................................................................. 53

3. Research Methodology.................................................................................. 55

3.1 Introduction to Research Methodology ............................................................... 55

3.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Data Gathering .................................... 55

3.3 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 56

4. Hypothesis ........................................................................................................... 58

5. Results ................................................................................................................... 59

5.1 Findings................................................................................................................... 59

5.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 61

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6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 63

7. Executive Summary ....................................................................................... 64

8. Testing of Hypothesis .................................................................................... 65

9. Annexure ............................................................................................................. 66

10. Bibliography .................................................................................................... 75

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 1. Introduction
1.1 Field Of Management:

Indian Steel Industry

Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting
people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning,
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or
more people or entities) or effort for the pur pose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing
encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources,
technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person
or
people who perform the act(s) of management

This project relates to the field of financial management. The primary concern of financial
management is the assessment rather than the techniques of financial quantification. A
financial manager looks at the available data to judge the performance of enterprises.

1.2 Scope and Objective:

India is a reputed name in the world steel industry; the country‘s steel industry is catching up
the pace and luring the steel majors from all over the world. The industry has gained strength
from the strong Indian economy, and strong sectors like infrastructure, construction and
automobile. Although India consumes less steel as compared to other Asian countries, it was
ranked the fifth major crude steel producer in the world in 2008. Thus, the country offers vast
scope for the steel industry in future.
However, the current economic turmoil has dented the growth curve of various industries such
as construction, which, in turn, has hit the Indian steel industry hard. But with the
government‘s plans to boost up the economy by injecting funds in various industries like
infrastructure, construction, automobile and power, growth is well expected in near future,
India accounts for 4.14% of the global steel production in 2008. India‘s crude steel production
grew to reach an estimated 54.51(million metric tonnes) mmt in 2008-09; primary producers

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alone contributed about 21.2% whereas secondary producers contributed the rest1. While
domestic crude steel production capacity has increased from 43.9 mmt in 2003-04 to 64.4 mmt
in 2008-092, apparent demand for finished steel increased by about 22%, in the same year.
At present, steel industry‘s demand is strong because of buoyant automobile sector, white
goods and construction industry driving the growth of the industr y. India has finally its
=National Steel Policy‘ approved by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) in 2005
to meet the growing domestic and international demand. The National Steel Policy 2005 had
projected consumption to grow at 7% based on a GDP growth rate of 7-7.5% and production of
110 million tonnes by 2019-20203. In the backdrop of robust demand for steel and solid
performance of the major domestic players in the last three years, global steel manufacturers
are in for massive capital investment in the steel sector, which is significant for the industr y.
Steel consumption in India is expected to outgrow GDP growth and increase at the rate of 10%
in the coming years.
This report focuses on the steel industry in India. It covers the industry overview with its basic
features, types of steel and the production processes. The report discusses basic steel
manufacturing processes, industry value chain with a special reference to major raw material
trends and price trends of steel products. The report touches briefly on the Global Steel
Industry and provides a detailed analysis of the performance of the Indian Steel Industry. In the
report the Indian Steel Industry has been analyzed using the Porter‘s Five Force Model and
SWOT analysis. Various Quantitative Methods have been used for testing the relationship
between various economic Indicators and functions of the steel Industry such as production,
exports, imports and so on. In the end, the report studies the impact of the current economic
crisis on the Indian Steel Industry and takes a peek into the future of the Industry.

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 2. Literature Review

I. Emergence of the Steel Industry

India‘s economic growth is contingent upon the growth of the Indian steel industry.
Consumption of steel is taken to be an indicator of economic development. While steel
continues to have a stronghold in traditional sectors such as construction, housing and ground
transportation, special steels are increasingly used in engineering industries such as power
generation, petrochemicals and fertilizers. India occupies a central position on the global steel
map, with the establishment of new state-of-the-art steel mills, acquisition of global scale
capacities by players, continuous modernization and upgradation of older plants, improving
energy efficiency and backward integration into global raw material sources.
Steel production in India has increased by a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8
percent over the period 2002-03 to 2006-07. Going forward, growth in India is projected to be
higher than the world average, as the per capita consumption of steel in India, at around 45 kg,
is well below the world average (190 kg) and that of developed countries (400 kg)4. Indian
demand is projected to rise to 200 million tonnes by 2015. Given the strong demand scenario,
most global steel players are into a massive capacity expansion mode, either through brown-
field or Greenfield route. By 2012, the steel production capacity in India is expected to touch
124 million tonnes and 275 million tonnes by 2020. While green-field projects are slated to add
28.7 million tonnes, brown-field expansions are estimated to add 40.5 million tonnes to the
existing capacity of 55 million tonnes.
Steel is manufactured as a globally tradable product with no major trade barriers across
national boundaries to be seen currently. There is also no inherent resource related constraints
which may significantly affect production of the same or its capacity creation to respond to
demand increases in the global market. Even the government policy restrictions have been
negligible worldwide and even if there are any the same to respond to specific conditions in the
market and have always been temporary. Therefore, the industry in general and at a global
level is unlikely to throw up substantive competition issues in any national policy framework.
Further, there are no natural monopoly characteristics in steel. Therefore, one may not expect
complex competition issues as those witnessed in industries like telecom, electricity, natural
gas, oil, etc.

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This, however, does not mean that there is no relevant or serious competition issue in the steel
industry. The growing consolidation in the steel industry worldwide through mergers and
acquisitions has already thrown up several significant concerns. The fact that internationally
steel has always been an oligopolistic industry sometimes has raised concerns about the
anticompetitive behaviour of large firms that dominate this industry. On the other hand the set
of large firms that characterize the industry has been changing over time.
Trade and other government policies have significant bearing on competition issues. Matters of
subsidies, non-tariff barriers to trade, discriminatory customs duty (on exports and imports) etc.
may bring in significant distortions in the domestic market and in the process alter the
competitive positioning of individual players in the market. The specific role of the state in
creating market distortion and thereby the competitive conditions in the market is a well-known
issue in this country.

I.1. Steel
Iron is one of the oldest inventions in the world with its first usage reportedly dating back
to 4000 BC. Steel is crucial to the development of any modern economy and is considered
to be the backbone of the human civilization. Today Steel (the carbon alloy of Iron) finds
application in every imaginable facet of our life. The global steel industry has been
witnessing many interesting events that have influenced market dynamics in the last ten
years.

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by
weight, depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron,
but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and
tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the
iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of
alloying
elements and form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase)

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controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and
tensile strength of the resulting steel.
Steel with increased carbon content can be made
harder and stronger than iron, but is also
more brittle. The maximum solubility of carbon in
iron (as austenite) is 2.14% by weight,
occurring at 1149 °C; higher concentrations of carbon
or lower temperatures will produce
cementite. Alloys with higher carbon content than
this are known as cast iron because of
their lower melting point and castability5. Steel is
also to be distinguished from wrought
iron containing only a very small amount of other
elements, but containing 1–3% by weight
of slag in the form of particles elongated in one
direction, giving the iron a characteristic
grain. It is more rust-resistant than steel and welds
more easily. It is common today to talk
about 'the iron and steel industry' as if it was a
single entity, but historically they were
separate products.
Though steel had been produced by various
inefficient methods long before the
Renaissance, its use became more common after
more efficient production methods wer e
devised in the 17th century. With the invention of
the Bessemer process in the mid-19th
century, steel became a relatively inexpensive mass-
produced good. Further refinements in
the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking, further
lowered the cost of production while 12
12
increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one
of the most common materials in the
world and is a major component in buildings,
infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles,
machines, and appliances. Modern steel is
I.2. History & Evolution of the Industry
Steel was discovered by the Chinese under the reign of Han dynasty in 202 BC till 220
AD6. Prior to steel, iron was a very popular metal and it was used all over the globe. Even
the time period of around 2 to 3 thousand years before Christ is termed as Iron Age as iron
was vastly used in that period in each and every part of life. But, with the change in time
and technology, people were able to find an even stronger and harder material than iron that
was steel. Using iron had some disadvantages but this alloy of iron and carbon fulfilled all
that iron couldn‘t do. The Chinese people invented steel as it was harder than iron and it
could serve better if it is used in making weapons. One legend says that the sword of the
first Han emperor was made of steel only. From China, the process of making steel from
iron spread to its south and reached India. High quality steel was being produced in
southern India in as early as 300 BC. Most of the steel then was exported from Asia only.
Around 9th century AD, the smiths in the Middle East developed techniques to produce
sharp and flexible steel blades. In the 17th century, smiths in Europe came to know about a
new process of cementation to produce steel. Also, other new and improved technologies
were gradually developed and steel soon became the key factor on which most of the
economies of the world started depending.

In ancient times, steel was only used for very high value products like swords and precision
instruments because it was produced in small quantities because of production in very small
quantities. This so because the process used for manufacturing was work intensive and time
consuming. In this period steel was manufactured by reverse process and adding carbon to
the carbon free wrought iron. This process was known as =cementation process‘. This
process was very expensive and difficult.

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In 1855 the blast furnace process was invented by Henr y Bessemer at his steel plant in
England. This process was a new way to produce steel and first less expensive industrial
process for mass production. In recognition of his services to metallurgy and for the f ar-
reaching effects of his invention, he was afterwards knighted and is generally spoken of as
Sir Henry Bessemer. It is doubtful if any single invention or discovery has had such a
wonderful effect on industry and manufacturing in general7.

Further down in 1952, Voest-Alpine introduced =basic oxygen furnace‘. This was a much
more modified version of steel production process8. This process is being used by all
modern steelworks. After the invention of this process steel extraction became less
expensive and started being used for construction, automobiles and capital goods.

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II.The Global Steel Industry
II.1. Growth of the industry
Since 19th century to early 20th centuries major steel demand was from munitions and was
controlled by wealthy steel dynasties with political influence. During 1950-1970, steel
industry was highly subsidized, exempted and received many other favours from the
national government. This led to many new investments in big integrated steel plants.
During 1960-1990 was the period of nationalization and increase in state control because of
the excess capacity and inefficiency. Till 1980s most of the steel plants were state owned
either partly or wholly. 1980s to 2000 was the era of re-privatization of the steel industry.
This was done in order to improve the efficiency and competitive position of the steel
companies and to fund economic reforms and improve the financial scenario. Many steel
companies were privatized. Some of them have been included in the table below9:

(Source: Reynolds, 2006)

Company Privatization Year

British Steel 1987
SSAB (Sweden) 1989
Ilva (Italy) 1992-1995
Usinor-sacilor (Fr ance) 1995
SN (Portugal) 1995-1996
Voestalpine (Austria) 1995-2003
Acer alia (Spain) 1997

Even After re-privatization steel industry was controlled by government. Subsidies and
tariffs were tools that government used in order to control and protect the domestic steel
industry. For example, in March 2001, US government imposed an import tariff of 30
percent in order to protect its domestic steel industry. Whereas Chinese government
introduced number of subsidies in order to boost its steel industry. This consequently lifted
global steel industry to a new height.

The current global steel industry is in its best position in comparing to last decades. The
price has been rising continuously. The demand expectations for steel products are rapidly

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 growing for coming years. The shares of steel industries are also
in a high pace. The steel
industry is enjoying its 6th consecutive years of growth in supply
and demand. And there is
many more merger and acquisitions which overall buoyed the
industry and showed some
good results. The sub-prime crisis has lead to the recession
in economy of different
countries, which may lead to have a negative effect on
II.2. Economic trends
whole
During the 20thsteel industry
century, steel in from
industry grew coming
just 28 million tons (MT) to 789 MT as
years. However steel production and consumption will be
shown in the above graph. The steel industry has always been a cyclical business. Steel
supported by continuous
industry grew from 189 million metric tonnes to 684 million metric tonnes in just 25 years.
economic
But in 1975, thegrowth. Graphand1 Japanese
European, American (Annexure) showswhich
economy stabilized theledcontinuous
to the
flattening of demand. This led reduction in demand from these major steel consuming
increase in the Total crude
countries as compared to the supply. In this period capacity utilization was fluctuating
steel production
between 70 to 80 percent. in thethis
During world:
time, demand from the developing countries started
increasing but was not sufficient to meet the supply.

Another difficult phase for the steel industry was between 1997 to 2001 due to financial
crisis in Asia and severe recession in the global economy. This led to the imbalance
between demand and supply. Steel prices went down 20 year low in this period and new
capacities became uneconomical. In order to fight this recession, steel industry was ignited
with mergers and acquisitions since 1997.

Steel industry again showed a sign of recovery in 2002. This happened due to increase in
demand from China and other South Asian countries like India, as these countries were
growing and focused on infrastructure development. Even sectors like housing,
construction and automobiles showed recovery. Most of the steel companies in the period
of 2002 to 2006 have shown recover y and growth in profits. Many of the steel companies in
Asia pacific regions have added capacity in this boom period.

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 II.3. Industry size and geographic distribution
In 2003, China emerged as the biggest producer in the world with the production of 220

million metric tonnes. China also imported 43 million metric tonnes of steel in that period.
During 2008, China produced approximately 500 million metric tonnes, an increase of 25
percent as compared to last year. In 2008 China produced 37.6 percent of the world steel
production. The other top producing countries of 2008 were Japan with 118.7 million
tonnes and US with 98.4 million tonnes10.

Major Global steel companies:

The below table shows the top 15 major steel producing companies in the world as per
2007 and 2008.11

Major steel companies around the world on the basis of output

2008 2007
Rank mmt Rank mmt Company
1 103.3 1 116.4 ArcelorMittal
2 37.5 2 35.7 Nippon Steel
3 35.4 5 28.6 Baosteel Group
4 34.7 4 31.1 POSCO
5 33.3 NA 31.1 Hebei Steel Group
6 33 3 34 JFE
7 27.7 11 20.2 Wuhan Steel Group
8 24.4 6 26.5 Tata Steel
9 23.3 8 22.9 Jiangsu Shagang Group

10 23.2 10 21.5 U.S. Steel

11 21.8 8 23.8 Shandong Steel Group
12 20.4 12 20 Nucor
13 20.4 13 18.6 Gerdau
14 19.2 15 17.3 Severstal
15 17.7 17 16.2 Evraz

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II.4. Consolidation as a strategy in the global steel industry
Steel industry has had its worst time in the 1990s. There was capacity mismatch and
consequently the prices reached the lowest ever. This excess capacity had put too much
pressure on the steel companies globally. During this period steel industry was highly
fragmented and competitive. It had no global player during this time.

But since the late 1990‘s the rise in consolidation has been noticed in the steel industry.
Booming Chinese economy lead China to become leading consumer as well as producer of
steel and consequently booming the steel industry business cycle. Mergers and Acquisitions
strategy was one of the surviving strategies for some of the large companies. M&A helps
the companies to reduce costs and getting better price from their customers.

During 1990s Mittal steel, which started its business in Indonesia in 1976, had bought 8
companies around the world including Trinidad, Mexico, Germany, Ireland and USA. n the
span of just 15 years it became the largest steel producer in the world after the acquisition
of ISG for $4.8 billion in 2004.
Some of the major steel industry acquisitions data has been shown in the Table given
below.

Major Mergers and Acquisitions in Steel Industry

Year Companies Consolidated Company Formed

1997 Krupp AG + Thyssen ThyssenKrupp

Ispat Inland Inc (Subsidiary of
1998 Inland steel company (USA) + Ispat Ispat International NV)

1999 Hoogovens British steel (UK) + (Netherlands)

Koninklijke
2001 Arbed (Luxembourg) + Usinor (France) Arcelor
+ Aceralia (Spain)
2002 LTV (US) + International Steel Group International Steel Group (US)
(US)

2004 Mittal Steel Company NV (Netherlands)

Mittal Steel Company NV
+ International Steel Group (US)
2005 Dofasco(US) + Arcelor Arcelor

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2005 Kryvorizhstal (Ukraine) + Mittal Steel Mittal Steel

2006 Mittal Steel + Arcelor Arcelor Mittal

2007 Tata Steel + Corus (UK) Tata Corus

Source: Compiled by Author from Rasheeda, 2007 & Business Standard, 2006

In today‘s scenario, there has been tremendous rise in demand and consolidation has been
noticed. The biggest step towards consolidation in the histor y of steel industr y was taken
by Mittal steel‘s acquisition of its biggest competitor Arcelor for $33.7 billion. This
combination of world‘s largest and second largest steel producers would contribute
towards 10 percent of the world steel output (approximately 110 million tonnes). The
other recent major acquisition has been made by Tata‘s buying CORUS for $12.1
billion12.

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 III.Indian Steel Industry
III.1. Background
The establishment of Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in 1907 was the starting point
of modern Indian steel industry. Afterwards a few more steel companies were established
namely Mysore Iron and Steel Company, (later renamed Vivesvaraya Iron & Steel Ltd) in
1923; Steel Corporation of Bengal (later renamed Martin Burn Ltd and Indian Iron & Steel
Ltd) in 1923; and Steel Corporation of Bengal (later renamed Martin Burn Ltd and Indian
Iron and Steel Co) in 1939.13 All these companies were in the private sector.

Key Events
1907*: Tata Iron and Steel Company set up.
1913: Production of steel begins in India.
1918: The Indian Iron & Steel Co. set up by Burn & Co. to compete with Tata Iron and Steel Co.
1923*: Mysore Iron and Steel Company set up.
1939*: Steel Corporation of Bengal set up.
1948: A new Industrial Policy Statement states that new ventures in the iron and steel industry
are to be undertaken only by the central government.
1954: Hindustan Steel is created to oversee the Rourkela plant.
1959: Hindustan Steel is responsible for two more plants in Bhilai and Durgapur.
1964: Bokaro Steel Ltd. is created.
1973: The Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) is created as a holding company to oversee most of
India's iron and steel production.
1989: SAIL acquired Vivesvata Iron and Steel Ltd.
1993: India sets plans in motion to partially privatize SAIL.

Source: * Government of India, Joint Plant Committee Report 2007, rest of the dates from:
http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Steel-Authority-of-India-Ltd-Company-History.html

At the time of independence, India had a small Iron and Steel industry with production of
about a million tonnes (mt). In due course, the government was mainly focusing on
developing basic steel industry, where crude steel constituted a major part of the total
steel production. Many public sector units were established and thus public sector had a
dominant share in the steel production till early 1990s. Mostly private players were in

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downstream production, which was mainly producing finished steel using crude steel
products. Capacity ceiling measures were introduced.
Basically, the steel industry was developing under a controlled regime, which established
more public sector steel companies in various segments. Till early 1990s, when economic
liberalization reforms were introduced, the steel industry continued to be under controlled
regime, which largely constituted regulations such as large plant capacities were reserved
only for public sector under capacity control measures; price regulation; for additional
capacity creation producers had to take license from the government; foreign investment
was restricted; and there were restrictions on imports as well as exports.
Undoubtedly there has been significant government bias towards public sector
undertakings. But not all government action has been beneficial for the public sector
companies. Freight equalization policies of the past were one example. The current
governmental =moral-suasion‘ to limit steel price increases is another. However, after
liberalization—when a large number of controls were abolished, some immediately and
others gradually—the steel industry has been experiencing new era of development.
Major developments that occurred at the time of liberalization and thenceforth14 were:

1. Large plant capacities that were reserved for public sector were removed;
2. Export restrictions were eliminated;
3. Import tariffs were reduced from 100 percent to 5 percent;
4. Decontrol of domestic steel prices;
5. Foreign investment was encouraged, and the steel industry was part of the high
priority industries for foreign investments and implying automatic approval for
foreign equity participation up to 100 percent; and
6. System of freight ceiling was introduced in place of freight equalization scheme.

As a result, the domestic steel industry has since then, become market oriented and
integrated with the global steel industry. This has helped private players to expand their
operations and bring in new cost effective technologies to improve competitiveness not
only in the domestic but also in the global market. Private sector contribution in the total
output has since been increasing in India. Development of private sector has caused high
growth in all aspects of steel industry that is capacity, production, export and imports.
During the last decade more than 12 mt of capacity has been added in the steel industry,
this is mostly in the private sector. Recently, the steel industry is receiving significant
foreign investments such as POSCO—South Korean steel producer—and Arcelor-Mittal

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 Group—UK/Europe based steel producer—announcing plans for establishing about 12 mt
production units each in India.
The Indian steel industry, with a production of about 1 mt at the time of independence,
has come long way to reach the production of about 57 mt in 2006-07. Moreover, the
steel industr y is showing promising future growth as major players in the industry have
announced their plans for significant investments in expanding their capacities.
Impressive development of the steel industry with active participation of private sector
and integration of India steel industry with the global steel industry has also induced the
government to come up with a National Steel Policy in 2005. The National Steel Policy
2005 was drafted with the aim of establishing roadmap and framework for the
development of the steel industry. The policy envisages steel production to reach at 110
mt by 2019-20 with annual growth rate of 7.3 percent. As later sections will show these
expectations are not excessively high. With increasing need for large investments in the
industry private sector‘s role would be crucial in the development of the steel industry.
The future, it appears, will continue to be dominated by a few large players and the
industry will remain oligopolistic – as it is internationally. There is a key factor behind
the predominance of large units and oligopolistic industr y structure. And that is the
production process. The following section discusses the process and underlying
technology.

III.2. Steel production processes

Blast furnace/basic oxygen furnace (BF/BOF): BF basically converts iron ore into liquid
form of iron. Iron produced by BF contains high amount of carbon and other impurities,
this iron is called pig iron. Pig iron due to its high carbon content has limited end use
application such as covers of manholes. To make steel products out of pig iron it is further
processed into BOF where its carbon content and other impurities are burnt or removed
through slag separation. Main inputs to BF are iron ore and coal/coke. BOF is also called
oxygen furnace because oxygen is the only fuel used in the process. Generally, integrated
milling use BF/BOF routes to produce finished steel. Producers that use this technology
include SAIL, RINL, TSL and JSWL.

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF): Basic purpose of the EAF is re-melting sponge iron, melting
scrap, its main inputs, to produce finished steel. It uses electricity as much as 400-500

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kWh/ton. ISPAT, ESSAR, and the Jindal group are examples of producers, which use this
technology.

COREX or Cipcor Process: COREX is an advance process of making steel. Though few
use this process, it is possible to use non-coking coal directly in smelting work and it also
makes it possible to use lump ore and pellets as inputs. These two advantages allow steel
producers to eliminated coking plants and sinter plants. Purpose of coking plant is to
convert non-coking coal into more efficient fuel and purpose of sinter plant is purify lump
ore or pellets for further processing. Basic inputs to COREX are iron-ore and coal. Jindal
Iron & Steel Company (JISCO) uses COREX technology to produce finished steel.

Induction Arc Furnace (IAF): is one of the most advance processes of making steel. Like
EAF it uses electricity as its main fuel. IAF is most environment friendly and efficient way
of producing steel. However, its lack of refining capacity requires clean products as its
inputs. Large numbers of small steel companies use this technology. The high weight of the
product significantly pushes up transport and movement costs. Therefore large integrated
plants are the norm for cost efficient production. For specialized steel and alloys efficient
production by smaller plants is possible.

Soource: www
S ww.saiail.com

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III.3. Types of steel15
Steel is an iron based mixture containing two or more metallic and/or non metallic elements
usually dissolving into each other when molten. Since it is an iron based alloy—as per its
end use requirements—other than iron it may contain one or more other elements such as
carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel, lead, copper, chromium, etc. For example, stainless
steel (a type of steel) mainly contains chromium that is normally more than 10.5 percent
with/without nickel or other alloying elements. Steel is produced using Steel Melting Shop
that includes converter, open hearth furnace, electric arc furnace and electric induction
furnace.

There are broadly two types of steel according to its composition: alloy steel and non-alloy
steel. Alloying steel is produced using alloying elements like manganese, silicon, nickel,
chromium, etc. Non-alloy steel has no alloying component in it except that are normally
present such as carbon. Non-alloy steel is mainly of three types viz. mild steel (contains
upto 0.3% carbon), medium steel (contains between 0.3-0.6% carbon) and high steel
(contains more than 0.6% carbon). All types of steel other than mild steel are called special
steel. It is mainly because a special care is taken in order to maintain particular level of
chemical composition in such steel. This process gives different properties to the steel
according to its composition. In India, non-alloying steel constitutes about 95 percent of
total finished steel production, and mild steel has large share in it.
According to shape/size/form steel is categorized into different types such as liquid steel,
ingots, semis (semi-finished steel) and finished steel. Liquid steel is a first product that
comes out from Steel Melting Shop. Liquid steel further goes into ingots, and then ingots
advance to semis. Semis are called semi-finished steel products because they are further
subject to forging/rolling in order to produce finish steel products such as f lat steel products
and long steel products. Crude steel generally includes ingots and semis.
According to end use, steel is categorized into structural steels, construction steel, deep
drawing Steel, forging quality, rail steel, etc. The following chart depicts various types of
steel products according to different categories.

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III.4. Components of the cost of production

Any sustained rise in input prices usually lead to an increase in product prices through the
cascading effect. The major components of the costs of production of finished steel are16:

Raw materials - Raw material costs forms roughly about 62% of the total cost of
production. This only emphasizes on how important sharp movements in raw material
prices mean for the steel industry. The basic raw materials that are used in producing steel
are iron ore, coal and limestone. India is fortunate to be endowed with one of the largest
iron ore deposits in the world. Limestone is also available in sufficient quantities and as
such do not pose much of a problem. India also possesses one of the biggest coal deposits
(approximately 197 bn tonnes) in the world. However, Indian coal is mostly unfit for coke
production because of its high ash content of 25-40%. Coal fit for coke production
comprises less than 15% of total reserves. As such, Indian steel giants have to resort to

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importing coking coal from foreign countries. .

Power costs - The steel industry is an energy intensive industry with power and fuel
contributing as much as 10.1% of total production costs. It has been estimated that the
global steel industr y account for nearly 4% of the total energy consumption in the world.
Most steel majors like SAIL, TSL and JSW have captive power plants but smaller players
have to depend on outside supply. As such, erratic supply forms a major obstacle for
growth of these producers.

Interest payments - Steel is a capital-intensive industry and as such many companies resort
to outside borrowings, mostly in form of long-term loans. Interest payments always used to
form on average between 7 – 9% of the total costs but have recently come down to as low
as 3.2%. Interest coverage ratio has also shot up to nearly 10 after hovering above the zero
levels for a number of years. Also, it is important to note that the recent good turn in the
sector has enabled many companies to pay off their long-term debts early and, in general
interest payments have come down industry-wide.

Taxes and duties - Excise duties, sales tax, other direct and indirect taxes further push up
costs in the steel sector. Total taxes contr ibute more than 16% of total costs. Here, the
government can play an active role and provide structured concessions for new and old
capacities.

Other expenses - Wage bills, depreciation costs and distribution expenses are among the
other major cost components.

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IV.Institutional Design
IV.1. Introduction

Steel was under a fairly strict framework of regulation till 1992 and the erstwhile policy

was to allocate scarce investment and infrastructure resources for optimum and planned
development of the industry and to make available this scarce industrial intermediate to the
users at a reasonable price. The basic purpose of the past policy was to manage a scarcity
driven market towards an announced objective of establishing a fair and equitable
distribution of this product and to keep it affordable as far as possible.
The pre-reform steel market in India was controlled in all relevant areas. Competition was
limited in this shortage-infested market that had no real role to play in the growth of the
individual companies or their performance and the allocative efficiency of investible
resources. The prices set by the government were more on political consideration and not
strictly on the basis of costs of production or markets demand and supply balance.11 In the
absence of an elaborate and an efficient distribution mechanism, one can expect such a
system of controlled prices to be favourable to the consumers. However, the trading
intermediaries, with whatever role they were allowed to play, gobbled up the margin
between the market and the administered prices, with little benefits left to the vast number
of small consumers. This was natural given that supply was limited, and higher demand
required an allocation mechanism between the many competing consumers. And the
intermediaries used price as a means of allocation. In free market such price =controls‘ only
lead to rents for those not facing the controls. In this particular case this would have only
adversely affected the willingness of those facing the controls to invest in increasing
production or improving technology.
Following the reforms ushered in the nineties this regulatory regime was dismantled. The
steel market and the industry currently are free from all regulations in trade, production and
investment. Till some time ago, steel was included in the list of essential commodities.
After it has been removed, the government‘s scope for direct policy backed intervention has
reduced considerably.

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IV.2. Policy regime for the Steel sector in India
Under the new industrial policy, iron and steel has been made one of the high priority
industries. Price and distribution controls have been removed as well as foreign direct
investment up to 100% (under automatic route) has been permitted. The Trade Policy has
also been liberalized and import and export of iron and steel is freely allowed with no
quantitative restrictions on import of iron and steel items. Tariffs on various items of iron
and steel have drastically come down since 1991-92 levels and the government is
committed to bring them down to the international levels. With the abolishing of price
regulation of iron and steel in 92, the steel prices are market determined. The Government
announced the National Steel policy in 2005. The policy targets indigenous production of
110 million tonnes (mt) by 2019-20 from the 2004-05 level of 38 mt at a compounded
annual growth of 7.3 percent per annum. Similarly targeted consumption is 90 mt by 2019-
20 from the 2004-05 level of 36 mt, implying a CAGR of 6.90 percent.
The policy devises a multi-pronged strategy to achieve these targets with following focus
areas - removal of supply constraints especially availability of critical inputs like iron ore;
improve cost competitiveness by expanding and strengthening the infrastructure in roads,
railways, ports and power; increase exports;12 meet the additional capital requirements by
mobilizing financial resources; promote investments by removing procedural delays. In
addition the policy also addresses challenges arising out of environmental concerns, human
resource requirements, R&D, volatile steel prices and the secondar y sector.
The Eleventh plan working group for steel recommends the following for effective
development of the steel industry:
1. Full utilization of the existing policy framework of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in
development of infrastructure like Railways.
2. Set up an R&D Mission in order to provide accelerated thrust on R&D and thereby
improve the competitiveness of the industry.
3. Spread awareness about hedging mechanisms available in exchanges like MCX and
NCDX and develop appropriate regulatory mechanism to avoid any manipulative practices.
4. Develop an appropriate Institutional Framework for collection of data and dissemination
of Information.
5. Consider setting up of a multi-disciplinary or ganization along the lines of the
International Iron & Steel Institute (IISI) .

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6. Proposal to have a dedicated plan fund of Rs. 25 crores for the
11th Five Year Plan in the
Ministr y of Steel towards grant for development of human
resources for iron and steel and for
ad campaigns for promotion of steel usage.
7. A Technology Up gradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) for the
Small and Medium Enterprises
IV.3. Role of Government
(SME) sector in steel industry to upgrade the technological
In the pre reform era, the ministry of steel played the role of key
profile of the plants in the SME
regulator and was involved in
sector.
decision making related to pricing, allocation and distribution.
With dismantling of the strict
regulatory regime, the role of Government in all sectors has
changed to that of a facilitator. So
is true of the steel industry. In the post-de-regulation period, the
role of the Ministry of Steel is
now considered that of a facilitator. This is how the government
itself sees its role17.
Given the oligopolistic features of the steel industry, the role
of Gover nment in promoting
competitive forces in the industry is of some importance.
Government
Excerpts from Annual intervention
Report 2007-08, may Ministrybe of Steel, Government of India.
called
Role for, especially to protect larger consumer interests. But
of the Ministry
whether it is done via policy or
1. Providing linkage for raw materials, rail movement clearance etc. for new plants and expansion
through some regulatory/judicial mechanism is the question of
of existing ones.
interest. However,
2. Facilitating movement of rawthematerials other than coal through finalization of wagon
government continues
requirements and to intervene
ensure an un-interrupted supply of rawin ad-hoc
materials ways through its
to the producers.
administrative
3. Interaction with Allministry onInstitutions
India Financial and to expedite clearance of projects.
4. Regular interactions with entrepreneurs proposing to set up new ventures, to review the
off. For instance government's diktat to the steel producers to hold
progress of implementation and assess problems faced.
prices down in the face of
5. Identification of infrastructural and related facilities required by steel industry.
rising domestic and global demand for steel is a clear example of
government's undue intrusion
in the market.
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29
V.Performance of the Indian Steel Industry
V.1. Production of Steel
The steel industry is a dynamic, innovative sector, which is constantly adapting and
refining itself to become more competitive in the market. The industry does this by
developing new, improved steel grades and production procedures that produce better and
more cost effective product lines for the changing marketplace. Today developing countries
lead the growth in world steel demand. Steel is a key material in promoting economic
growth as it is critical in the creation of infrastructure, construction materials, building,
transport, machinery, and consumer goods.

Global Production
The use of steel in the world economy continues to increase at a rapid pace because it
is a commodity that is both versatile and recyclable.

In 2007, the world steel industry produced 1.35 billion metric tons of steel. The
International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI- the world‘s largest steel organization
with membership of sixty- six countries) reported that the total global crude steel
production for the first half of 2008 was 696 million metric tons, a rise of 5.7% over
the same period in 2007. In the first six months of 2008, China produced 263.2 mmt
of crude steel, an increase of 9.6% compared to the same period in 2007. The total
production of world stood at 1.32 billion metric tonnes.

Asia produced 68.3 mmt of crude steel in June 2008 compared to 62.8 mmt in June
2007, an 8.7% increase in crude steel production.

Total crude steel production in the EU was 18.1 mmt, 1.8% higher than for June 2007. The
largest producer in the EU is Germany, with 4.1 mmt of crude steel, an increase of
2.1% compared to the same month last year.

The =Other Europe‘ region of seven countries outside the EU produced 2.9 mmt in
June 2008, an increase of 15.5% from June 2007. Turkey‘s crude steel production
was 2.5 mmt, which was 17.5% higher than the same month last year. Turkey
produced 10.6% mor e cr ude steel in the first six months of 2008 than over the same
period last year.

Since 2000, steel‘s average growth rate has been over 6% per annum.

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30
It is projected that with the economic development of China and India, as well as, the
continued growth of Southeast Asia, steel will be in great demand for years to come.

World Steel Production (=000 tonnes)

Indian Steel Production

The Indian steel industr y have entered into a new development stage from 2005-06,
riding high on the r esurgent economy and rising demand for steel. Rapid rise in
production has resulted in India becoming the 5 th largest producer of steel.
It has been estimated by certain major investment houses, such as Credit Suisse that,
India‘s steel consumption will continue to grow at nearly 16% rate annually, til l 2012,
fuelled by demand for construction projects worth US$ 1 trillion. The scope for raising
the total consumption of steel is huge, given that per capita steel consumption is only 44
kg compared to 190 kg across the world and 250 kg in China.
The National Steel Policy has envisaged steel production to reach 110 million tonnes by
2019-20. However, based on the assessment of the current ongoing projects, both in

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 greenfield and brownfield, Ministry of Steel has projected that the steel capacity in the
county is likely to be 124.06 million tonnes by 2011-12. Further, based on the status of
MOUs signed by the private producers with the various State Governments, it is expected
that India‘s steel capacity would be nearly 293 million tonne by 2020.

The National Steel Policy 2005 had projected consumption to grow at 7% based on a
GDP growth rate of 7-7.5% and production of 110 million tonnes by 2019-202018. These
estimates will be largely exceeded and it is envisaged that in the next five years, demand
will grow at a considerably higher annual average rate of over 10% as compared to
around 7% growth achieved between 1991-92 and 2005-06. It has been assessed that, on
a =most likely scenario‘ basis, the steel production capacity in the country by the year
2011-2012 will be nearly 124 million tones.

V.
V.2. Steel Producers In India
Traditionally, Indian steel industry was classified into Main Producers (SAIL plants, Tata
Steel and Vizag Steel/ RINL) and Secondar y Producers. However, with the coming up of
larger capacity Steel making units, of different process routes, the classification has been
characterized as Main Producers & Other Producers. Other Producers comprise of Major
Producers namely Essar Steel, JSW Steel and Ispat Industries as well as large number of
Mini Steel Plants based on Electric Furnaces & Energy Optimizing Furnaces. Besides the
steel producing units, there are a large number of Sponge Iron Plants, Mini Blast Furnace
units, Hot & Cold Rolling Mills & Galvanizing/ Colour Coating units which are spread
across the different states of the country.

Indian Iron & Steel Makers

I Steel Producers
A. Main Producers
Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL)
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd.(RINL)
TATA Steel Ltd.(TSL)
B. Major Producers
JSW Steel Ltd.
ESSAR Steel Ltd.
Ispat Industries Ltd.
Jindal Steel & Power Ltd.
C. Other Producers (Mini Steel Plants)
EAF based Units : 33 working units
Industion Furnace based units : 970 working units

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32
 MBF-ETF based units : 2 units
II Sponge Iron Producers
A. Gas based Sponge Iron Units
ESSAR Steel Ltd.
Ispat Industries Ltd.
Vikram Ispat Ltd
B. Coal based Sponge Iron Units : 321 units

Traditionally, Indian steel industry has been classified into Main Producers (SAIL plants,
TATA Steel and Vizag Steel/RINL), Major Producer s (plants with crude steel making
capacity above 0.5 million tonnes — Essar Steel, JSW Steel and Ispat Industries) and Other
Producers. The latter comprises of numerous steel making plants producing crude
steel/finished steel (long product/flat product)/ pig iron/ sponge iron and are spr ead across
the different states of the country.

Public & Private Production (In million tonnes)

V.3. Export and Import Of Steel

The steel exports of India over the decade have the compounded annual growth rate

(CAGR) of 22.27% against CAGR of imports of steel, which accounted 14.20% in the
respective period. In 1991-92, ver y inception of the Liberalization, the steel exports
amounted to 368 thousand tons, which increased year-by-year and reached to 5221
thousand tonnes in 2003-04. It accounted for thirteen-fold increase over the period. The
Annual growth rates of exports of steel for the period showed the fluctuating trend, which
ranged between –14.41% in 1994-95 and 101.36 in 1992-93. In 2003-04, the growth rate
was 15.87 %.
Exports of Iron & Steel

Iron & Steel are freely exportable.

Advance Licensing Scheme allows duty free import of raw materials for exports.
Duty Entitlement Pass Book Scheme (DEPB) introduced to facilitate exports. Under
this scheme exporters on the basis of notified entitlement rates, are granted due credits
which would entitle them to import duty free goods. The DEPB benefit on export of
various categories of steel items scheme has been temporarily withdrawn from 27th
March 2008, to incr ease availability in the domestic market.

33
33
 Exports of finished carbon steel and pig iron during the last four years and the current
year is shown in graph 5 (Annexure)19 :

On the other hand, the imports are also growing. In 1991-92, the imports of steel
amounted to 1043 tonnes. But in 1999-2000, it touched 2200 tonnes, which is the highest
import of steel in India, and then the imports went down and reached 1650 tonnes in
2003-04. In 1991-92, the year of liberalization, the imports of steel in India exceeded over
the exports of steel. But in the following years the trend changed. From 1997-98, India
exported steel and steel products which was more than its imports of steel and steel
products.

Imports of Iron & Steel

Iron & Steel are freely importable as per the extant policy.
Last five years import of Finished Steel is given in graph 620:-

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34
 As on 2007, India is ranked 20 amongst the Top Exporters of Steel and is ranked 19th
amongst the top steel importing countries of the world21.

Major Exporters and Importers of Steel (2007):

35
35
VI.Industry Analysis
VI.1. Understanding the Steel industry using Michael Porter’s Five
Forces Model
Backed by robust volumes as well as realizations, steel Industry has registered a
phenomenal growth across the world over the past few years. The situation in the domestic
industry was no exception. In fact, it enjoyed a double digit growth rate backed by a robust
growing economy. However, the current liquidity crisis seems to have created medium term
hiccups. In this article, we have analyzed the domestic steel sector through Michael Porter‘s
five force model so as to understand the competitiveness of the sector.

36
36
Entry barriers: High

Capital Requirement: Steel industry is a capital intensive business. It is estimated that

to set up 1 mtpa capacity of integrated steel plant, it requires between Rs 25 bn to Rs 30
bn depending upon the location of the plant and technology used.

Economies of scale: As far as the sector forces go, scale of operation does matter.
Benefits of economies of scale are derived in the form of lower costs, R& D expenses
and better bargaining power while sourcing raw materials. It may be noted that those
steel companies, which are integrated, have their own mines for key raw materials such
as iron ore and coal and this protects them for the potential threat for new entrants to a
significant extent.

Government Policy: The government has a favorable policy for steel manufacturers.
However, there are certain discrepancies involved in allocation of iron ore mines and
land acquisitions. Furthermore, the regulatory clearances and other issues are some of
the major problems for the new entrants.

Product differentiation: Steel has very low barriers in terms of product differentiation
as it doesn‘t fall into the luxury or specialty goods and thus does not have any
substantial price difference. However, certain companies like Tata Steel still enjoy a
premium for their products because of its quality and its br and value created more than
100 years back. Bargaining power of buyers: Unlike the FMCG or retail sectors, the
buyers have a low bargaining power. However, the government may curb or put a
ceiling on prices if it feels the need to do so. The steel companies either sell the steel
directly to the user industries or through their own distribution networks. Some
companies also do exports.

Competition: High

The steel industry is truly global in terms of competition with large producing countries
like China significantly influencing global prices through aggressive exports.
Steel, being a commodity it is, branding is not common and there is little differentiation
between competing products.
It is medium in the domestic steel industry as demand still exceeds the supply. India is a
net importer of steel. However, a threat from dumping of cheaper products does exist.

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37
Bargaining power of suppliers: High

The bargaining power of suppliers is low for the fully integrated steel plants as they have
their own mines of key raw material like iron ore coal for example Tata Steel. However,
those who are non-integrated or semi integrated has to depend on suppliers. An example
could be SAIL, which imports coking coal.

Globally, the Top three mining giants BHP Billiton, CVRD and Rio Tinto supply nearly
two-thirds of the processed iron ore to steel mills and command ver y high bargaining
power. In India too, NMDC is a major supplier to standalone and non–integrated steel
mills.

Threat of substitutes: Low

Plastics and composites pose a threat to Indian steel in one of its biggest markets —
automotive manufacture. For the automobile industry, the other material at present with
the potential to upstage steel is aluminium. However, at present the high cost of
electricity for extraction and purification of aluminium in India weighs against viable use
of aluminium for the automobile industry. Steel has alr eady been replaced in some large
volume applications: railway sleepers (RCC sleepers), large diameter water pipes (RCC
pipes), small diameter pipes (PVC pipes), and domestic water tanks (PVC tanks). The
substitution is more prevalent in the manufacture of automobiles and consumer durables.

Bargaining power of Consumers: Mixed

Some of the major steel consumption sectors like automobiles, oil & gas, shipping,
consumer durables and power generation enjoy high bargaining power and get favorable
deals. However, small and retail consumers who are scatter ed and consume a significant
part do not enjoy these benefits.

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 VI.2. The SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weakness
Availability of iron ore Endemic Deficiencies
Availability of labor at low wage Systemic Deficiencies
rates High Cost of Capital
Low Labour Productivity
High Cost of Basic Inputs and
Services
Opportunities Threats
..
Unexplored rural market Slow Industry Growth
Other sectors Technological Change
Export penetration Price Sensitivity and Demand
Volatility

Strengths

Availability of iron ore

India has rich mineral resources. It has abundance of iron ore, coal and many other raw
materials required for ir on and steel making. It has the fourth largest iron ore reserves (10.3
billion tonnes) after Russia, Brazil, and Australia. Therefore, many raw materials are available
at comparatively lower costs.

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Table 1
World Steel Production 1970 to 200836

Years World (In million Tons) Avg. growth per annum

1970 595 8.24
1975 644 11.34
1980 717 0.28
1985 719 7.09
1990 770 -2.34
1995 752 -0.27
1996 750 6.53
1997 799 -2.75
1998 777 1.54
1999 789 7.48
2000 848 0.24
2001 850 6.35
2002 904 7.30
2003 970 10.21
2004 7.30
2005 1147 9.07
2006 1251 7.99
2007 1351 -1.78
2008 1327

Graph 1

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Table 2
Major Country wise Steel Production in 2008

Countries 2008 (In million metric tons)

China 500.5
Japan 118.7
United States 91.4
Russia 68.5
India 55.2
South Korea 53.6
Germany 45.8
Ukraine 37.1
Brazil 33.7
Italy 30.6
Turkey 26.8
Taiwan, China 19.9
Spain 18.6
France 17.9
Mexico 17.2
Canada 14.8
United Kingdom 13.5
Belgium 10.7

Graph 2

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Table 3

Indian Steel Production from 2002 to 2008 (In mmt)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

India 28,814 31,779 32,626 45,780 49,450 53,080 55,050

Graph 3

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Table 4
Sector-wise Steel Production In India37

(In mmt)
Particulars 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Private Sector 15.91 16.96 17.003 17.09 16.37
Public Sector 27.52 29.49 33.81 36.76 38.14

Graph 4

Table 5
Exports (In '000 tonnes)
Export of Steel and Pig Iron from India

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Steel 4642 4866.1 5557.8 5000 4036
Pig Iron 393 440.1 706.7 450 261

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Graph 5

Table 6
Import of Steel to India

Imports (In '000 tonnes)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Total 4862.8 8790.2 8045.3 10648.7 9914

Graph 6

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 Table 7
Company wise Steel Production in 2008

Companies 2008 (In million metric tons)

Arcelor Mittal 103.3
Nippon Steel 37.5
Baosteel 35.4
POSCO 34.7
Hebei Steel group 33.3
JFE 33
Wuhan Steel 27.7
Tata Steel 24.4
Jiangsu Shagang 23.3
United States Steel 23.2
Shandong Steel 21.8
Nucor 20.4
Gerdau 20.4
Severstal 19.2
Evraz 17.7
Riva 16.9
Anshan Steel 16
ThyssenKrupp 15.9
Maanshan Steel 15
Sumitomo Metal 14.1

Table 8

Domestic Steel Production

2002 28,814 830246596
2003Year Qty (X)
31,779 X Square
1009904841
2004 32,626 1064455876
2005 45,780 2095808400
2006 49,450 2445302500
2007 53,080 2817486400
2008 55,050 3030502500

Average Production: 42368.43

Summation X Square: 13293707113

Standard Deviation: 11016.06

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 Table 9
Data Used for correlation Analysis

Macro Economic Indicators

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
GDP at Factor Cost (% change) 4.0 8.5 7.3 9.0 9.2 9.3 6.7
Population (in millions) 1055.4 1,075 1,102 1,134 1,152 1,169 1,186
Population (% change) 1.86 2.54 2.91 1.53 1.5 1.46
Per Capital Income 18885 20,895 23,199 25,956 29,642 33,299 35,654
Per Capital Income (% change) 10.64 11.03 11.88 14.2 12.34 7.07
Export (in million) 483185 56,977 75,405 96,230 121,007 147,034 182,648
Export (% change) 17.92 32.34 27.62 25.75 21.51 24.22

Steel Industry in India

Category 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

units 30.677 33.119 36.377 41.433 46.783 49.823 51.212
Domestic Consumption (In million Growth
Tonnes) (%) 7.96 9.84 13.90 12.91 6.50 2.79
units 28.814 31.779 32.626 45.780 49.450 53.080 55.050
Growth
Production (In million Tonnes) (%) 10.29 2.67 40.32 8.02 7.34 3.71

Correlation Analysis between Production of Steel and various macro

economic factors

Real GDP (% change)Production

0.514424596 1
Real GDP (% change) 1 -
Production

Population (in millions) Production

Population (in millions) 1 -
Production 0.979097164 1

Per Capital Income Production

Per Capital Income 1 -
Production 0.966730213 1

1
Export (in million) Production
0.948459947 1
Export (in million) -
Production

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Table 10
Correlation Analysis between Domestic Consumption of Steel and various
macro economic factors

Real GDP (% change) Consumption

0.49644775 1
Real GDP (% change) 1
Consumption

Population (in millions) Consumption

0.992028865 1
Population (in millions) 1
Consumption

Per Capital Income Consumption

1
0.990534396 1
Per Capital Income
Consumption

1
Export (in million) Consumption
0.97152296 1
Export (in million)
Consumption

Graph 7

Indian Steel Production TREND

120,000

100,000

80,000
Indian Steel Production
60,000
Expon. (Indian Steel
40,000
Production)
20,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

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Graph 8

Indian Steel Import & Export TREND

25000

20000
Exports (In '000 tonnes)

15000 Imports (In '000 tonnes)

Expon. (Imports In '000

10000 tonnes)
Expon. (Exports In '000
5000 tonnes)

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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10. Bibliography
1 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2008-09, Annexure – III, page – 186.

2 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2008-09, page – 15.

3 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2008-09, page – 15.

4 World Steel Association, World Steel in figures 2009, Page 17.

5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

6 http://www.history-of-china.com/han-dynasty/western-han.htm

7 http://www.google.co.in/archivesearch?ndsp=20&hl=en&rlz=1W1GFRE_en&q=henry+be

ssemer+steel&revid=710916567&resnum=0&um=1&ie=UTF

8&scoring=t&ei=adXvSu23E4XOsQOjoO3vBQ&sa=X&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resn

um=11&ved=0CCUQ5wIwCg

8 http://www.voestalpine.com/ag/en/group/overview/history.html

9 Reynolds, S, 2006, =A New Era of Global steel: the end of state control and

protectionism‘, International consulting economists association.

www.icea.co.uk/archive/icea_globsteel_nopics_sdr.ppt accessed on 15th June 2007

10 World Steel Association, World Steel in figures 2009, Page 9.

11 World Steel Association, World Steel in figures 2009, Page 8.

12 Corus, Annual Report, 2006-07,

http://www.corusgroup.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Functions/Financial/2006_Annual

Report.pdf accessed on 25th July, 2007.

13 Government of India, Joint Plant Committee Report 2007.

14 Government of India, Ministry of steel, Annul Report 2007-08, Page 26.

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15 Information, related to definition and categories of steel, used in this part of the section is

based on the Glossar y of Terms & Definitions commonly used in Iron & Steel Industry by

Ministr y of Steel, Government of India. (http://steel.nic.in/Glossary-I.pdf).

16 http://www.steelonthenet.com/commodity_prices.html

17 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2007-08, Page 16.

18 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2007-08, Page 12.

19 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2008-09, Page 194.

20 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2008-09, Page 193.

21 World Steel Association, World Steel in figures 2009, Page 25.

22 http://www.sail.co.in/aboutus.php?tag=company- background.

23 http://www.vizagsteel.com/index.asp.

24 http://www.mstcindia.co.in/MSTC_Static_Pages/frontpage/about.htm

25 http://fsnl.nic.in/

26 http://www.hscl.co.in/about.php

27 http://www.meconlimited.co.in/

28 http://www.tatasteel.com/Company/profile.asp

29 http://www.essar.com/steel.htm

30 http://www.essar.com/steel/downloads/EssarSteel_ServiceCentre_Brochure.pdf

31 http://www.jsw.in/companies/company_JSWSteel.shtml

32 http://www.jindalsteelpower.com/about-us/corporate-profile.aspx

33 http://www.ispatind.com/ispat_today.htm

34 http://www.fedmin.com/html/updates.html

35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

36 World Steel Association, World Steel in figures 2009, Page 7.

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37 Government of India, Ministry of Steel, Annual Report 2007-08.

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