Colligative

Properties
Of
Solution

Issaiah Nicolle L. Cecilia XII – Pearl

Colligative properties of solution
A property of a solvent that depends on the total number of solute particles present
 There are four colligative properties to consider:
o Vapor pressure lowering (Raoult’s Law)
o Freezing point depression
o Boiling point elevation
o Osmotic pressure

Vapor Pressure
 A solvent in a closed container reaches a state of
dynamic equilibrium.
 The pressure exerted by the vapor in the
headspace is called the vapor pressure of the
solvent.
 The addition of any solute with no measurable
vapor pressure to any solvent (nonvolatile
solutes) reduces the vapor pressure of the solvent.
 Nonvolatile solutes reduce the ability of the
surface solvent molecules to escape the liquid.
Thus, vapor pressure is reduced. The extent of
vapor pressure lowering depends on the amount
of solute.
 Raoult’s Law measure the amount of vapor
pressure lowering that is observed.
 Raoult’s Law breaks down when solvent-solvent and solute-solute
intermolecular forces of attraction are much stronger or weaker than solute-
solvent intermolecular forces.
Formula
Raoult’s Law:
O
P =X P
A A A

where:
P = partial pressure of the solvent (A) vapor above the solution
A
X = mole fraction of the solvent (A)
A
o
P = vapor pressure of the pure solvent (A)
A

Sample Problem and solution

210.0 g of the nonvolatile solute sucrose (C12H22O11) is added to 485.0 g of water at

25.0 °C. What will be the pressure of the water vapor over this solution? (The
vapor pressure of pure water is 23.8 torr at 25.0 °C.)

Solution:

1) Determine moles of water and sucrose:

water: 485.0 g / 18.0152 g/mol = 26.92171 mol 

sucrose: 210.0 g / 342.3014 g/mol = 0.61349 mol

2) Determine the mole fraction of the solvent:

χsolvent = 26.92171 mol / (26.92171 mol + 0.61349 mol) = 0.9777

3) Using Raoult's Law, determine the vapor pressure:

Psolution = (χsolvent) (P°solvent)

Psolution = (0.9777) (23.8)

Psolution = 23.3 torr

Boiling point elevation
 The addition of a nonvolatile solute causes
solutions to have higher boiling points than the
pure solvent.
 Vapor pressure decreases with addition of non-
volatile solute thus, higher temperature is
needed in order for vapor pressure to equal to 1
atm.
 The change in boiling point is proportional to the number of solute
particles present and can be related to the molality of the solution.

Formula
.
DT = K m
b b
where:
DT = boiling point elevation
b
K = molal boiling point elevation constant
b
m = molality of solution

* The value of K depends only on the identity of the solvent

b

Sample Problem and solution

What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 96.0 g of sodium
acetate to 383 mL of water? The boiling point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.

Solution:

1) Determine the molality of the NaCl solution:

(96.0 g / 58.443 g/mol) / 0.383 kg = 4.28884 m

2) We utilize this formula:

.
DT = K m
b b
x = (2) (0.52 °C kg mol-1) (4.28884 mol/kg)

x = 4.46 °C

The new boiling point is 104.46 °C.

*Note the use of the theoretical van’t Hoff factor of 2 for NaCl, as opposed to the
experimentally-determined value of 1.8, one which takes ion-pairing into account.

Freezing point depression

 The addition of a nonvolatile solute causes
solutions to have lower freezing points than
the pure solvent.
 Solid-liquid equilibrium line rises ~
vertically from the triple point, which is
lower than the pure solvent.
 Freezing point of the solution is lower than
the pure solvent.
 The magnitude of the freezing point depression is proportional to the
number of solute particles and can be related to the molality of the
solution.

Formula
T = K  m
f f
where :
DT = freezing point depression
f
K = molal freezing point depression constant
f
m = molality of solution
*The value of K depends only on the identity of the solvent
f
Sample Problem and solution
A 10.180 g sample of benzophenone is found to freeze at 46.8 °C. When 0.680 g of an
unknown are added to the 10.180 g of benzophenone the resulting solution is found to
freeze at 42.6 °C. Calculate the molecular weight for the unknown. K f for
benzophenone is 9.80 °C/m.

Solution:

1) Determine moles of unknown compound:

T = K  m
f f

4.2 °C = (1) (9.80 °C/m) (x / 0.010180 kg)

4.2 °C = (962.672 °C mol¯1) (x)

x = 0.004362857 mol

2) Determine the molecular weight:

0.680 g / 0.004362857 mol = 156 g/mol (to three sig figs)

Osmotic Pressure
 Osmosis is the net movement of a solvent through a
semipermeable membrane toward the solution with greater
solute concentration.
 In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent from the area of
lower solute concentration to the area of higher solute
concentration.
o Movement of solvent from high solvent
concentration to low solvent concentration.
 Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of
solvent.
 Osmotic pressure is affected by concentration and temperature.
 Concentration of solute and temperature each affect the amount of pressure
created by the movement of water across a membrane. Higher concentrations
and higher temperatures increase osmotic pressure.

Formula
Π = iMRT
where:
M = molar concentration of dissolved species (units of mol/L).
R = ideal gas constant (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1, or other values depending on the
pressure units).
T = temperature on the Kelvin scale.

Sample Problem and solution

Osmotic Pressure Example Problem
How much glucose (C6H12O6) per liter should be used for an intravenous solution
to match the 7.65 atm at 37 °C osmotic pressure of blood?

Solution:

1. Determine the van 't Hoff factor

Since glucose does not dissociate into ions in solution, the van 't Hoff factor = 1

2. Find absolute temperature

T = °C + 273
T = 37 + 273
T = 310 K
 3. Find concentration of glucose

Π = iMRT
M = Π/iRT
M = 7.65 atm/(1)(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(310)
M = 0.301 mol/L

4. Find amount of sucrose per liter

M = mol/Volume
mol = M·Volume
mol = 0.301 mol/L x 1 L
mol = 0.301 mol

From the periodic table:

C = 12 g/mol
H = 1 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol

molar mass of glucose = 6(12) + 12(1) + 6(16)

molar mass of glucose = 72 + 12 + 96
molar mass of glucose = 180 g/mol

mass of glucose = 0.301 mol x 180 g/1 mol

mass of glucose = 54.1 g

Answer: 54.1 grams per liter of glucose should be used for an intravenous
solution to match the 7.65 atm at 37 °C osmotic pressure of blood
 References

https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/General_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Map
%3A_Chemistry_(Averill_and_Eldredge)/13%3A_Solutions/13.5%3A_Colligative
_Properties_of_Solutions
https://www.slideshare.net/RawaMAhmed/3-solutions-its-colligative-properties
https://readysleep.wordpress.com/2008/04/21/raoults-law-and-henrys-law/
http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/solutions/colligative/section1/
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/CandelaContent/colligative-properties-iii
http://www.chemteam.info/Solutions/FP-depression-probs11-to-25.html
https://www.chemteam.info/Solutions/WS-Osmosis-AP.html
http://www.chemteam.info/Solutions/BP-elevation-probs1-to-10.html
https://www.chemteam.info/Solutions/VP-nonvolatile-probs1-10.html
http://bangabasi.org/pdf/repositories/colligative-prop.pptx