Many critics of popular culture claim that the modern information age has led the

public to be more interested in the personal lives of entertainers than in their actual artistic
abilities Some have even gone so far as to posit that many of today's famous faces would be
nowhere were it not for their personal scandals. This is not, however, the purely modern
phenomenon that some believe it to be.
As far back as human records go, evidence can be seen of public figures indelibly
linked, accurately or otherwise, with scandal. One notable example is Maria Callas. This
glamorous Greek opera singer was almost as well known for her supposed temperamental
outbursts, vitriolic rivalries, and tempestuous relationships as for her musical abilities.
During her lifetime, many critics referred to her robust voice as inherently flawed, implying
too that her fame was undeserved. Today, however, without Callas's undeniably vivacious
personality clouding the picture, most critics agree that she was in fact an immensely
talented singer of the first degree, ranging in her performances from dramatic soprano
pieces such as Die Walkure to coloratura, bel canto pleces such as I Puritani managing to
excel at both. Such talent is truly undeniable, no matter what the personality of the
performer.
1. The author of the passage mentions the opera Die Walkure and I Puritani in order to
support the claim that ....
A. Callas's artistic temperament was unstable and thus fit for a wide range of roles
B. a truly talented artist must be able to perform in a wide range of styles
C. to perform such diverse pieces demonstrated to her peers Callas's talent
D. whether was a difficult person to work with is not the most important gage of her
skill
E. Callas was the most versatile opera singer of the past century, temperamental or not

2. The critics would most likely respond to the author of the passage's claim that such
talent is truly undeniable, no matter the personality of the performer by discussing ....
A. precise aspects of Callas's vocal technique that did not conform with the classical
standards of vocal purity
B. evidence supporting claims that Callas was prone to walking out on performances
when displeased with the management
C. claims that Callas's ability in coloratura roles was exaggerated by the singers fans
and friendly critics
D. scholarly papers asserting that I Puritani and Die Walkure are not as thematically
different as some suppose
E. the personal scandals that dogged Callas's career from her earliest days in Greece
until her death in Paris

3. The organization of this passage could best be described as ....

A. thesis, followed by antithesis, and concluded with synthesis
B. thesis, corroborated by evidence, finalized with a conclusion
C. a generalization narrowed into one specific example
D. a widespread belief proven to be false with opposing examples
 E. a statement based on emotion followed by an argument based on logic

4. The Passage could most reasonably be said to suggest

A. that Callas is the prototypical example of a coloratura soprano, as seen in twentieth-
century operas
B. a refutation of the idea that the linking of scandals and celebrities is a solely modern
phenomenon
C. that modern opera requires its top singers to have an immense range of abilities
D. that a performer's personality is irrelevant and should not even be addressed by
critics
E. a credible explanation of Callas's immense popularity even among those unfamiliar
with opera

Question 5-8 are based on the following passage.

In 1775. James Adair published History of the American Indians, awork that
historians have quoted as an insight into the characteristics of eighteenth-century Cherokee
society. Residing with the Cherokee for over forty years, the British Adair was considered an
expert on the subject. However, his depiction of events has lead to a false conclusion, a fault
made by those who were not accurately pinpointing the timeline at which his observations
were made.
Adair noted that the Cherokee were settling in towns with some distance between
each other because the land will not admit any other settlement." The conclusion drawn
from this statement was that the deterioration of the Cherokee society was caused by a
depletion of resources such as crops, acreage, and wildlife.
However, new findings suggest that it was outside stressors, such as warfare, that
lead to the collapse. What, then, of Adair's assertion? A recent study noted that because
Adair chronicled his experiences over a forty-year period, his quote could have referred to
any interval within that span, not necessarily the final stage of the society. Furthermore,
after carefully examining cartographical data, which depicted an abundance of land.
Anthropologists determined that the Cherokee society must have flourished until the French
and Indian wars added unexpected pressure and also usurped precious time that could have
been spent farming.
5. Which of the following most accurately express the main idea of the passage?
A. Critics of Adair have misconstrued the meaning of a quote he obtained from a
Cherokee person.
B. Some historians have used Adair's work to form an unjustified conclusion.
C. The Cherokee built towns far from each other in order to minimize impact on the
land
D. Cartographical data provide evidence that one of Adair's claims is false.
E. The demise of the Cherokee people was caused by the French and Indian wars.
6. The author of the passage refers to the French and Indian wars in the final sentence in
order to ....
A. counter the idea that all Native American tribes were pacifist
B. pin down the time at which the Cherokee society began its decline
C. suggest that it was war, not resource depletion that caused the Cherokee to settle in
towns far from each other
D. lay the blame for the decline of the Cherokee on Europeans rather than Indians
E. support an alternative hypothesis that combats other historians misinterpretation of
Adair's quote
7. Which of the following best expresses the author of the passage's attitude toward the
writing of James Adair?
A. Measured appreciation
B. Unbridled enthusiasm
C. Mild reservation
D. Hostile contempt
E. Scholarly disrespect

8. With which of the following statements would the author of the passage most likely
agree?
A. The Cherokee brought about their own demise by settling in towns too close to one
another
B. It is impossible for a British academic to fully understand the plight of the Cherokee.
C. During the forty years Adair lived with the Cherokee, their settlement pattern
probably did not change dramatically.
D. Once he has died, it is impossible to pin down exactly when an anthropologist may
have received a quote.
E. James Adair should have been more careful in assigning meaning to quotations he
received from Cherokee people.

Question 9-12 are based on the following passage.

While Chester Barnard's assertions about management proved unconventional for
the 1900s, they are sage guidelines that still remain relevant today, His book, Functions of
the Executive, which was published in 1938, outlined a suggested corporate communication
system and also set forth theories on authority and incentives.
His theory on authority depended on the direct report as well as the manager. Up
until this time, certain schools of thought were focused on the actions of the higher-ranking
employee; however, Barnard stressed that, in order to encourage a solid communication
system, everyone had an equal part to play. In Barnard's view, the notion of authority is
meaningless without a subordinate who responds accordingly. Therefore, it is the
subordinate who determines the relationship, not the manager.
 Another management tool that Barnard stressed, which is still applicable today, is
found in his theory on incentives. He postulates that managers can use both economic
incentives and persuasion to achieve their goal. Surprisingly, especially to those who value
tangible rewards, his conviction is that persuasion is more powerful than material incentives
Barnard stresses that, despite the generic assumption, many employees would be delighted
with nonmaterial rewards such as occasions for distinction, a pleasurable work atmosphere,
and self-pride for one's labor. A study of today's most profitable companies would likely
reveal that they employ much of Barnard's advice.
9. The primary purpose of the passage is to ....
A. introduce a new perspective on business management B
B. propose an alternative interpretation of a classic business model
C. critique the methods used by early management theorists
D. discuss one author's theories on business management
E. evaluate a proposed course of action

10. The passage suggests that which of the following is called into question by Barnard's
theory on incentives?
A. Work atmosphere is not a powerful incentive.
B. Managers can use material incentives to achieve goals.
C. Persuasion is correlated with self-pride for one's labor.
D. Employees prefer occasions d to a pleasurable work atmosphere.
E. Many profitable companies rely on both material and persuasive incentives.

11. The author of the passage's attitude toward Chester Barnard's theories is best described
as one of ....
A. cautious endorsement
B. respectful appreciation
C. guarded disbelief
D. wholehearted disapproval
E. fanatical promotion

12. The passage suggests which of the following about Barnard's theory on authority?
A. It focused on the actions of the manager.
B. It depended more on the manager than on the subordinate.
C. It viewed authority as necessary to a solid communication system.
D. It placed as much importance on the role of subordinate as on the role of manager.
E. It relied heavily on the schools of thought that preceded it.

Question 13-16 are based on the following passage.

Although the Austrian school of economic thought sometimes called the Vienna
school, shares with neoclassical economics a focus on the actions of the individual actor, it
distinguishes itself most from this more orthodox perspective with its influential Austrian
Business Cycle Theory (ABCT).
ABCT represents an attempt by the school's theorists to explain the "boom and bust"
cycle in modern economies. Proponents of the ABCT claim that Economic recessions will not
occur in a purely free Market system because it is highly unlikely that a preponderance of
business leaders and entrepreneurs will simultaneously engage in risky economic practices.
Thus, economic downturns must instead result from unnatural interference with the
economic system. The ABCT claims that this interference comes in the form of banks
artificially manipulating interest rates. Economists from the Austrian school contend that
banks, by creating new money, drive down interest rates, which fools investors into thinking
that the supply of saved funds is larger than it actually is. This misapprehension of reality
causes businesses and entrepreneurs to focus their energies on investment, which causes
the economy to shift from emphasizing consumer goods to capital goods. For a short while,
the economy booms. However, the investors soon find that their speculation was based on
incorrect assumptions about the economy and has resulted in an increase in production for
which there is no comparable demand from consumers. A recession then occurs as the
economy attempts to correct itself after this period of wasteful investment.
ABCT has received a fair share of criticism. Most problematically, the theory requires
businesspersons and entrepreneurs to continually act irrationally by making unsound
investments during periods of low interest rates. However, ABCT and the Austrian school in
general have remained influential in economic circles due to their emphasis on the time
preferences of individuals. While neoclassical economists make use of the idea of time
preferences in some economic analyses, the Austrian school makes time preferences a
major focus of its theoretical investigations, leading to a number of interesting hypotheses
about economic activities.
13. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ....
A. proposing a new theory of boom and bust cycles in economics
B. questioning the validity of a discipline's theoretical focus
C. drawing a key distinction between competing schools of economic thought
D. providing an overview of a significant theory from an economic school
E. contrasting two different theories about the nature of economic recessions

14. Which of the following statements about the Austrian school would the author most
likely agree?
A. It has generally been less influential than the neoclassical school in modern
economics.
B. Its theory on boom and bust cycles will eventually be falsified.
C. Its focus on time preferences gives it an advantage over the neoclassical school of
thought.
D. It has been somewhat less conventional than has been the neoclassical school.
E. Its theory of economic downturns is a more or less accurate description of reality.
15. It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the ABCT that an economy in the
midst of a recession ....
A. would be characterized by artificially low interest rates
B. must be subject to some form of market controls
C. would be unlikely to recover unless banks raise interest rates
D. would contain a high number of irrationally acting investors
E. must correct itself by emphasizing the production of consumer goods