LONGITUDINAL POFILE

The first thing to say is that the longitudinal profile is operated on a combined
scale. This means that one scale is used for lengths and for heights we will use
another scale. Scale for heighs is ten times bigger than scale for lenghts.
The scale for lengths is the one on the map. In our case the scale for lengths is
1: 2500, so the scale for the heights will be 1: 250 (If the scale on the map is
1: 1000, then the scale for the heights will be 1: 100)
First, in the bottom of the paper, let's create a table with the following contents,
as shown in the following figure.

How is
hA=417,5 m
hB= 390 m
h=hA – hB =417,5-390=27,5m
Now we will add a column with heights to the table, where si 1m (real dmension)
is 0,4 cm (1m:250=0,004m ꞏ 100 m = 0,4 cm)

Now we will begin to read the heights of particular points from the situation and
plot it on the longitudinal profile.
Note: The more points we choose, the terrain line will be more precise.
In this case, 12 points were selected, as shown in the picture

Now let's move on to another point

h4=406,30 m (from map, like for other points)
Between points 3 and 4 we have a transient curve (LTC for first curve V1)
LTC=30 m (30m:2500=0,012m *100=1,2 cm)

h5=405,00 m (from map, like for other points)

Between points 4 and 5 we have a circular curve (LCC for first curve V1)
LCC=29,5 m (29,5m:2500=0,0118m *100=1,18 cm)
h6=405,10 m (from map, like for other points)
Between points 5 and 6 we have a transient curve (LTC for first curve V1)
LTC=30 m (30m:2500=0,012m *100=1,2 cm)

Once we have determined all the points, we will connect them, and that is how
we get the terrain line.
We will now begin drawing the level line.
The maximum longitudinal slope (smax) depends on the road class, design speed
and terrain configuration and is determined based on the following table.

In this case, the maximum slope is 12%.

Note: The slope of 12% can be plotted as follows

or
but we have combined scale, and slope of 12% in our scale 1:250/2500 will be:

or

We will now begin drawing a level line on the longitudinal profile.

As can be seen from the figure, the slope of the level line is less than the permitted
slope of 12%. Also, it can be seen that we have two fractures of the level line and
therefore we will have two vertical curves (V1 i V2)
In order to calculate the elements of vertical curves, we must first determine the
real magnitudes of the slope of the level line.

2,02cm * 250 (scale for heights)=505cm =5,05 m

so slope of first level line is 5,05%

In the same way, we will determine the other slopes of the level level line, so
finally we have
 We can now start the calculation of the elements of vertical curves.

First curve (V1)

Frol following table we will chose radius of curve

Vc (km/h) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Rmin (convex) (m) 130 300 600 1100 1900 3200 5200 8700 13000 19000
Rmin (concave) (m) 130 200 400 750 1300 2100 3500 5700 8600 13000

S1=5,05%
S2= 2,24%

How about a concave curve → Rmin = 200 m (we can choose a higher value)

R=1000m

Rs s 
T   1 2  ( m)
2  100 
1000 5,05−2,24
T= ( )=14,05 m (14,05m:2500=0,00562 m =0,562 cm)
2 100

𝑇² 14,05²
𝑆= = = 0,0987𝑚 (0,0987m:250=0,000348m=0.03cm)
2𝑅 2ꞏ1000
Repeat the same procedure for the next curve.
S1=2,24%
S2= 4,35%

How about a concave curve → Rmin = 300 m (we can choose a higher value)

R=1000m
Rs s 
T   1 2  ( m)
2  100 
1000 2,24−4,35
T= ( )=10,55 m (10,55m:2500=0,00422 m =0,422 cm)
2 100

𝑇² 10,55²
𝑆= = = 0,0556𝑚 (0,0556m:250=0,000223m=0.02cm)
2𝑅 2ꞏ1000
Now we are going to write the elements in the table

from situation

Reed from column