FUNDAMENTALS ENGR.

JOYLEN PEARL MITRA

OF SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION
OLD DESCRIPTION OF SURVEYING

Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near

the earth’s surface by means of measurements in the three elements of
space: distance, direction and elevation. (Rayner and Schmidt)

Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances

between two objects, of measuring angles between lines, of
determining the direction of lines, and establishing points by
predetermined angular and linear measurements. (Davis, Foote,
Anderson and Mikhail)
SURVEYING
is the art and science of determining
angular and linear measurements to
establish the form, extent, and
relative position of points, lines and
areas on or near the surface of the
earth or on other extraterrestrial
bodies through applied mathematics
and the use of specialized equipment
and techniques.

Source: https://www.dg-a.com/services/boundary-topographic-surveying/
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYS
1. Plane Surveying – type of surveying in which the earth
is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances
and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact
shape of the earth is disregarded.
2. Geodetic Surveying – are surveys of wide extent which
take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYS
TYPES OF SURVEYS Cadastal Surveys - are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in
urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining
property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas. These surveys are also
made to fix the boundaries of municipalities, towns, and provincial
jurisdictions.
City Surveys – are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of
planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration
of the land
Construction Surveys – these are the surveys which are undertaken at a
construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines,
dimensions, sound configuration, and the location and elevation of of
structures which are of concern to engineers, architects and builders.
Forestry Surveys – a type of survey executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of
forest lands.
Hydrographic Surveys – refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoir,
harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map
shore lines, chart the flow of streams.
 Industrial Surveys – sometimes called as optical tooling. It refers to
TYPES OF SURVEYS the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and
assembly of aircraft , lay-out and installation of heavy and complex
machinery.
Mine Surveys – are surveys which are performed to determine the
position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to
fix surface boundaries and establish lines and grades for other related
mining work.
Photogrammetric Surveys – a type of surveying which makes use
of photographs taken with specifically designed cameras either from
airplanes or ground stations.
Route Surveys – involves the determination of alignment, grades,
earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design, and construction of hiways,
railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines and other linear projects.
Topographic Surveys – are those surveys made for determining the
shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and
artificial features upon it.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
It was developed gradually and an
extensive use of this came about
during the early days of Roman
empire.
Many surveying instruments and
devices evolved from those which
were earlier used in Astronomy.
 Astrolabe Transit
-considered to be one of -Both men were able to put together
the best known of the in one instrument the essential parts
measuring instruments. of what has long been known as the
It was originally designed universal surveying instrument.
for determining the
altitude of stars.

Semicircumferentor
Telescope -An early surveying instrument
which was used to measure and
-an instrument that is layoff angles and establish lines
used to view distant of sight by employing peep
objects. sights.
Plane Table
-One of the oldest types of
Dioptra
surveying instruments used in -was used in leveling and for
field mapping. It consists of a measuring horizontal and vertical
board attached to a tripod in angles.
such a way that it can be leveled
or rotated to any desired
direction.

Libella
-The instrument had an A-frame with a Roman Groma
plumb line suspended from its apex and was -The Roman surveyors used the
used to determine the horizontal. groma instrument for aligning or
sighting points.
• Compass
-The magnetic compass came • Gunter’s Chain
into wide use during the 13th -The Gunter's chain, which was
century for determining the invented by Sir Edmund Gunter in
direction of lines and in 1620, was the forerunner of
instruments dsed for taping distances.
calculating angles between
lines. It was first introduced
for use in navigation.

• Vernier • Diopter
-The Vernier is a short auxiliary -The diopter was used for
scale placed alongside the leveling, laying off right angles,
graduated scale of an instru- and for measuring horizontal
ment, by means of which
fractional parts of the smallest and vertical angles.
or least division of the main
scale can be determined
precisely without having to
interpolate.
Chorobates
-This instrument was designed for leveling work. It
consisted of a horizontal straight-edge about 6 meters
long with supporting legs, and a groove 2.5 cm deep
and, 1.5m long on top
Merchet
-The merchet was a device for measuring time and
meridian. It was first used by the Chaldeans in about
4,000 B.C.
 END OF
PRESENTATION