MarPower (Basic Marine Engineering)

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Revision No. 1 Effectivity date: Reviewed by: Approved by:
10 August 2020 QMR President
LESSON 1
Learning Module 1: Diesel Engines (6 hours)
Competence, Course Outcomes, and Learning Outcomes
Competence:
A-II/2.F1.C11: Operate remote control of propulsion plant and engineering system and
services.
Course Outcome/s:
CO1: Differentiate the principles of operation for various marine propulsion plants.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Differentiate the operating principle of 2- stroke & 4- stroke diesel engine cycle
2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a slow-speed diesel engine and medium-
speed diesel, the causes if scavenge fires, and how they are dealt with and methods of
supercharging.
3. Describe the arrangement of the clutch and turning gears, how a diesel engine is prepared
for standby, and the method starting, stopping, and reversing of direct propulsion of diesel
engine
Overview
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named

after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by
the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to the mechanical compression
(adiabatic compression). This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol
engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which uses
a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.
Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature
inside the cylinder to such a high degree that atomized diesel fuel injected into the combustion
chamber ignites spontaneously. With the fuel being injected into the air just before
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combustion, the dispersion of the fuel is uneven; this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel
mixture. The torque a diesel engine produces is controlled by manipulating the air-fuel ratio
(λ); instead of throttling the intake air, the diesel engine relies on altering the amount of fuel
that is injected, and the air-fuel ratio is usually high.
Discussion
1. Key Concept
Operating Principle of Two-Stroke & Four - Stroke Diesel Engine Cycle
A four-stroke (also known as four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC)

engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A
stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along with the cylinder, in either direction. The four
separate strokes are termed:
1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at the top
dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at the bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke, the
intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into
the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward
motion. The piston is moving down as the downward motion is sucking in the air
against the piston.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke,
and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke, the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in
preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust
valves are closed during this stage.
3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second
revolution of the four-stroke cycle. At this point, the crankshaft has completed a full
360-degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression
stroke), the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline
engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning
the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the
crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: Also known as an outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again,
returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the
spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.

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A two-stroke diesel engine is a Diesel engine that works in two strokes. It was invented by
Hugo Güldner in 1899. All diesel engines use compression ignition, a process by which fuel is
injected after the air is compressed in the combustion chamber, thereby causing the fuel to
self-ignite
The low-speed engine is characterized by rated speeds in the range of 80–120 revolutions
per minute. Whereas medium-speed engines are widely employed ashore, the low-speed
engine is almost exclusively a marine engine that is designed to match efficient propeller
speeds without recourse to a speed-reducing.

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Fuel Oil System
Two principal types of pipes carry fuel, and they are categorized by the pressure the pipe is
designed to withstand. Low-pressure pipes are used to move fuel from a storage tank to a
service tank to an injection pump; high-pressure pipes are used to deliver fuel from an
injection pump to an engine combustion chamber. Ships’ fuel is usually stored in double-
bottom tanks, deep tanks, side bunker tanks, settling tanks, or service tanks. Piping between a
service tank and a fuel transfer or booster pump is rated as low pressure. However, between
each pumping stage, pressure increases.
Lubricating Oil System
Lubricating oil for an engine is stored in the bottom of the crankcase, known as the
sump, or in a drain tank located beneath the engine. The oil is drawn from this tank through a
strainer, one of a pair of pumps, into one of a pair of fine filters. It is then passed through a
cooler before entering the engine and being distributed to the various branch pipes.
The branch pipe for a particular cylinder may feed the main bearing, for instance. Some
of this oil will pass along a drilled passage in the crankshaft to the bottom end bearing and
then up a drilled passage in the connecting rod to the gudgeon pin or crosshead bearing.
Cooling Water System
Cooling of engines is achieved by circulating a cooling liquid around internal passages

within the engine. The cooling liquid is thus heated up and is, in turn, cooled by seawater
circulated cooler. Without adequate cooling certain parts of the engine which are exposed to
very high temperatures, as a result of burning fuel, would soon fail.

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Cooling enables the engine metals to retain their mechanical properties. The usual coolant
used in freshwater: seawater is not used directly as a coolant because of its corrosive action.
Lubricating oil is sometimes used for piston cooling since leaks into the crankcase would not
cause problems. As a result of its lower specific heat, however, about twice the quantity of oil
compared to water would be required.
Water carried in pipes is used to cool machinery. The main engine is cooled by two
separate but linked systems: (1) an open system (sea-to-sea) in which water is taken from and
returned to the sea (seawater cooling), (2) a closed system where freshwater is circulated an
engine casing (freshwater cooling).
Freshwater is used to cooling machinery directly, whereas seawater is used to cool fresh
water passing through a heat exchanger. The particular feature of an engine cooling system is
continuous fluid flow. Fluid in motion causes abrasive corrosion and erosion. To reduce the
effects of turbulent flows, seawater systems incorporate large diameter mild steel pipes, the
ends of which open to the sea through sea chests where gate valves are fitted.
If a seawater cooling pipe bursts, both suction and discharge valves will have to be closed
to prevent engine room flooding. To make sure the valves operate correctly, open, and close
them at regular intervals. Seawater pipes are usually mild steel, but galvanized steel, copper,
or copper alloy are also used. Freshwater cooling pipes are generally made of mild steel.
Fresh Water Cooling System

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Sea Water Cooling System
Couplings, clutches, and gearboxes: The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion
engine which ignites the fuel by injecting it into hot, high-pressure air in a combustion
chamber. The diesel engine operates with a fixed sequence of events, which may be achieved
either in four strokes or two, a stroke being the travel of the piston between its extreme
points. Each stroke is accomplished in half a revolution of the crankshaft.
Couplings
Elastic or flexible couplings allow slight misalignment and damp out or remove torque
variations from the engine. The coupling may also function as a clutch or disconnecting device.
Couplings may be mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic in operation.
Clutches
A clutch is a device to connect or separate a driving unit from the unit it drives. With two
engines connected to a gearbox, a clutch enables one or both engines to be run and facilitates
the reversing of the engine.

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Thrust Block
The clearances between the thrust pads and the thrust collar must be checked at intervals,
not exceeding those recommended by the component manufacturer or not exceed 12 months.
The condition of the thrust collar surfaces must also be noted. With thrust blocks having a
separate lubrication arrangement (i.e., not connected with the main lubrication system), the
condition of the oil must be watched, and the sump must be cleaned out when any signs of
sludge are present. The condition of the cooling coils fitted in the sump must also be checked
and noted. The oil pressure alarms and filters, if any, are fitted, must also be kept in good
order.
Shaft Bearings
The oil in the propeller shaft bearings must be kept in good condition, and the cooling
water connections kept in good working order. If any of these bearings tend to overheat, a
note to this effect should be made in the logbook.
Main Engine Bracing
The main Engine top or side bracing is to be examined at regular intervals, and the
result of the inspection to be recorded in the Planned Maintenance System. Any damage to the
bracing attachment or mechanism is to be reported to the relevant Management Office.
Diesel Engine
• Before a large diesel is started, it must be warmed through by circulating hot water
through the jackets, etc. This will enable the various engine parts to expand about one
another.
• The various supply tanks, filters, valves, and drains are all to be checked.
• The lubricating oil pumps and circulating water pumps are started, and all the visible
returns should be observed.
• All control equipment and alarms should be examined for correct operation.
• The indicator cocks are opened, the turning gear engaged, and the engine turned through
several complete revolutions. In this way, any water which may have collected in the
cylinders will be forced out.
• The fuel oil system is checked and circulated with hot oil.
• Auxiliary scavenge blowers, if manually operated, should be started.
• The turning gear is removed, and if possible, the engine should be turned over on-air
before closing the indicator cocks.
• The engine is now available for standby.
• The length of time involved in these preparations will depend upon the size of the engine.

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Engine Starting
• The direction handle is positioned ahead of or astern. This handle may be built into the
telegraph reply lever. The camshaft is thus positioned relative to the crankshaft to operate
the various cams for fuel injection, valve operation, etc.
• The maneuvering handle is moved to 'start.' This will admit compressed air into the
cylinders in the correct sequence to turn the engine in the desired direction. A separate air
start button may be used.
• When the engine reaches its firing speed, the maneuvering handle is moved to the running
position. Fuel is admitted, and the combustion process will accelerate the engine, and
starting air admission will cease.
Engine Reversing
When running at maneuvering speeds:
• Where manually operated auxiliary blowers are fitted, they should be started.
• The fuel supply is shut off, and the engine will quickly slow down,
• The direction handle is positioned astern.
• Compressed air is admitted to the engine to turn it in the astern direction.
• When turning astern under the action of compressed air, fuel will be admitted. The
combustion process will take over, and air admission cease.
When running at full speed:
• The auxiliary blowers were manually operated, should be started.

• Fuel is shut off from the engine.
• Blasts of compressed air may be used to slow the engine down.
• When the engine is stopped, the direction handle is positioned astern.
• Compressed air is admitted to turning the engine astern, and fuel is admitted to
accelerating the engine. The compressed air supply will then cease.

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References
T1 – Benneth, Sean. (2015). Modern Diesel Technology: Diesel Engines. 2nd Ed. Australia:
Cengage Learning pp. 26-33,
R5 – Russell, Paul … et.al. (2013). Motor Engineering Knowledge for Marine Engineers.
London: Adlard Coles Nautical pp. 2-7,
R8 – House, David J. (2010). Elements of Modern Ship Construction. Glasgow: Brown, Son &
Ferguson. Ltd. pp. 2-29,
R14 – McGeorge, Hd. (2008). Marine Auxiliary Machinery. 7th Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. pp.
1-28, https://www/youtube.com/watch?v=hV3LlmCslpo
R10 – Don Nicholas (2010). Marine Electrical Generation: Steam and Power Turbines. London:
IMarEast. pp. 269-287,
R14 – McGeorge, Hd. (2008). Marine Auxiliary Machinery. 7th Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. pp.
72,
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & Pneumatics: A Technicians and Engineers Guide. 2nd
Ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann pp. 173-233,
Online Sources
Cooling of ships engine - MFM-ENGINEERING. https://www.mfm-engineering.com/cooling-of-

ships-engine
Couplings, Clutches, and Gearboxes for Marine Diesel Engine.

http://machineryspaces.com/gearboxes.html
Couplings, Clutches, and Gearboxes for Marine Diesel Engine.

http://machineryspaces.com/gearboxes.html
Freshwater & Seawater Cooling System for Marine Diesel ....

http://machineryspaces.com/cooling.html
Fuel Oil System for Marine Diesel Engine. http://machineryspaces.com/fuel-oil-system.html
Introduction to Marine Engineering, Second Edition - PDF .... https://epdf.pub/introduction-to-

marine-engineering-second-edition.html
Lubricating Oil System for Marine Diesel Engine.

http://www.machineryspaces.com/lubrication.html
Marine diesel engine - Preparations for standby, starting ....

http://machineryspaces.com/diesel-engines.html

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Identification
Directions: Identify the term or concept being described by the following statements. Write
your answer in the space provided before each number.
___________1. The two requirements for starting a diesel engine.
___________2. The reversible electric motorcycle drives a worn gear and can be connected
with the toothed flywheel to turn a large diesel engine.
___________3. This mechanism is used to provide a low-speed drive for the propeller shaft in
a medium speed diesel engine.
___________4. The angular speed of the medium-speed diesel engine in revolution per
minute.
___________5. The two types of cooling systems of the diesel engine.
___________6. The two specific purposes of the lubrication system of the diesel engine.
___________7. This equipment removes impurities: remaining water, sludge, and races of acid
in fuel oil, and the heating insert maintain 80°C to 120°C while in operation.
___________8. This tank is used for fuel oil to settle down for a few days so that the water,
sludge, and other impurities can be separated and drained out.
___________9. The angular speed of the low-speed diesel engine in revolution per minute.
__________10. It refers to the full travel of the piston along with the cylinder from the TDC to
the BDC.

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Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Instructions: Discuss briefly in five (5) to ten sentences. Do not copy word for word the
definition given in the discussion. Cite example/s for each item if necessary.
Write your answers in the space provided after each number.
1. Differentiate the operating principle of the two-stroke & four-stroke diesel engine cycle.
2. Describe the waste heat recovery system of the two-stroke main propulsion engine.

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Assessment
Test I: Modified True or False

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. If the statement
is FALSE, change the underlined word(s) that make the statement correct. Write
______________1. The turning gear is a reversible electric motor which drives a worm gear
and can be connected with the toothed flywheel to turn a large diesel
engine.
______________2. The two requirements for starting diesel engine are the sufficient speed
and correct air-fuel ratio.
______________3. The turning gear is used to provide a low-speed drive for the propeller
shaft in a medium speed diesel engine.
______________4. The 4-stroke diesel engine takes two strokes to complete a power cycle.
______________5. The power stroke is the first stroke of the event of the four-stroke cycle
diesel engine.
______________6. 80 to 100 RPM is the angular speed of the low-speed diesel engine.
______________7. The separator is auxiliary machinery that removes impurities on remaining
water, sludge, and the trace of acid fuel oil, and the heating must remain
80°C to 120°C.
______________8. The compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug in a gasoline
engine
______________9. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from B.D.C. to
T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is closed.
______________10. All diesel engines use the compression ignition process.
Test II: Multiple Choice

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Which of the procedure to do first before starting a diesel engine?
a.
lubricate fuel rock and linkages
b.
operate indicator valve from one to six (if six cylinders)
c.
operate the L.O pump manually for priming and check the flow
d.
turn the flywheel at least four revolutions or more to ensure internal parts are
moving.
2. Which of the procedure to do first to start a diesel engine?
a. close indicator value
b. open-air starting valve
c. blow off or purge the engine
d. start diesel engine, gradually increase speed up to desired RPW.

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3. Which of the following does NOT belong to the starting procedure of the marine diesel
engine?
a. fuel system
b. lube oil system
c. freshwater cooling system
d. switch on the main power supply
4. Which pump used to transfer fuel oil from storage tank to setting tank?
a. fuel of diesel engine
b. fuel oil transfer pump
c. medium speed diesel engine
d. reciprocating pins ton pump
5. A diesel engine that it takes two-stroke to complete a power cycle?
a. above 750C
b. distillation
c. flashing process
d. two-stroke diesel engine
6. Which of the operating cycle of a diesel engine that the pressure at the peak during the
first combustion and stay more and less constant?
a. super charging
b. combination cycle
c. air injection engine
d. low-speed diesel engine
7. It is obtained by higher pressure of the air charge by the blower in the cylinder at the
beginning of the compression.
a. super charging
8. What is the method of fuel injection that the fuel of the low-speed diesel engine is injected
into the cylinder by a blast of highly compressed air?
a. super charging
9. Which classification of engine speed that the propeller shaft must rotate at 80
revolution/min to100 revolution/min?
a. super charging
10. It is used to provide a low speed –diesel engine to drive a propeller shaft.
a. air compressor c. revolution per minute
b. gearbox d. turning gear

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11. Which machines generate pressurized air by compressing air suctioned from the
atmosphere and stores it in the air reservoir?
12. It is a reversible electronic motor which drives a worm gear and can be connected with the
toothed of the flywheel to turn a large diesel.
13. What is R.P.M stands for?
14. What is the C.C.P stand for?
a. diesel oil c. engine control console
b. auxiliary boiler d. controllable-pitch propeller
15. During an emergency, what component of the main engine you stop first?
a. diesel oil c. main engine side
16. It is a speed-sensitive device that automatically controls or limits the speed of an engine by
adjusting the amount of fuel led to the engine.
a. governor c. emergency slowdown
b. chemical treatment d. engine room control console
17. These are installed in the monitoring system to protect the engine from serious damages in
case of malfunction of the component.
a. governor
b. chemical treatment
c. emergency slowdown
d. engine room control console
18. What place the engine room that would give comprehensive coverage and overriding
control over that of the bridge?
a. governor
19. This function is to block fuel supply during maneuvering as long as the running direction of
the engine does not coincide with the direction set on the engine room reply telegraph.
a. safety enter lock
b. engine room console
d. close loop control system
20. What is the control action of the governor to overcome the variation in speed drop and
reduce the offset?
a. safety enter lock
b. engine room console
d. close loop control system

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LESSON 2
Learning Module 2: Steam Turbine Systems (4 hours)
Competence:
services.
Course Outcome/s:
CO 1: Differentiate the principles of operation for various marine propulsion plants.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the turbine, the feed system, and the boiler as a system.
2. Explain the working of an impulse turbine and a reaction turbine
3. Describe a steam turbine installation and its gearing.
4. Distinguish between open and closed feed system.
5. State that a steam turbine needs a large water-tube boiler.
6. Describe the main features of a water-tube boiler, in outline the procedure for raising
steam, the procedure for warming through a steam turbine ready for maneuvering, and
the procedures for maneuvering when using a steam turbine
Overview
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was
invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
A steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement
in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam,
which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process. Because
the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical

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generator—about 85% of all electricity generation in the United States in the year 2014 was by
use of steam turbines.
Discussion
2. Key Concept
A feed system is nothing but a cyclic process that takes place between the turbine and the
boiler. This cyclic process facilitates the exhausted steam to return to the boiler in the form of
feed water.
In a system boiler, cold water enters the boiler directly from the mains supply. The
water is heated via a heat exchanger, which transfers energy from the gas jets to the water.
Once heated, the water is pumped to the hot water cylinder, where it is stored until required.
Impulse turbines are most efficient for use in cases where the flow is low, and the
inlet pressure is high. Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's
pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through
the turbine rotor blades.

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Steam Turbines Gearing Arrangement
Steam turbines operate at speeds up to 6000rev/min. Medium-speed diesel engines

operate up to about 750rev/min. The best propeller speed for efficient operation is in the
region of 80 to l00 rev/min. The turbine or engine shaft speed is reduced to that of the
propeller by the use of a system of gearing. Helical gears have been used for many years and
remain a part of most systems of gearing. Epicyclic gears, with their compact, lightweight,
construction is being increasingly used in marine transmissions.
Epicyclic Gearing
This is a system of gears where one or more wheels travel around the outside or inside
of another wheel whose axis is fixed. The different arrangements are known as planetary gear,
solar gear, and star gear
Sun Wheel – wheel on the principal axis

Planet Wheel – the wheel whose center revolves around the principal axis
Annulus Internal – teeth gear which meshes with the planet wheel

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Helical Gearing
Single or double reduction systems may be

used, although the double reduction is more usual.
With a single reduction, the turbine drives a pinion
with a small number of teeth, and this pinion drives
the main wheel, which is directly coupled to the
propeller shaft. With the double reduction, the
turbine drives a primary pinion, which drives a
primary wheel. The primary wheel drives, on the
same shaft, a secondary pinion which drives the
main wheel. The main wheel is directly coupled to
the propeller shaft
Flexible Coupling
A flexible coupling is always fitted between

the turbine rotor and the gearbox pinion. It
permits slight rotor and pinion misalignment
as well as allowing for axial movement of
the rotor due to expansion. Various designs
of flexible coupling are in use using teeth,
flexible discs, membranes, etc.

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Turning Gear
The turning gear on a turbine installation is a reversible electric motor driving a

gearwheel that meshes into the high-pressure turbine primary pinion. It is used for gearwheel
and turbine rotation during maintenance or when warming-through before maneuvering.
Open Feed System
An open feed system is found in a system with an auxiliary boiler, which is generally on
a ship with a diesel engine. In an open feed system, steam from various systems comes to the
condenser and gets converted into water. This condenser is continuously circulated with
seawater and operates under certain atmospheric pressure or a slight vacuum. The
condensate, under the effect of gravity, goes to the
Closed Feed System
A closed feed system for a high-pressure water tube boiler supplying a main propulsion
steam turbine is shown in Figure above. The steam turbine will exhaust into the condenser,
which will be at a high vacuum.
A regenerative type of condenser will be used, which allows condensing of the steam
with the minimum drop in temperature. The condensate is removed by an extraction pump
and circulates through an air ejector.
A high-pressure water tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes
heated externally by the fire. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which heats
water in the steam-generating tubes. In smaller boilers, additional generating tubes are
separate in the furnace. In comparison, larger utility boilers rely on the water-filled tubes that
make up the walls of the furnace to generate steam.
The heated water then rises into the steam drum. Where saturated steam is drawn off
the top of the drum, in some services, the steam will reenter the furnace through a
superheater to become superheated. Superheated steam is defined as steam that is heated
above the boiling point at a given pressure. Superheated steam is a dry gas and therefore
used to drive turbines since water droplets can severely damage turbine blades.
Cool water at the bottom of the steam drum returns to the feedwater drum via large-
bore 'downcomer tubes,' where it pre-heats the feedwater supply. (In large utility boilers, the
feedwater is supplied to the steam drum and the downcomers supply water to the bottom of
the waterfalls). To increase the economy of the boiler, exhaust gases are also used to pre-heat
the air blown into the furnace and warm the feedwater supply. Such watertube boilers in
thermal power stations are also called steam generating units

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References
CBT, AV12 – Turbines and Compressors Features, AV14 – Auxiliary Boiler Plant, Materials
needed: ballpen, yellow pad,
T1 – Benneth, Sean. (2015). Modern diesel technology: diesel engine. 2nd Ed. Australia:
Cengage Learning
R1 – Gale, Medwin (2016) The Maritime Engineering. New Delhi, Indai; Venus Books
R11 – Woodward, Dong (2009). Pounder’s marine diesel engine and gas turbine. 9th ed.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.
R14 – Mcgeorge, Hd. (2008). Marine auxiliary machinery. 7th ed. Amsterdam Elsevier Ltd.
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: technicians and engineers guide. 2nd ed.
Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
Online Sources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSIzkTzPg6M
Boiler Feed Water System Diagram and Explanation - What is ....
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-engines-machinery/45181-boiler-feed-systems-
open-feed-system/
Introduction to Marine Engineering, Second Edition - PDF .... https://epdf.pub/introduction-to-

marine-engineering-second-edition.html
Marine Steam Turbines Gearing Arrangement -Epicyclic ....

http://www.machineryspaces.com/turbine-gearing.html

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Topic 2 ILO: Describe the turbine installation and its ....
https://jblcfmarpower.wordpress.com/topic-2-ilo-describe-the-turbine-installation-and-its-
gearing/
What is a system boiler - a homeowner's guide | Viessmann.

https://www.viessmann.co.uk/heating-advice/what-is-a-system-boiler

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Checkpoint
______________1. It is a type of boiler that is most common because of their ability to deliver
large quantities of steam in a short period.
______________2. It is a type of feed system that the drain tank opens to the atmosphere.
______________3. It is a type of feed system that no parts of the installation are open to the
atmosphere.
______________4. It is used to transform power from an engine to the actual machine doing
the work of a propeller.
______________5. It is a type of turbine that consists of a set of fixed and set removable
blades.
______________6. It is the other name for impulse turbine.
______________7. It is the most important equipment in any steam power plant.
______________8. It consists of a rotor wheel with blade secured to the shaft.
______________9. It is the most efficient type of turbine for use in cases where the flow is
low, and the inlet pressure is high.
______________10. It is a turbine that develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's

pressure or mass.

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Do this
Activity 2. Essay
definition given in the discussion. Cite example/s for each item if necessary. Write
your answers in the space provided below.
Explain the working principles of an impulse turbine and a reaction turbine

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Assessment
Test I. Modified True or False

_____________1. Fire-tube boiler is a type of boilers that are most common because of their
ability to deliver large quantities of stream in a short period.
_____________2. An open feed system is a type of feed system the drain tank as both will to
the atmosphere.
_____________3. A closed feed system is a type of feed system that no parts of the
installation are open to the atmosphere.
_____________4. Reactive turbine is the other name of impulse turbine.
_____________5. Turbine rotor is type of turbine consist of a set of fixed and set of movable
blades.
_____________6. The reduction gear is used for gearwheel and turbine rotation during
maintenance or when warming-through before maneuvering.
_____________7. Steam turbines operate at speeds up to 6000rev/min.
_____________8. Steam turbine is the most important equipment in any steam power plant.
_____________9. A flexible coupling is always fitted between the turbine rotor and the
gearbox pinion.
_____________10. A boiler is a device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output
shaft.

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Test II. Multiple Choice

1. Which of the procedure to do first in stopping the boiler?
a. open-air release valve
b. close main steam stop valve
c. switch off feed water pump in the panel side
d. switch off the boiler power supply in the panel side
2. Which of the following does NOT belong to the stopping procedure of the boiler?
a. starting air system open
b. close fuel inlet supply valve
c. close main steam stop valve
d. close suction and delivery valve of the feed pump.
3. Which of the following does NOT belong to the procedure when raising steam in a water
tube boiler?
a. Heat transfer of the heating devices is affected.
b. All other vents drain, and bypasses should be close
c. Drum steam pressure about 2.1 bars the air vent may be close
d. A forced draught fan should be started for several minutes to purge flammable
gases inside the furnace.
4. Which of the following does NOT belong to the starting procedure of the boiler?
a. open-air release valve
b. close fuel inlet supply valve
c. confirm main steam stop valve is close
d. confirm water level in the gauge glass is at a normal level
5. Which of the following auxiliary machinery that produces steam for heating?
6. Which of the following fuels is used for starting an auxiliary boiler?
7. How to treat the salt in the feed water of a boiler?
a. governor
8. What is the mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and
converts it into rotary motion?
a. gas turbine b. impulse turbine c. reaction turbine d. steam turbine
9. What is the other name of turbine rotors?

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10. What types of turbine consist of a net off fixed and set of movable blades?
11. What types of boilers are most common because of the ability to deliver large quantities of
steam in a relatively short period?
a. donkey boiler b. fire tube boiler c. smoke tube boiler d. water tube boiler
12. What is the large tube-like structure at the top of the boiler?
a. down corners b. feedwater pump c. risers d. steam drum
13. The water heats up and flows back to the steam drum through the asset of tubes is called
_________?
14. The amount of water entering the boiler and control by sensors is known as
______________?
15. Which one is not the advantage of a gas turbine?
a. rises in cycle efficiency
b. heavy fuel burning capacity
c. lightning control on exhaust emission
d. high output machinery in those tonnage sectors

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LESSON 3
Learning Module 3: Gas Turbine System (4 hours)
Competence:
A-II/2.F1.C11: Operate remote control of propulsion plant and engineering system

and services.
Course Outcome/s:
Differentiate the principles of operation for various marine propulsion plants.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the gas turbine, the compressor part of the gas turbine, the combustion
chamber, or the combustor part of the gas turbine, the turbine part of the gas
turbine, and the two main types of compressors.
Overview
Gas-turbine engine, any internal-combustion engine employing a gas as the working fluid
used to turn a turbine. The term also is conventionally used to describe a complete internal-
combustion engine consisting of at least a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine.

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Discussion
3. Key Concept
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous and internal
combustion engine. The main elements common to all gas turbine engines are:
• an upstream rotating gas compressor

• a combustor
• a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor.
Combustor
A combustor is a component or area of a gas turbine, ramjet, or scramjet engine where

combustion takes place. It is also known as a burner, combustion chamber, or flame holder. In
a gas turbine engine, the combustor or combustion chamber is fed high-pressure air by the
compression system.
Turbine
The turbine converts the gaseous energy of the air/burned fuel mixture out of the
combustor into mechanical energy to drive the compressor, driven accessories, and, through a
reduction gear, the propeller. The turbine converts gaseous energy into mechanical energy by
expanding the hot, high-pressure gases to a lower temperature and pressure.
Two Types of Compressor
Axial compressor
Axial compressors are used in medium- to large-thrust gas turbine engines because the
alternative centrifugal units would be too heavy and too large in the cross-sectional area. At
smaller sizes, the axial blading at the rear of the compressor loses its robustness and is difficult
to manufacture accurately. Consequently, manufacturers tend to replace the rear stages with a
centrifugal unit. The compression system is then said to be axial-centrifugal. In the case of
power generation, axial compressors are used in turbines that can generate more than 5 MW.

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Centrifugal compressor
Rolls Royce Goblin II numbered cutaway; the impeller of the centrifugal compressor is
number 12 at even smaller sizes, particularly in turboprop/turboshaft applications, the
compression system is either a single centrifugal or has two centrifugal units connected in
series (i.e., double-centrifugal).
References
CBT, AV12– Turbines and Compressors Features,

AV14 – Auxiliary Boiler Plant
R1 – Gale, Medwin (2016) The Maritime Engineering. New Delhi, Indai; Venus Books
R9 – Ayub Akber (2010) Marine diesel engines. India: Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
R10 – Don Nicholas (2010). Marine electrical generation: steam and power turbines. London
IMarEast.
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: technicians and engineers
guide. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
Online Sources
An Introduction To Gas Turbine Types, Classification ....

https://mechasource.blogspot.com/2019/03/an-introduction-to-gas-turbine-types.html
Gas-turbine engine | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/gas-turbine-engine

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Enumeration
Directions: Enumerate what is asked in the following. Write your answers in the space
provided after each number.
1. Three main elements of gas turbine engines.
2. Two types of compressor used in the gas turbine system
3. Three major components of the gas turbine system
Do this
Activity 2. Research Work
Directions: Describe the following briefly. Write your answers in the space provided after each
number. You may use your online resources to do this research.
1. gas turbine
2. the compressor part of the gas turbine
3. the combustion chamber or combustor part of the gas turbine
4. the turbine part of the gas turbine
5. the two main types of compressors.

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Assessment
Test 1. Modified True or False

___________1. The gas-turbine engine employs a gas as the working fluid used to turn a
turbine.
___________2. Gas-turbine engine composed of a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a

turbine.
___________3. The other name of a gas turbine is a ignition turbine.
___________4. A combustion turbine, is a type of continuous and internal combustion engine.
___________5. A combustor is a component of a gas turbine where combustion takes place.
___________6. The turbine converts gaseous energy into mechanical energy by expanding the
hot, high-pressure gases to a lower temperature and pressure.
___________7. The turbine converts the gaseous energy of the air/burned fuel mixture out of
the combustor into chemical energy.
___________8. Radial compressor is used in medium- to large-thrust gas turbine engines.
___________9. One of the main elements common of a gas turbine engine is a turbine rotor.
___________10. One of the main elements common of the gas turbine engine is an upstream
rotating gas

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LESSON 4
Learning Module 4: Propeller and Propeller Shaft (4 hours)
Competence:
services.
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the arrangement of thrust shaft, intermediate shafts, and tail shaft.
2. Explain how a propeller thrust is transmitted to the hull.
3. Describe and sketch an oil-lubricated stern-tube bearing.
4. Describes how the propeller is secured to the tail shaft.
5. Defines the pitch, slip, and efficiency of a propeller.
6. Calculates the apparent percentage slip from given data and the ship’s speed, given
the engine revolutions per minute, mean pitch, and percentage slip.
7. Describe the arrangement and operation of a controllable-pitch propeller (CPP) and
state the precautions to take with CPP before: starting the main engine, going to
sea, entering a harbor, or confined waters.
8. State that changing control positions and the use of emergency hand control pitch
and engine revolutions should be exercised.
Overview
A propeller is a rotating fan-like structure that is used to

propel the ship by using the power generated and transmitted by
the main engine of the ship. The transmitted power is converted
from rotational motion to generate a thrust which imparts
momentum to the water, resulting in a force that acts on the ship
and pushes it forward.

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Discussion
4. Key Concept
The transmission system on a ship transmits power from the engine to the propeller. It is
made up of shafts, bearings, and finally, the propeller itself. The thrust from the propeller is
transferred to the ship through the transmission system.
Thrust Block
The thrust block transfers the thrust

from the propeller to the hull of the
ship. It must therefore be solidly
constructed and mounted onto a rigid
seating or framework to perform its
task.
It may be an independent unit or an integral

part of the main propulsion engine. Both
ahead and astern thrusts must be catered for,
and the construction must be strong enough
to withstand normal and shock loads.
The casing of the independent

thrust block is in two halves,
which are joined by fitted bolts
(Figure above). The thrust
loading is carried by bearing
pads that are arranged to pivot
or tilt. The pads are mounted in
holders or carriers and faced
with white metal. In the
arrangement shown, the thrust
pads extend three-quarters of

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the distance around the collar and transmit all thrust to the lower half of the casing. Other
designs employ a complete ring of pads.
An oil scraper deflects the oil lifted by the thrust collar and directs it onto the pad stops. From
here, it cascades over the thrust pads and bearings. The thrust shaft is manufactured with
integral flanges for bolting to the engine or gearbox shaft and the intermediate shafting, and a
thrust collar for absorbing the thrust.
Shaft Bearings
Shaft bearings are of two types, the

aftermost tunnel bearing and all others. The
aftermost tunnel bearing has a top and bottom
bearing shell because it must counteract the
propeller mass and take a vertical upward thrust
at the forward end of the tail shaft. The other
shaft bearings only support the shaft weight and
thus have only lower half bearing shells.
Pivoting pads here replace the usual journal

bush. The tilting pad is better able to carry high
overloads and retain a thick oil lubrication film.
Lubrication is from a bath in the lower half of the
casing, and an oil thrower ring dips into the oil and carries it around the shaft as it rotates.
Cooling of the bearing is by water circulating through a tube cooler in the bottom of the
casing.
References
CBT, AV12 – Turbines and Compressors Features,

AV14 – Sulzer Medium Speed Engine,
T2 – Russel, Paul A., Leslie Jackson, and Thomas Morton (2013). General engineering
knowledge for marine engineers. London: Adlard Coles Nautical R7 – Millan, Mario
(2011). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press.
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press. pp.245-285,
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: technicians and engineers guide.
2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
CBT, AV12 – Turbines and Compressors Features, AV14 – Sulzer Medium Speed Engine
T2 Russel, Paul A., Leslie Jackson, and Thomas Morton (2013). General engineering
knowledge for marine engineers. London: Adlard Coles Nautical

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Online Sources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yc2Zl42zeqs
Intro to Marine Engineering 2 2011 Part 8 pdf. https://123doc.net/document/2170668-intro-to-
marine-engineering-2-2011-part-8-pdf.htm
Shaft Bearing - Studylib. https://studylib.net/doc/5424255/shaft-bearing
Ships Propeller Shaft -Thrust block & Shaft bearings. http://machineryspaces.com/propeller-

shaft.html
Checkpoint
Directions: Enumerate the five parts of the propeller in any order. Write your answers in the
space provided below.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay:
Instructions: Discuss briefly in five (5) to ten (10) sentences. Do not copy word for word the
your answers in the space provided below:
Explain how to calculate the apparent percentage slip from given data and the ship’s
speed, given the engine revolutions per minute, mean pitch, and percentage slip.

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Assessment
Modified True or False

____________1. A propeller shaft is a rotating fan-like structure that is used to propel the ship
by using the power generated and transmitted by the main engine of the
ship.
____________2. The transmission system on a ship transmits power from the engine to the
propeller
____________3. The thrust bearing from the propeller is transferred to the ship through the
transmission system.
____________4. The thrust block transfers the thrust from the propeller to the hull of the ship.
____________5. The thrust block is manufactured with integral flanges for bolting to the
engine.
____________6. The aftermost tunnel bearing has a top and bottom bearing shell.
____________7. Cooling of the propeller shaft is by water circulating through a tube cooler in
the bottom of the casing.
____________8. Lubrication of the shaft bearing is from a bath in the lower half of the casing,
and an oil thrower ring dips into the oil and carries it around the shaft as it
rotates
____________9. The thrust bearing of the propeller shaft must therefore be solidly
constructed and mounted on to a rigid seating on a framework
____________10. Both ahead and astern bearings of the propeller shaft must be catered for,
and the construction must be strong enough to withstand normal and shock
loads.

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LESSON 5
Learning Module 5: Bridge Control (4 hours)
Competence:
A-II/2.F1.C11: Operate remote control of propulsion plant and engineering system

and services.
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe a control system for the main engine, including control from bridge
machinery, bridge control of controllable-pitch propeller, bridge control of slow-speed
diesel engines, bridge control of steam turbines with associated boilers, and bridge
control of gas turbines with associated gas generators.
2. Explain the meaning of safety interlocks in a control system.
3. Describe the types of control (open and closed-loop).
Overview
Within the environment of a marine plant, there are many parameters which need to be
controlled or monitored, including temperatures, pressure, level, viscosity, flow control, speed,
torque control, voltage, current, machinery status (on/ off), and equipment status (open/
closed).
In olden times it was the role of the watchkeeping engineers to monitor and control the
machinery plant. This was achieved by periodically taking rounds around the engine room and
manually inspecting the condition of the running machinery. Often the engineer was
dependent on his natural senses, frequently supported by only the minimum of widely
distributed simple monitoring devices.

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The demand to reduce manning levels led to the development of automatic control
arrangements for the engine room plant, which enabled the unattended operation of
machinery spaces. With vessels capable of safe operation for any period in this mode, those
ships were qualified as UMS (Unattended Machinery Space) ships.
In these types of ships, all the control systems and monitoring facilities are grouped in an
Engine Control Room, and the ship machinery can also be controlled from this station.
Discussion
5. Key Concept
Bridge Control of Main Engines:
Automatic control of the starting of the main engine can be done from the bridge as
well as in the Engine control room. The automatic controls employed in starting the engine is
by the following sequence:
• Automatic control is used incorrectly positioning of the camshaft.

• Admitting starting air
• Admitting fuel
• Starting air shut off
• Speed adjustment to the value required
Thus the engine is started, and the various parameters like temperature, pressure, flow, and
tank level have to measure at every watch to make sure that the engine is running safely.
o Temperatures of lube oil, JCW, exhaust gas, etc. are measured

o Pressures of lube oil, JCW, fuel oil, and starting air, etc. are measured
o The flow of fuel oil is measured while running
o Tank levels of Heavy fuel oil, diesel oil, and lube oil are measured
For measuring the parameters, we make use of the transducers, in turn sending the
input signal to the automatic control system.

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Boiler Control Systems:
Automatic control of the boiler is also done from the engine control room. The automatic
systems employed in controlling the following:
• Boiler system (open/closed feed)

• Steam pressure
• Steam temperature
• Water level
• Feedwater level
• Feed pump
• Feedwater temperature
• Fuel oil system
• Air heater
• Smoke density
• Force draught fan
Thus if any of the above automatic systems fail, it gives an alarm and trips the boiler for safe
operation.
Turbine and Reduction Gear

In the case of the steam propulsion ship, the steam from the boiler enters into the turbine, and
in turn, it is coupled with reduction gear, so some of the automatic controls used are.
Controlling the speed of the rotation of the turbine, in turn, controls the speed of
the ship.
• Bleeder valve control

• Lube oil temperature control
• Over speed trip control
• Condensate system
• Diesel Generator
This is employed in the automatic starting and stopping of the auxiliary generator from the
engine control room. So of the automatic control used are:
Starting and stopping of the engine according to the load demand.

• Synchronization of the incoming generator
• Closing the circuit breaker
• Load sharing between the alternators
• Maintaining the supply frequency and voltage

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• Engine and alternator fault protection
• Preferential tripping of non-essential loads
• Turbo Generator
In case if the steam propulsion ships, they use turbo Generators for generating power. In this
type, the small Steam turbines are coupled with the alternators, and the automatic controls
used are
• Reset governor trip level

• Reset emergency stop valve
• Staring auxiliary lube oil pump
• Staring the circulating pump
• Apply gland steam
• Starting extraction pump
• Staring the air ejector
• Opening the steam valve
These are some of the automation commonly used in the marine environment.
References
R4 – Uman, Stephen D. (2014). Fitzgerald & Kingsley’s Electric machinery, 7th ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill
R8 – House, David J. (2010). Elements of Modern Ship Construction. Glasgow: Brown, Son &
Ferguson Ltd.
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press.
R14 – Mcgeorge, Hd. (2008). Marine auxiliary machinery. 7th ed. Amsterdam
Elsevier Ltd.
R15 – Laurilla, Mark Philip. (20018). Marine engineering for deck officers. Sta. Ana
Manila: Accord Printing Press
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: technicians and engineers
guide. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
Online Sources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqSi8Tb7p58
Marine Control Systems: Integrated Systems for All Aspects ....
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-engines-machinery/73565-ships-control-
systems/

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Checkpoint
Directions: Enumerate what is asked in the following. Write your answers in the space
provided after each number.
1. Five sequences in starting the engine using the automatic control systems incorrect
order.
2. Eleven automatic control systems of a boiler in any order.
Do this
Activity 2. Research work
Directions: Describe the following briefly. Write your answers in the space provided below. You
may use your online resources to do this research.
Describe the types of control systems (open and closed-loop).

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Assessment
Essay
definition given in the discussion. Cite example/s for each item if necessary. Write your answer
in the space provided below.
Describe a control system for the main engine, including the bridge control of slow-
speed diesel engines.

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LESSON 6
Learning Module 6: Generators, Alternators, and Electrical

Distribution (4 hours)
Competence:
services.
Course Outcome/s:
CO2: Determine the impact of deck operations relating to the generator and electrical
distribution system.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the operation of a D.C. generator.

2. Explain the functioning of shunt and compound-wound D.C. motors.
3. Describe the operation of an alternator.
4. Explain the function of induction motors and the relative advantages and
disadvantages of the generation and distribution of D.C. and A.C.
5. Describe the use of circuit breakers and fuses, draws a navigation light circuit with
indicators and alarms, showing an alternative power supply, the use of rectifiers,
the characteristics of lead-acid batteries and alkaline batteries.
6. Describe the supplementary emergency lighting for ro-ro passenger ships.
Overview
Alternators and generators are two devices that generate electricity. An alternator can
be called a type of generator. An alternator is a charging system for cars that produces
electricity. Generators are used in the production of large-scale electricity. Both alternators and
generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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Discussion
6. Key Concept
The major difference between the alternator and the generator is that in the alternator,
the armature is stationary, and the field system rotates. In contrast, the generator armature
rotates, and the field is stationary. The armature of the alternator is mounted on the stationary
element called stator and field winding on a rotating element. At the same time, the
connection of a generator is just the reverse of it.
The alternator and generator both works on the principle of Faraday law of
electromagnetic induction. The generator induces both the alternating and direct current, and
the alternator produces only alternating current. The rotor of the generator is placed inside the
stationary magnetic field. The magnetic poles produce the stationary magnetic field. The rotor
moves inside the magnetic field intersects the magnetic line of force, which induces the current
in the wire.
Every half rotation of the rotor changes the direction of the current, which causes the
alternating current. For getting the alternating current, the ends of the circuit are directly
connected to the load. But for producing the direct current, the ends of the wire are connected
to the commutator. The commutator converts the alternating current into direct current.
Direct Current
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge. An electrochemical

cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a
wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in
electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from
alternating current (AC).
Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a

rectifier, which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements
(historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted
into alternating current via an inverter.
Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power supplies
for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided
via direct-current are used in the smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. It

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is also used for some railways, especially in urban areas. High-voltage direct current is used to
transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating
current power grids.
Alternating Current
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction, in

contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the
form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of
electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions,
fans, and electric lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a battery cell in a
flashlight. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct,
as when they modify current or voltage.
References
T3 – Borstlap Rene, Hans Ten Katen. (2011). Ships electrical system. Netherlands: IDOKMAR
Maritime publisher’s
R2 – Arora, Shiven. (2014). Marine steam power plant. New Delhi: Venus Books Publishers
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press. pp-467,
Online Sources
Definition: Direct current | Open Energy Information.

https://openei.org/wiki/Definition:Direct_current
Difference Between Alternator & Generator with Comparison ....

https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-alternator-and-generator.html
What is the difference between Generator and alternator?????.

https://www.youth4work.com/Talent/Electrical-Engineering/Forum/122182-what-is-the-
difference-between-generator-and-alternator

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Modified True or False

your answers in the space provided before each number.
_______________1. Alternators and generators are two devices which generate electricity
_______________2. Generators convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
_______________3. Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of an electric power.
_______________4. A direct current is an electric current that periodically reverses direction.
_______________5. Low-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power

from remote generation sites
Do this
Activity 2. Research work
may use your online resources to do this research.
Describe the use of circuit breakers and fuses, draws a navigation light circuit with
indicators and alarms, showing an alternative power supply, the use of rectifiers, the
characteristics of lead-acid batteries and alkaline batteries.

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Assessment
Essay
Write your answers in the space provided below.
Describe the operating principles of an alternator.

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LESSON 7
Learning Module 7: Pumps and Pumping System (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
CO3: Determine the effective use of pumps and pumping system to various deck
operations
Learning Outcomes:
1. Classify pumps as displacement, axial-flow or centrifugal.

2. Describe the operation of a reciprocating pump, rotary displacement pumps, and states
typical applications, and screw pump and states possible causes.
3. Describes an axial-flow pump and states possible applications, a centrifugal pump and
states typical applications
4. Explain the need to prime a centrifugal pump.
5. Describe the head losses in the pumping system and how they are expressed.
6. Explain the net positive suction head and its significance in pump operation.
7. Describe a typical bilge system and ballast system for a dry cargo vessel and state that
the engine-room emergency bilge suction is connected to the main circulating pump in
the engine room.

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Overview
A pump is a machine used to raise liquids from a low point to a high point.
Alternatively, it may simply provide the liquid with an increase in energy, enabling it to flow or
build up pressure. The pumping action can be achieved in various ways according to the type
of pump employed. The arrangement of pipework, the liquid to be pumped, and its purpose
will result in certain system requirements or characteristics that must be met by the pump.
An important consideration, particularly when drawing liquids from below the pump, is
the suction-side conditions of the system. The determination of Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH) is undertaken for both the system and the pump. Net Positive Suction Head is the
difference between the absolute pump inlet pressure and the vapor pressure of the liquid and
is expressed in meters of liquid. Vapour pressure is temperature-dependent, and therefore
NPSH should be given for the operating temperature of the liquid. There are three main
classes of the pump in marine use: displacement, axial flow, and centrifugal. Several different
arrangements are possible for displacement and centrifugal pumps to meet particular system
characteristics.
Discussion
7. Key Concept
Positive displacement pumps

are pumps in which one or two
chambers are filled and emptied.
These include reciprocating, screw,
gear, and water ring type pumps.
They do not require a priming device
and may themselves be used as one.
They cause a reduction and increase
in the volume of space and cause the
liquid or gas to be physically moved.
Dynamic pressure pumps are pumps
in which a tangential acceleration is
imparted on the fluid. These include
centrifugal flow, axial flow, and mixed
flow types (the latter is a combination

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of centrifugal and axial flow). Depending on the head, they may require a priming device.
The centrifugal pump consists of a stainless steel shaft with a keyway for the impeller,
which is normally made of aluminum bronze and fitted using a bolt to the shaft. Replaceable
wear rings/sealing rings are fitted to the pump casing and impeller, these separate the suction
from the discharge side of the pump. The pump casing is normally made of gunmetal or cast
iron but will depend on the pump's application. The sealing arrangement can be using gland
packing or mechanical seal.
Reciprocating Pumps - The stroke of steam-driven reciprocating pumps must be
adjusted so that it is a maximum, as this then reduces "ridging" in the steam cylinders and
pump barrels. Suction and delivery valves must be kept in good condition by regular attention.
Rotary Pumps - Centrifugal and other types of rotary pumps usually depend on the
maintenance of fine clearances for their successful operation. Attention must be given to see
that the correct clearances are maintained. It must also be remembered that fine clearances
are often destroyed through fitting joints of too thick material. The glands of rotary pumps are
also important. In many cases, the gland is arranged on the suction side of the pump, and
sealing connections are fitted. Again, if the pump efficiency is to be maintained, care and
attention must be given to this part. After an overhaul of rotary pumps, the shaft alignment
between the prime mover and the pumps must be maintained, failure to maintain this
alignment leads to gland trouble and excessive wear on shafts, and this is of particular
importance to pumps fitted with gland seals.
References
CBT, AV4 – Pumps and Pumping Equipment,
T1 – Benneth, Sean. (2015). Modern diesel technology: diesel engine. 2nd Ed. Australia:
Cengage Learning
R6 – Barlett Tim. (2011) Diesel engine. 4th ed. London: Adlard Coles Nautical
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z
Online Sources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_NY8krO0eA
Displacement, Axial flow, and Centrifugal Pumps for Ship Use.
http://www.machineryspaces.com/pumps.html

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Checkpoint

_____________1. A positive displacement pump is a type of pump that is usually the motor
driver through a chair or wheel drive.
_____________2. Screw displacement pump is used in large quantities of water at a low head
suction like in circulating condenser
_____________3. Rotary displacement pump that works by means of rotating parts that trap
the liquid at the suction ride force it through the discharged side.
_____________4. Centrifugal pump where the principal part is the casing, gear driver, and
follower.
_____________5. Axial flow pump pumps in which one or two chambers are filled and
emptied.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Write your answer in the space provided below.
Explain the reason why we need to prime the centrifugal pump.

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Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. Which type of pump is usually a motor driver through a chair or wheel drive?
a. Axial flow pump c. Positive displacement pump
b. Centrifugal pump d. Rotary displacement pump
2. Which type of pump is used in large quantities of water at a low head suction like in a
circulating condenser?
3. Which type of consist essentially a stationary pump casing and impeller on a rotating
shaft?
4. Which type of pump that works using rotating parts that trap the liquid at the suction
ride force it through the discharged side?
5. What type of pump where the principal part is the casing, gear driver, and follower?
a. By opening the vent cock C. Prime the pump before starting
b. Gear pump D. Screw displacement pump
6. Which type of pump is quiet and reliable, suited to pumping all fluid and oil?
7. How to bleed air from the discharge side of a centrifugal pump?
8. What is necessary to do if no positive head suction at the inlet of a centrifugal pump?
9. Which pump is used for priming?
a. Ballast pumping system C. Ejector
b. Bilge system D. Sea water
10. Which of the following is NOT a positive displacement pump?
a. Reciprocating C. gear
b. Screw D. centrifugal

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LESSON 8
Learning Module 8: Deck Machinery (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
CO3: Determine the effective use of pumps and pumping system to various deck
operations
Learning Outcomes:
1. State that the design performance of anchor windlass is subject to approval by a

classification society.
2. Sketch and describes a windlass driving to the clutch cable lifters and warping
drums
3. Describe the arrangement of the vertical anchor capstan with driving machinery
below deck and the spooling device to distribute the wire evenly on the drum of a
mooring winch.
4. Explain the working of self-tensioning winches and briefly explains the advantages/
disadvantages of the steam, electric, and hydraulic drive for mooring winches and
capstans.
5. Describe a cargo winch, and sketch and describe a slewing deck crane, its motors,
and its control and describe the lubrication of deck machinery.
Overview
The various items of machinery and equipment found outside of the machinery space
of modern cargo ship. These include deck machinery such as mooring equipment, anchor
handling equipment, cargo handling equipment, and hatch covers. Other items include
lifeboats and liferafts, emergency equipment, watertight doors, stabilizers, and bow thrusters.

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The operations of mooring, cargo handling, and anchor handling all involve controlled
pulls or lifts using chain cables, wire, or hemp ropes. The driving force and control
arrangements adopted will influence the operations. Several methods are currently in use, and
these will be examined before considering the associated equipment. Three forms of power are
currently in use: steam, hydraulic, and electric. Each got its advantages and disadvantages for
particular duties or locations.
Steam-powered deck machinery - With a steam powering and control system, the
steam pipelines are run along the deck to the various machines. Steam is admitted first to a
directional valve and then to the steam admission valve. Double-acting steam engines, usually
with two cylinders, are used to drive the machinery. Additional back pressure valves are used
with mooring winches to control tension when the machine is stalled or brought to a stop by
the load. Arrangements must also be made, often associated with the back pressure valve, to
counteract the fluctuations in main steam line pressure as a result of other users of steam.
Hydraulic systems - The open-loop circuit takes oil from the tank and pumps it into the
hydraulic motor. A control valve is positioned in parallel with the motor. When it is open, the
motor is stationary; when it is throttled or closed, the motor will operate. The exhaust oil
returns to the tank. This method can provide step-less control, i.e., smooth changes in motor
speed. The live-line circuit, on the contrary, maintains a high pressure from which the control
valve draws pressurized oil to the hydraulic motor (in series with it), as and when required. In
the closed-loop circuit, the exhaust oil is returned directly to the pump suction. Since the oil
does not enter an open tank, the system is considered closed.
Electrical operation - Early installations used d.c. supply with resistances in series to
provide speed control. This inefficient power-wasting method was one possibility with d.c., but
a better method was the use of Ward Leonard's control. The high cost of all the equipment
involved in Ward Leonard control and its maintenance is, however, a considerable
disadvantage. Machines operated on an a.c. supply requires a means of speed control with
either pole-changing or slip-ring motors being used. Slip-ring motors require low starting
currents but waste power at less than full speed and require regular maintenance. Pole-
changing motors are of squirrel cage construction, providing for perhaps three different
speeds. They require large starting currents, although maintenance is negligible.

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Discussion
8. Key Concept
Anchor Handling: The efficient working of the anchor windlass is essential to the safety of
the ship. An anchor windlass can expect to fulfill the following:
1. The windlass cable lifter brakes must be able to control the running anchor and cable
when the cable lifter is disconnected from the gearing when letting go'. Average cable
speeds vary between 5 and 7 m/s during this operation.
2. The windlass must be able to heave a certain weight of cable at a specified speed. This
full load duty of the windlass varies and may be as high as 70 tonnes; figures between
20 and 40 tonnes are not unusual. Commonly the load is between 4 and 6 times the
weight of one anchor. The speed of haul is at least 9m/min and up to 15 m/min.
3. The braking effort obtained at the cable lifter must be at least equal to 40% of the
breaking strength of the cable.
Most anchor handling equipment incorporates warp ends for mooring purposes, and
light line speeds of up to 0.75 to 1.0 m/s are required. The conventional types of equipment in
use are as follows.
Mooring Windlasses
This equipment is self-contained, and normally one electric or hydraulic motor drives
two cable lifters, and two warp ends. The latter may not be declutchable and so will rotate
when the cable lifters are engaged. There is some variation in the detailed design of cable
lifters and their drives.
Due to the low speed of rotation required of the cable lifter while heaving anchor (3—5
rev/min), a high gear reduction is needed when the windlass is driven by a high-speed electric
or hydraulic motor. This is generally obtained by using a high ratio worm gear followed by a
single step of spur gears between the warped shaft and cable lifters. Alternatively, multi-steps
of spur gear are used.

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Anchor Capstans
With this type of equipment, the driving machinery is situated below the deck, and the
cable lifters are mounted horizontally, being driven by vertical shafts. In this example, a
capstan barrel is shown mounted above the cable lifter (not shown). However, with larger
equipment (above 76 mm dia. cable), it is usual to have only the cable lifter, the capstan barrel
being mounted on a separate shaft.
Winch Windlasses
This arrangement utilizes a forward mooring winch to drive a windlass unit, thus
reducing the number of prime movers required. The port and starboard units are normally
interconnected, both mechanically and for power, to provide a stand-by drive and to utilize the
power of both winches on the windlass should this be required.
Control of Windlasses
As windlasses are required for intermittent duty only, gearing is designed with an
adequate margin on strength rather than on wear.
Slipping clutches may be fitted between the drive motors and the gearing to avoid the
transmission of inertia in the event of shock loading on the cable when, for example, the
anchor is being housed.
Windlasses are normally controlled from a local position, the operator manually
applying the cable lifter brake as required to control the speed of the running cable, and while
heaving anchor, the operator is positioned at the windlass or the shipside so that he can see
the anchor for housing purposes.
It is quite feasible, however, to control all the functions of the windlass from a remote
position. The spring-applied cable lifter brakes are hydraulically released, and to aid the
operator, the running cable speed and the length paid out are indicated at the remote position
during letting go. The cable lifter can also be engaged from the remote position so that the
anchor can be veered out to the waterline before letting go or heaved in as required.
The windlass is in the most vulnerable position so far as exposure to the elements is
concerned, and maintenance demands should be an absolute minimum. Normally primary
gearing is enclosed and splash lubricated. Maintenance is limited to pressure grease points for
gunmetal sleeve bearings. However, due to the large size of the final of the bevel or spur
reduction gears, and the clutching arrangements required, these gears are often of the open
type and are lubricated with open gear compounds.

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References
R6 – Barlett Tim. (2011) Diesel engine. 4th ed. London: Adlard Coles Nautical pp.50-51,
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press.pp.400-407,
R12 – Block, Heins P., Murari P. Singh. (2009) steam turbines: design, applications, and re-
rating. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Companies Inc. pp.16-20
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: technicians and engineers guide. 2nd
ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann pp.148-149,
Online Sources
Deck Machinery for Cargo Ships. http://machineryspaces.com/deck-machineries.html
Handling deck machinery- Anchor windlasses, Anchor capstan ....

http://www.generalcargoship.com/deck-machinery-anchor-windlass.html

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Checkpoint

___________1. Steam power is used to engaged or disengaged the mooring drums and the
cable lifter separately.
___________2. A Close-loop circuit system is used in some installation that the cable lifter
rotates about a vertical exist.
___________3. Mooring drum is used for paying out or letting go of mooring wires and warp
end.
___________4. Anchor capstan is a type of machinery used to lift and lower a load using a
fixed rope and barrel.
___________5. The windlass is used on deck machinery and widely used on tanker or prevent
of no fire or explosion risk.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Instructions: Discuss briefly in five (5) to ten(10) sentences. Do not copy word for word the
your answer in the space provided below.
Describe the arrangement of the vertical anchor capstan with driving machinery below
deck and the spooling device to distribute the wire evenly on the drum of a mooring
winch.

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Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. Which anchor handling device where one machine may be used to handle both
anchors?
a. Anchor capstan c. Oil content meter
b. By means of a clutch d. Windlass
2. Which of the following is used to engaged or disengaged the mooring drums and the
cable lifter separately?
b. By means of clutch d. Windlass
3. Which one is used in some installation that the cable lifter rotates about a vertical
exist?
b. By means of clutch d. Windlass
4. Which one is used for paying out or letting go of mooring wires and warp end?
a. Automatic self-tensioning unit
b. Cable lifter unit
c. Mooring drum
d. Steam power
5. Which one is located at the deck with driving machinery that is found on the deck
below?
c. Mooring drum
d. Steam power
6. Which type of machinery is used to lift and lower a load using a fixed rope and barrel?
a. Deck winch
b. Control valve
c. Thrive-line circuit system
d. Close-loop circuit system

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7. Which form of power is used on deck machinery that is widely used on tanker or
prevent of no fire or explosion risk?
c. Moring drum
d. Steam power
8. Which unit in modern mooring winches that control the tensioning or slackening of
wires due to the flow of tides or change in drought during cargo operation?
c. Moring drum
d. Steam power
9. Which type of oil used on deck machinery?
a. Cylinder lube oil
b. Generator lube oil
c. Hydraulic lube oil
d. Engine lube oil
10. Which hydraulic control system employs a transmitter, receiver, pipes, and charging
unit?
a. Hydraulic type steering c. Pneumatic control
b. Rotary valve gear d. Telemotor

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LESSON 9
Learning Module 9: Steering Gear (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
CO4: Explain the operating principles of hydraulic winches, windlass, and steering gear
as used in deck operations
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe ram-type hydraulic steering gear, rotary-vane steering gear.

2. Explain how variable-delivery pumps provide hydraulic power
3. Describe the IMO requirements for auxiliary steering gear and how they are met by
ram-type and rotary-vane steering gear and a telemotor control system.
4. Describe electric steering control.
5. Explain how the change from remote to local control in the steering-gear
6. Describe the requirement for power supplies to the electric and electro-hydraulic
steering gear, the requirements for emergency control of the steering gear, and state
the IMO requirements for testing steering gear and drills.
Overview
We are all familiar with the use of a rudder, which helps in turning a ship as and when
required. Rudders are the principal system for the entire motion and control of the ships. But
we mustn’t forget that the entire rudder action is dependent on another pivotal system called
the Steering Gear. Steering Gear integrated with the rudder system defines the complete
‘turning mechanism’ mandatory for every ship irrespective of size, type, and operation. The

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steering gear system has been an indispensable part of the ship’s machinery since the advent
of the very early ships, which were operated by hand.
Steering Gear System In Ship
• The efficiency of the performance of steering gear depends on some main aspects.
These basic requirements to be invariably met by all steering gears are guided by rules
set by classification societies. They can be briefly outlined as:
• As per standard requirements, the steering gear should be capable of steering the ship
from 35 degrees port to 35 degrees starboard and vice-versa with the vessel plying
forwards at a steady head-on speed for maximum continuous rated shaft rpm. and
summer load waterline within a time frame of maximum 28 seconds
• With one of the power units inoperative, the rudder shall be capable of turning 15
degrees port to 15 degrees starboard (and vice-versa) within a time frame of 1 minute
with the vessel moving at half its rated maximum speed of 7 knots (whichever is
greater) at summer load line
• The major power units and the control systems are to be duplicated so that if one of
them fails, the other can easily substitute for them as standby
• Emergency Power Supply: The steering gear system is to be provided with the
additional power unit (hydraulic pump, etc.) connected to the emergency power supply
from the Emergency Generator, which shall be capable of turning the rudder from 15
degrees from one side to another side within 60 seconds with the vessel moving at a
maximum service speed or 7 knots, whichever is greater.

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Discussion
9. Key Concept
The machinery, rudder actuators, steering gear power units, and the means of applying
torque to the rudder stock necessary for effecting movements of the rudder. Two types of
electrohydraulically-powered steering gears are in common use: the ram and the rotary vane.
Auxiliary steering gear – The equipment other than any part of the main steering gear
necessary to steer the ship in the event of failure of the main steering gear but not including
the tiller, quadrant, or components are serving the same purpose, (acc. to SOLAS).
Main steering gear – The machinery, rudder actuators, steering gear power units, if any,
and ancillary equipment and the means of applying torque to the rudder stock (e.g., tiller or
quadrant) necessary for effecting movement of the rudder to steer the ship under normal
service conditions, (acc. to SOLAS).
Ram-type electrohydraulic steering gear – A ram-type electrohydraulic steering gear

consists of two or four hydraulic rams connected by a link mechanism or a Rapson slide
mechanism to the tiller, which turns the rudder. A link mechanism transfers the ram movement
to the tiller and imparts maximum torque at 35° of rudder movement. The Rapson slide
mechanism consists of a block or a sleeve, pivoted to the ram and guided by a crosshead, and
arranged to slide on the tiller arm so that the moment arm increases as the rudder angle
increases. The rams are moved by hydraulic fluid supplied under pressure by one or two
pumps. Usually, two independent pumping units are provided. They are connected so that
either may be used to operate the gear, thus eliminating the classification society rule
requirement for the auxiliary steering gear.
Rotary vane steering gear – The rotary vane system works by introducing pressure into
compartments formed between a stator fixed to the ship's structure and a rotor attached to
the rudder stock. There are two or three vanes on the rotor and an equal number on the stator
to form the compartments. When steering effort is required, the pressure is increased in the
appropriate compartments. The pressure reacts against the fixed vanes and pushes the rotor
(and the rudder stock) in the required direction.

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To increase the available torque, the diameter of the unit is enlarged, although it is
generally smaller than an equivalent ram-type arrangement. Hydraulic pressures are also lower
as the working area is larger than the total of the rams on the ram-type gear. Another
advantage is the degree of rudder movement: that is up to 65° for the Porsgrunn system and
up to 45° for Ulstein's Frydenbo. With ram operated gear, the maximum degree of rudder
movement is limited by the stroke of the cylinders and the scope of the slider mechanism. One
potential disadvantage of the rotary vane system is that it is a fault inside the unit, all steering
can be lost, and specialist repair is needed. With ram-type gear for larger vessels, there are
four single-acting cylinders, so if one ram fails, then the steering is not disabled. The working
parts are also accessible in the event of a necessary repair, and the rams are relatively simple
to replace if a spare is carried.
References
AV3 – Steering gear, AV4 – Pumps and Pumping Equipment CBT Audio Visual 3&4,
knowledge for marine engineers. London: Adlard Coles Nautical pp.181-202,
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press. pp.286-312,
R14 – Mcgeorge, Hd. (2008). Marine auxiliary machinery. 7th ed. Amsterdam Elsevier
Ltd.pp.131-144,
Online Sources
Steering gear - Encyclopedia. https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/steering-gear
Understanding Steering Gear in Ships - investinthefuture.gr.

https://www.investinthefuture.gr/blog/article/Understanding-Steering-Gear-in-Ships

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Checkpoint
Activity 1.Fill in the Blanks.

Directions: Supply the missing word or words to complete the meaning of the statement. Write
your answer in the space provided in each number.
1. ____________ is the alternative ways in the event of total failure of the telemotor systems.
2. ____________ is used if the electrical witch is off, and a small hand wheel is connected to
the screw shaft.
3. ____________ is commonly used in modern installation of steering gear that uses a small
control unit.
4. As implemented by the international regulation, the number of bows before departures that
the steering gear must be checked and tested is ____________
5. ____________ is required in the hydraulic system, which can immediately pump fluid to
provide a hydraulic force that moves the rudder.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Write your answer in the space provided below:
Explain how hydraulic power is provided by variable-delivery pumps.

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Assessment
Test 1. Modified True or False

___________1. The variable delivery oil pressure pump is the alternative way in the event of
total failure of the telemotor systems.
___________2. The emergency steering system is used if the electrical witch is off, and a
small hand wheel is connected to the screw shaft.
___________3. The emergency steering system is commonly used in the modern installation
of steering gear that uses a small control unit.
___________4. As implemented by international regulation, the number of bows before
departures that the steering gear must be checked and tested is 12 hours
before departure
___________5. An electrical remote control system is required in the hydraulic system, which
can immediately pump fluid to provide a hydraulic force that moves the
rudder.

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LESSON 10
Learning Module 10: Hydraulic System (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
CO4: Explain the operating principles of hydraulic winches, windlass, and steering gear
as used in deck operations
Learning Outcomes:
1. Distinguish between open and closed-loop systems

2. Describe a live-line circuit supplied by a centralized hydraulic power system.
3. Describe the radial-piston and axial-piston variable-stroke pump and explain how
the variable-stroke pump acts as a controller and power supply.
4. Sketch and describes a simple spool valve with shutoff and control of the flow of
direction and describe ram and rotary-vane actuators.
5. Describe a hydraulic accumulator and explain each purpose
Overview
A hydraulic system is a drive technology where a fluid is used to move the energy from,
e.g., an electric motor to an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder. The fluid is theoretically
uncompressible, and the fluid path can be flexible in the same way as an electric cable.
Hydraulic systems are mainly used where a high power density is needed, or load
requirements change rapidly.
With a variety of applications, hydraulic systems are used in all kinds of large and small
industrial settings, as well as buildings, construction equipment, and vehicles. Paper mills,
logging, manufacturing, robotics, and steel processing are leading users of hydraulic
equipment. As an efficient and cost-effective way to create movement or repetition, hydraulic
system-based equipment is hard to top. It’s likely your company has hydraulics in use in one or

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more applications for these reasons. We’ll provide more information about hydraulic systems in
this article, including covering the definition and basic designs and components.
The purpose of a specific hydraulic system may vary, but all hydraulic systems work
through the same basic concept. Defined simply, hydraulic systems function and perform tasks
by using pressurized fluid. Another way to put this is the pressurized fluid makes things work.
The power of liquid fuel in hydraulics is significant, and as a result, hydraulic are commonly
used in heavy equipment. In a hydraulic system, pressure, applied to a contained fluid at any
point, is transmitted undiminished. That pressurized fluid acts upon every part of the section of
a containing vessel and creates force or power. Due to the use of this force, and depending on
how it’s applied, operators can lift heavy loads, and precise, repetitive tasks can be easily
done. Marvelously versatile, hydraulic systems are dynamic, yet relatively straightforward in
how they work.
Discussion
10. Key Concept
A hydraulic drive system is a quasi-hydrostatic drive or transmission system that uses

pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery. The term hydrostatic refers to the
transfer of energy from pressure differences, not from the kinetic energy of the flow. A
hydraulic drive system consists of three parts: The generator (e.g., a hydraulic pump), driven
by an electric motor or a combustion engine or a windmill; valves, filters, piping, etc. (to guide
and control the system); and the actuator (e.g., a hydraulic motor or hydraulic cylinder) to
drive the machinery.
The open-loop circuit takes oil from the tank and pumps it into the hydraulic motor. A
control valve is positioned in parallel with the motor. When it is open, the motor is stationary;
when it is throttled or closed, the motor will operate. The exhaust oil returns to the tank. This
method can provide step-less control, i.e. smooth changes in motor speed. The live-line circuit,

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on the contrary, maintains a high pressure from which the control valve draws pressurized oil
to the hydraulic motor (in series with it), as and when required.
In the closed-loop circuit, the exhaust oil is returned directly to the pump suction. Since
the oil does not enter an open tank, the system is considered closed.
Low-pressure systems use the open-loop circuit and are simple in design as well as
reliable. The equipment is, however, large, inefficient in operation, and overheats after
prolonged use.
Medium-pressure systems are favored for marine applications, using either the open or
closed circuit. Smaller installations are of the open-loop type. Where considerable amounts of
hydraulic machinery are fitted the live-circuit, supplied by a centralized hydraulic power
system, would be most economical.
Open Loop Control System

In the open-loop control system, the output does not affect the control action of the
system. In other words, the system whose working depends on time is known as the open-
loop control system. The open-loop system is free from the feedback. Let’s understand this
with the help of a few examples. The open-loop system is simple, requires less maintenance.
Also, it is fast in operation and very economical. But the accuracy of the system is less, and it
is less reliable.
Closed-Loop Control System

The closed-loop control system means the output of the system depends on their input.
The system has one or more feedback loops between its output and input. The closed-loop
system design in such a way that they automatically provide the desired output by comparing
it with the actual input. The closed-loop system generates the error signal which is the
difference between the input and output. The closed-loop system is more reliable and
accurate. But this system is very expensive and requires high maintenance.
Key Differences between Open Loop and Closed Loop System
• The open-loop system means the output of the system is free from their input. In the
closed-loop system, the desired output depends on their input.
• The open-loop system is called the non-feedback system while the closed-loop is the
feedback system.
• The control and controlled process are the two components of the open-loop system.
The closed-loop requires some components like an amplifier, controller, controlled
process, feedback system, etc.
• The construction of systems is easy because few elements are used in the system. The
construction of the closed-loop system is quite difficult.
• The open-loop system is not reliable whereas the closed-loop system is reliable.

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A radial piston pump is a form of the hydraulic pump. The working pistons extend in a
radial direction symmetrically around the drive shaft, in contrast to the axial piston pump.
When filling the workspace of the pumping pistons from "inside" (e.g., over a hollow shaft) it is
called an inside impinged (but outside braced) radial piston pump. If the workspace is filled
from "outside" it's called an outside impinged radial piston pump (but inside braced).
An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump that has several pistons in a
circular array within a cylinder block. It can be used as a stand-alone pump, a hydraulic motor,
or an automotive air conditioning compressor. An axial piston pump has several pistons
(usually an odd number) arranged in a circular array within a housing which is commonly
referred to as a cylinder block, rotor, or barrel. This cylinder block is driven to rotate about its
axis of symmetry by an integral shaft that is, more or less, aligned with the pumping pistons
(usually parallel but not necessarily).
References
AV2 – Marine Diesel Engine Maintenance, AV3 – Steering gear, AV4 – Pumps and Pumping
Equipment, AV5 – LCAP ALFA Lava Separator, AV6 – Marine Lubricants,
R4 – Uman, Stephen D. (2014). Fitzgerald & Kingsley’s Electric machinery, 7th ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill
R12 – Block, Heins P., Murari P. Singh. (2009) steam turbines: design, applications and re-
rating. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Companies Inc.
R16 – Jackson, Leslie. (2006). Reeds general engineering knowledge for marine engineers.
London: Adlard Coles Nautical
Online Sources
Deck Machineries for Cargo Ships. http://machineryspaces.com/deck-machineries.html
Difference Between Open Loop & Closed Loop System (with ....
https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-open-loop-and-closed-loop-system.html
What Is a Hydraulic System? Definition, Design, and ....

https://www.convergencetraining.com/blog/what-is-a-hydraulic-system-definition-design-and-
components
What is the Hydraulic System?What is the Hydraulic .... https://www.fuchun-

casting.com/What-is-the-Hydraulic-System-What-is-the-Hydraulic-Cylinder-id6630176.html

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Checkpoint
1. Five components of the hydraulic system. Write in any order.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Describe the working principles of the hydraulic accumulator.

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Assessment
Modified True or False

__________1. A hydraulic system is the most important thing to do in a hydraulic system that
the oil remains clear.
__________2. Bypass, a valve is the purpose of seawater or freshwater that is passing through
the condenser system.
__________3. An automatic close hoop system is a hydraulic activator that is normally stored
but can be opened on a two cylinder gear to enable emergency steering to be
used.
__________4. Variable delivery pump, Radial cylinder pump, & Swash plate type pump are the
three types of pumps used to obtain the displacement of fluid and produce
movement of rudder.
__________5. A hydraulic system is a typical control device if the elements are directly
connected to one another and the control action takes place.

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LESSON 11
Learning Module 11: Auxiliary Steam Systems (4 hours)
Competence, Course Outcomes and Learning Outcomes
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
CO5: Sketch a general arrangement plan of the engine room showing the basic
elements, machinery, and equipment needed for efficient operation
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the effect of dissolved salts in the feed water and how it is treated,
2. Explain what is meant by ‘priming’
3. State that carry-over of water may cause serious damage to turbine blading and
steam cylinders
Overview
Auxiliary steam systems supply steam at the pressures and temperatures required to
cooperate with many systems and machinery, both inside and outside engineering spaces.
As discussed previously, auxiliary steam is often called saturated steam or desuperheated
steam.
Many steam systems and machinery receive their steam supply from auxiliary steam
systems on most steam-driven ships. Some typical examples are constant and intermittent
service steam systems, steam smothering systems, ships' whistles, air ejectors, forced draft
blowers, and a wide variety of pumps. Some newer ships use main steam instead of
auxiliary steam for the forced draft blowers and some pumps. Aboard some ships, turbine
gland sealing systems receive their steam supply from an auxiliary steam system. Other

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ships may receive their supply from the auxiliary exhaust system. Gland sealing steam is
supplied to the shaft glands of propulsion and generator turbines to seal the shaft glands
against leakage. This leakage includes air leaking into the turbine casings and steam
leaking out of the turbine casings. More use of electrically driven (rather than turbine-
driven) auxiliaries has simplified auxiliary steam systems on newer ships.
Discussion
11. Key Concept
Boiler water treatment is used to

control alkalinity, prevent scaling, correct pH,
and to control conductivity. The boiler water
needs to be alkaline and not acidic so that it
does not ruin the tubes. There can be too
much conductivity in the feed water when
there are too many dissolved solids. These
correct treatments can be controlled by an
efficient operator and the use of treatment
chemicals. The main objectives to treat and
condition boiler water are to exchange heat
without scaling, protect against scaling, and
produce high-quality steam.
Carryover also known as priming is any solid, liquid or vaporous contaminant that
leaves a boiler with the steam. In low/medium pressure boilers (<100 bar) entrained boiler
water is the most common cause of steam contamination.
Both mechanical factors such as boiler design, high water levels, load characteristics,
and chemical factors such as high solids concentration, excessive alkalinity, presence of
contaminants contribute to the creation of carryover. Deposition in superheaters can lead to
failure due to overheating and corrosion. Steam turbines are potentially prone to damage by
carryover as deposits on turbine blades create imbalance reducing efficiency and capacity.
Solid particles in steam can lead to erosion and corrosion in both turbines and other
equipment.

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References
AV14 – Auxiliary Boiler Plant

AV15 – Fresh Water Generator
CBT
R15 – Laurilla, Mark Philip. (20018). Marine engineering for deck officers. Sta. Ana Manila:
Accord Printing Press
R11 – Woodward, Dong (2009). Pounder’s marine diesel engine and gas turbine. 9th ed.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.
Online Sources
http://www.machineryspaces.com/boiler-feedwater.html
https://www.lenntech.com/applications/process/boiler/foaming-priming.htm
AUXILIARY STEAM SYSTEM - tpub.com. http://www.tpub.com/fireman/32.htm
What is Boiler Carryover - Causes, Effects and Prevention. https://feedwater.co.uk/boiler-

carryover-cause-effect-prevention/
Checkpoint
__________1. It supplies steam at the pressures and temperatures required by many systems
and machinery.
__________2. The other name for saturated steam or desuperheated steam.
__________3. This system receives the steam supply from an auxiliary steam system.
__________4. It supplies steam to the shaft glands of propulsion and generator turbines to
seal the shaft glands against leakage.
__________5.It is used to control alkalinity, prevent scaling, correct pH, and to control
conductivity.

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Do this
Activity 2. Research Work
may use your online resources in doing this research.
1. Describe the effect of dissolved salts in the feed water and how it is treated
2. Explain what is meant by ‘priming’
3. Discuss the effect of carry-over of water on turbine blades and steam cylinders.

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Assessment
Essay
Write your answer in the space provided after each number.
1. What are the causes of serious damage of turbine blade?
2. How to treat the salt in the feed water of a boiler?
3. What are the necessary actions if the pump become air bound and fail to pick up
suction?

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LESSON 12
Learning Module 12: Distillation and Freshwater Systems (4

hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
elements, machinery and equipment needed for efficient operation
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the distillation system,

2. Explain the operation of a flash evaporator
3. Describe the treatment of freshwater intended for drinking and domestic water system.
Overview
A unit is used for the conversion of seawater into freshwater by vacuum distillation based
on evaporation and condensation. The single-stage freshwater generator consists of a chamber
with two titanium plate packs acting as an evaporator and a condenser respectively. A vacuum
of 85-95% is maintained in the system by a brine/air ejector. Seawater evaporates at a
temperature of approximately 40°C due to the vacuum condition as it passes between the
plates of evaporator heated by hot freshwater from the engine jacket cooling system, or by

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steam. Generators can be equipped with disinfection units (Chlorination, UV-radiation, and
Silver ionization), pH-adjustment, and rehardening filters.
Although freshwater is distilled from poor seawater, the amount of impurities is very small,
does not meet the needs of the human body but is very good for machinery (such as cooling
for machinery, equipment used for boilers), it is less corrosive or deposits on the cooling
surface. Distilled water is often used for crew activities (bathing, washing). To ensure the
health for crew members, in addition to freshwater systems, onboard the ship is also equipped
with drinking water systems (drinking water) to provide drinking water and cooking. If this
amount of fresh water must be purchased from the port, it will be costly for the shipowner and
especially not to be able to take advantage of the freshwater on the vessel when operating
along the route or buying freshwater of poor quality. To overcome this problem, on the large
vessels, the international route owners have all equipped freshwater distillation equipment to
take advantage of waste heat from the main diesel engine. Freshwater is created according to
the principle of evaporation and condensation of seawater at temperature and pressure. The
capacity of freshwater distillation equipment is installed depending on the tonnage of the
vessel and the number of crew members working onboard or in other words the demand for
freshwater on board.
Discussion
12. Key Concept

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Distillation is the production of pure water from seawater using evaporating and re-
condensing. Distillation systems separate sample components through heating and cooling
cycles. The purification process can be operated in manual or automatic methods based on
user preference. Applying a constant temperature through electrical or gas heat sources makes
boiling liquids evaporate. Upon escaping the original container, the vapor is cooled in a
condenser piece and drips into a new container. Repeating this common sample preparation
method multiple times, the distillation systems guarantee better partition between individual
mixture parts for more accurate analyses.
Flash vaporization occurs because at the reduced pressure the boiling point of the liquid
becomes equal to or less than that of its actual temperature. For the vapors to form, latent
heat is required, which is extracted from the remaining liquid. So subsequently the
temperature of the liquid falls below its boiling point at that pressure. That is the reason why
the entire liquid doesn't evaporate.
Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate treatment
to remove disease-causing agents. Public drinking water systems use various methods of water
treatment to provide safe drinking water for their communities. Water may be treated
differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water that enters the
treatment plant. Typically, surface water requires more treatment and filtration than
groundwater because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more sediment and pollutants and are
more likely to be contaminated than groundwater.
References
AV15– Fresh Water Generator
A1-15, A2,A3,A4,A5
T2 – Russel, Paul A., Leslie Jackson and Thomas Morton (2013). General engineering
knowledge for marine engineer’s. London: Adlard Coles Nautical
R6 – Barlett Tim. (2011) diesel engine. 4th ed. London:Adlard Coles Nautical
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: a technicians and engineers guide. 2nd
ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
Online Sources
Freshwater generator, freshwater distiller.

https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/freshwater-generator-freshwater-distiller
Water Treatment | Public Water Systems | Drinking Water ....

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_treatment.html

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Checkpoint
Activity 1
Fill in the Blanks.
Instruction: Supply the missing word or words to complete the meaning of the statement.
Write your answer in the space provided in each number.
1. _____________ is to treat the drinking water in the distillation plant that is safe to drink.
2. _____________ & _____________ are the two processes of evaporating sea water.
3. _____________ is the production of pure water from sea water by means of evaporating
and recondensing
4. _____________ at a temperature of approximately 40°C due to the vacuum condition as it
passes between the plates of evaporator heated by hot fresh water from the engine
_____________.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
uour answer in the space provided below.
Describe the treatment of fresh water intended for drinking and domestic water system.

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Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. What type of sewage treatment plant which is a storage tanker that collects solid waste for
disposal in permitted area?
a. Bilge water separator
b. Biological sewage treatment plant
c. Chemical sewage treatment plant
d. Incinerator
2. What type of sewage treatment plant that treats the sewage so that it is acceptable for
discharge in shore?
d. Incinerator
3. What equipment installed on-board the ship used for burning sludge oil or waste oil?
d. Incinerator
4. What equipment used to control discharging of bilge water into the sea?
d. Incinerator
5. How many ppm is allowed to discharge oily bilge water to the sea?
a. 10 ppm
b. 15 ppm
c. 20 ppm
d. 25 ppm
6. What equipment used to control the amount of oil discharge to the sea?
a. Anchor capstans
b. By means of clutch
c. Oil content meter
d. Windlass

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7. What is a usual anchor handling device where one machine may be used to handle both
anchor?
a. Anchor capstan
d. Windlass
8. How to engaged or disengaged separately the mooring drums and the cable lifter
a. Anchor capstan
c. Oil content mete
d. Windlass
9. It is used in some installation where the cable lifter rotates about a vertical exist.
a. Anchor capstan
d. Windlass
10. It is used for paying out or letting go of mooring wires and wamp end.
c. Mooring drum
d. Steam power

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LESSON 13
Learning Module 13: Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and

Ventilation (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe a vapor-compression cycle refrigeration plant

2. State desirable properties of a refrigerant, the properties of commonly used refrigerant
3. Describe the use of secondary refrigerants for cooling compartments and explain the
co-efficient of performance of a refrigeration plant and describe an air conditioning
plant
Overview
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and
vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor
air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the
principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes
added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR
(as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single-family homes,

apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office

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buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and
submarines, and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are
regulated concerning temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
Ventilating or ventilation (the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air
in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon
dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the
interior air.
Discussion
13. Key Concept
Vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs

and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere.
Figure 1 depicts a typical, single-stage vapor-compression system. All such systems have four
components: a compressor, a condenser, a thermal expansion valve (also called a throttle
valve or metering device), and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in
the thermodynamic state known as a saturated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure,
resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the
thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at
which it can be condensed with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or
tubes.

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The ideal working fluid or often called refrigerant would have favorable thermodynamic
properties, non-explosive, be noncorrosive to mechanical components, and be safe, including
freedom from toxicity and flammability. It would not cause ozone depletion or climate change.
Since different fluids have the desired traits to a different degree, the choice is a matter of
trade-offs.
High-temperature applications such as air conditioning use chilled water as the

secondary refrigerant while low-temperature applications use brines, glycols, and oils. Large
refrigeration plants often use secondary refrigerants to transport the cooling capacity from the
plant room to the point of use.
References
R17 – Parr, Andrew (1998). Hydraulics & pneumatics: a technicians and engineers guide.
Online Sources
Vapor Chiller – KRC Total Solutions. https://krctotalsolutions.com/pk/solutions/hvac/hvac-

chiller/vapor-chiller/

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Supply the missing word or words to complete the meaning of the statement.
1. ____________ is a refrigerant property is still employed but requires special ventilation.
2. ____________ is a refrigerant that is now banned for shipboard use due to its explosive
property.
3. ____________ is the most expensive refrigerant.
4. ____________ is the most common refrigerant nowadays.
5. ____________, ____________, ____________ & ____________ are the properties of a
refrigerant.
6. ____________ is the purpose of seawater or and freshwater that passes through the
condenser system in simple vapor compression cycle.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Describe a vapor-compression cycle refrigeration plant

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Assessment
Test 1: Modified True or False

your answer in the space before each number.
___________1. Methyl Chloride is a refrigerant property is still employed but requires special
ventilation.
___________2. Ammonia is a refrigerant that is now banned for shipboard use due to its
explosive property.
___________3. Refrigerant 22 is the most expensive refrigerant.
___________4. Refrigerant 502 is the most common refrigerant now a days.
___________5. For cooling is the purpose of seawater or and freshwater that passes through
the condenser system in simple vapor compression cycle.
Test II. Enumeration
Directions: Enumerate what is asked below. Write your answer in the space provided below.
a. Enumerate the Four properties of a refrigerant.

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LESSON 14
Learning Module 14: Stabilizers (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the construction and operation of fin stabilizers, the arrangement and
operation of a flume stabilizer,
Overview
Ship stabilizers (or stabilizers) are fins or rotors mounted beneath the waterline and
emerging laterally from the hull to reduce a ship's roll due to wind or waves. Active fins are
controlled by a gyroscopic control system. When the gyroscope senses the ship roll, it changes
the fins' angle of attack to exert force to counteract the roll. Fixed fins and bilge keels do not
move; they reduce roll by hydrodynamic drag exerted when the ship rolls. Stabilizers are
mostly used on ocean-going ships. Fins work by producing lift or downforce when the vessel is
in motion. The lift produced by the fins should work against the roll moment of the vessel. To
accomplish this, two wings, each installed underwater on either side of the ship, are used.
Stabilizer movement is similar to that of aircraft ailerons. Some types of fins, especially the
ones installed on larger ships, are provided with flaps that increase the fin lift by about 15%.
Stabilizer control needs to consider numerous variables that change quickly: wind, waves, ship
motion, draft, etc. Fin stabilizers are much more efficient at higher velocities and lose
effectiveness when the ship is under a minimum speed.

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Discussion
14. Key Concept
To maintain the ship’s sane equilibrium

condition, fin stabilizers are attached to the sides of the
ship. Boat stabilizer fins are generally rectangular and
are attached in pairs on each side to provide the
necessary balance. The size of the fins depends on
various factors such as the ship’s breadth, length,
displacement, etc. However, compared to the size of
the ship, the size of the fins is relatively quite small.
Fin stabilizers are generally of retractable type,

pivoted, or mounted on a sliding mechanism in the
ship’s form. The operating system of the fin stabilizer is
similar to that of a steering gear system. The movement
of the fins occurs when a signal from the control unit is sent. A hydraulic power unit
comprising of a variable displacement pump receives the signal and provides the necessary fin
movement. However, the effectiveness of the system depends on the speed with which the
fins can operate. According to international regulations, the fins should rapidly move from one
end to the other smoothly and without any hindrances. The shape and design of the ship
should be rectangular and streamlined respectively. Moreover, most of the modern ships are
provided with movable fins to facilitate a greater restoring movement to the ship.
The sensing control of the system determines the angle of the tilt of the fins and the
resulting movement of the ship. For this, the control system of the stabilizers makes use of two
gyroscopes, one that senses the movement from the vertical and other that identifies the
rolling velocity. After assessing a ship’s roll angle, roll velocity, roll acceleration and natural list
the control system sends the signal for the right inclination angle needed for the fins.

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References
R7 – Millan, Mario (2011). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press.pp.85-89
rating. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Companies Inc.pp.22-24
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press.pp. 318-332
Online Sources
Boat Stabilizer Fin - Ship Stability Apparatus - Bright ....

https://www.brighthubengineering.com/naval-architecture/47686-types-of-ship-stabilizers-fin-
stabilizer/

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Checkpoint

1. _____________is a stabilizing system that has one or more pairs of fins are fitted on both
sides of a ship.
2. _____________ is a stabilizing system that provides a righting or anti-rolling force as the
result of the delayed flow of fluid in a suitably positioned transverse tank.
3. ______________are much more efficient at higher velocities and lose effectiveness when
the ship is under a minimum speed.
4. When the __________senses the ship roll, it changes the fins' angle of attack to exert
force to counteract the roll.
5. The _____________determines the angle of tilt of the fins and the resulting movement of
the ship
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Describe the construction and operation of fin stabilizers.

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Assessment

___________1. Hydraulic power are mostly used on ocean-going ships
___________2. Sensing control system movement is similar to that of aircraft ailerons.
___________3. Modern ships are much more efficient at higher velocities and lose
effectiveness when the ship is under a minimum speed.
___________4. Tank stabilizers stabilizing system has one or more pairs of fins are fitted on
both sides of a ship.
___________5. Boat stabilizers is a stabilizing system provides a righting or anti-rolling force
as the result of the delayed flow of fluid in a suitably positioned transverse
tank.
___________6. Stabilizer fins are generally rectangular in shape and are attached in pair on
each side to provide the necessary balance.
___________7. A Fin stabilizers unit comprising of a variable displacement pump receives the
signal and provides the necessary fin movement.
___________8. Fin stabilizers are provided with movable fins to facilitate a greater restoring
movement to the ship.
___________9. The stabilizer determines the angle of tilt of the fins and the resulting
movement of the ship
___________10. When the gyroscope senses the ship roll, it changes the fins' angle of attack
to exert force to counteract the roll.

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LESSON 15
Learning Module 15: Sewage Treatment Plant (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the operation of a chemical and biological sewage treatment plant.
Overview
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater,

containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater. Physical, chemical, and
biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or
treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the environment. A by-product of sewage
treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo
further treatment before being suitable for disposal or application to land.
Sewage treatment may also be referred to as wastewater treatment. However, the latter is
a broader term which can also refer to industrial wastewater. For most cities, the sewer system
will also carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the sewage treatment plant which has
usually received pretreatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load. If the
sewer system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the
sewage treatment plant. Sewage water can travel towards treatment plants via piping and in a
flow aided by gravity and pumps. The first part of the filtration of sewage typically includes a

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bar screen to filter solids and large objects which are then collected in dumpsters and disposed
of in landfills. Fat and grease are also removed before the primary treatment of sewage.
Discussion
15. Key Concept
Discarding sewage produced

onboard on a ship is one of the few
tasks on a ship which should be
taken utmost care of if one wants to
save him and his shipping company
from heavy fine. The sewage
generated on the ship cannot be
stored on the ship for a very long
time and it, for this reason, it has to
be discharged into the sea.
Though sewage can be

discharged into the sea, we cannot
discharge it directly overboard as there are some regulations regarding the discharging of
sewage that needs to be followed. Sewage on the sea is generally the waste produced from
toilets, urinals, and WC scuppers. The rules say that the sewage can be discharged into the
seawater only after it is treated and the distance of the ship is 4 nautical miles from the
nearest land.
A chemical treatment plant consists of a big storage tank that collects, treats, and
stores the sewage for discharging it to the sea or ashore receiving facility. The sewage is first
collected in a tank and the liquid content is reduced.
The basic principle of the working of a biological treatment plant is the decomposition
of raw sewage. This process is done by aerating the sewage chamber with fresh air. The
aerobic bacteria survive on this fresh air and decompose the raw sewage which can be
disposed of in the sea. Air is a very important criterion in the functioning of the biological
sewage plant because if the air is not present, it will lead to the growth of anaerobic bacteria,
which produces toxic gasses that are hazardous to health.

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References
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press..
Online Sources
Different types of water management methods - Constro ....

https://www.constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-water-management-methods/
Sewage Treatment - Comneton. https://www.comneton.com/sewage-treatment

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Checkpoint

1. ___________ is a type of sewage treatment plant treats the sewage so that it is acceptable
for discharge in shore.
2. ____________is a type of sewage treatment plant has a storage tank to collect solid waste
for disposal in permitted area.
3. ____________is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater,
containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater.
4. _____________, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce
treated wastewater that is safe enough for release into the environment
5. A by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called _____________
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Describe the operation of the following:
1. chemical
2. biological sewage treatment plant

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Assessment

is FALSE, change the underlined word(s) that make the statement correct. Wriote
__________1. Biological treatment process is a type of sewage treatment plant treats the
sewage so that it is acceptable for discharge in shore.
__________2. Sewage is a type of sewage treatment plant has a storage tank to collect solid
waste for disposal in permitted area.
__________3. Decomposition, is the process of removing contaminants from municipal
wastewater, containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial
wastewater.
__________4. nautical miles, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and
produce treated wastewater that is safe enough for release into the
environment
__________5. A by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called
wastewater treatment.
__________6. Sewage treatment may also be referred to as raw water treatment.
__________7. The rules say that the sewage can be discharged into the seawater only after it
is treated and the distance of the ship is .sewage sludge from the nearest land.
__________8. The basic principle of the working of a biological treatment plant is Physical/
chemical process of the raw sewage
__________9. Sewage treatment on the sea is generally the waste produced from toilets,
urinals, and WC scuppers.
__________10. The biological treatment process is done by aerating the sewage chamber with
fresh air.

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LESSON 16
Learning Module 16: Oily Water Separators and Oil Filtering

Equipment (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the operation of an oily-water separator (producing effluent that contains less
than 100 ppm of oil) and the operation of oil filtering equipment (producing effluent
that contains not more than 15 ppm of oil).
2. Explain why oily-water separators, even if well maintained and correctly operated may
not function
3. Describe how an oil-content meter function and an oil discharge monitoring and control
system.
Overview
An oily water separator (OWS) (marine) is a piece of equipment specific to the shipping
or marine industry. It is used to separate oil and water mixtures into their separate
components. This page refers exclusively to oily water separators aboard marine vessels. They
are found onboard ships where they are used to separate oil from oily wastewater such as
bilge water before the wastewater is discharged into the environment. These discharges of
wastewater must comply with the requirements laid out in Marpol 73/78.

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Bilgewater is a near-unavoidable product of shipboard operations. Oil leaks from
running machineries such as diesel generators, air compressors, and the main propulsion
engine. Modern OWS has alarms and automatic closure devices which are activated when the
oil storage content of the wastewater exceeds a certain limit (15 ppm: 15 cm3 of oil in 1m3 of
water).
The filter is a fine mesh screen that is used to remove impurities from oil, water, and
air on the ship. Filters are mounted in pairs as a duplex system so that one can be used and
the other is kept on standby at a time. The filter can be utilized both in low pressure (suction)
and discharge (high pressure) side of the system and is used to remove the smallest part of
dirt which is carried away in the system. The cleaning frequency of filters depends on the type
of the filter and is decided by the manufacturer. The schedule is generally included in the
planned maintenance system onboard.
Discussion
16. Key Concept
An oily water separator clears the

bilge water of oily content to bring it inside
the acceptable range to discharge it
overboard. An oily water separator is
machinery for such importance that it is
handled by only the 2nd or chief engineer.
(However, the duty engineer might also be
asked to operate under supervision). An
oily water separator can only be operated
when the ship is sailing and en route.
According to MARPOL, the oil content of the
effluent must be less than 15 ppm and the
ship has in operation an oil discharge
monitoring and control system and oily-
water separating/filtering equipment. In case of failure to follow any of the above-mentioned
rules, the ship will be fined and stopped, and the chief or 2nd engineer can even be
imprisoned.
A sampler probe and a flow meter sensor is connected at the discharge pipe, before the
overboard valve, to sense the oil content and the flow of the mixture. The data provided by
the two sensors are fed in a control unit wherein it is analyzed and the discharge valve is
controlled by the same.

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Many conventional oily water separators fail to split stable emulsions and remove
suspended colloidal particles from the water phase. This often results in equipment
malfunction because the separation of oil below 15 ppm is not achieved or because of clogging
from excessive solids.
References
CBT
AV11 – Oil Water Separator
knowledge for marine engineer’s. London: Adlard Coles Nautical pp.391-399
R13 – Millan, Mario (2009). Auxiliary machinery 1. Makati City: Z& Z Press. pp.87-90
ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann pp.144-145
Online Sources
A Guide to Operating Oily Water Effective & Efficient .... https://www.marineinsight.com/wp-

content/uploads/2013/05/OWS.pdf
How to Operate an Oily Water Separator (OWS) on Ship?.

https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/ows/how-to-operate-an-oily-water-separator-ows-on-
ship/
Strainers & Mud Box | Maritime Supplies in Dubai | Dutco ....

https://www.dutcotennant.com/category/maritime-energy/maritime/strainers-and-mud-box
What is Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System (ODMCS ....

https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/what-is-oil-discharge-monitoring-and-control-
system-odmcs-on-ship/

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Checkpoint
Activity 1. Fill in the Blanks.

1. _______________ is used to control the amount of oil discharge to the sea.
2. _________is allowed to discharge only of bilge water separators to the sea.
3. __________is an equipment used on board the ship controls the discharging of bilge
water into the sea.
4. An _____________(marine) is a piece of equipment specific to the shipping or marine
industry
5. ______________is used to separate oil and water mixtures into their separate
components.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
definition given in the discussion. Cite example/s for each item if necessary. Write your answer
in the space provided below:
Explain why oily-water separators, even if well maintained and correctly operated may not
function

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Assessment

_________1. Oil content meter equipment is used to control the amount of oil discharge to the
sea.
_________2. 15 PPM is allowed to discharge only of bilge water separators to the sea.
_________3. Bilge water separator is an equipment used on board the ship controls the
discharging of bilge water into the sea.
_________4. An oily water separator (OWS) (marine) is a piece of equipment specific to the
shipping or marine industry
_________5. Oily water separator is used to separate oil and water mixtures into their
separate components.
_________6. These discharges of waste water must comply with the requirements laid out in
Marpol 73/78.
_________7. Bilge water is a near-unavoidable product of shipboard operations.
_________8. Filters are mounted in pairs as a duplex system so that one can be used and
other is kept on standby at a time
_________9. The cleaning frequency of filters depends on the type of the filter and is decided
by the manufacturer
_________10. Modern OWSs have alarms and automatic closure devices which are activated
when the oil storage content of the waste water exceeds a certain limit (15 ppm :
15 cm3 of oil in 1m3 of water).

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LESSON 17
Learning Module 17: Incinerators and Anchor Windlass (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the functioning of a waste incinerator and anchor windlass.
Overview
An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste. Many paper and pulp mills incorporate
them into their pollution mitigation systems. Incineration involves the high-efficiency
combustion of certain solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes. The reactions may be self-sustaining
based on the combustibility of the waste or require the addition of fuels. They may be batch
operations or continuous as with flares used to burn off methane from landfills, and they may
incorporate secondary control methods and operate at efficiency levels of 99.99%, as with
hazardous waste incinerators. The volume of solid waste can be reduced by up to 95%.
Combustion temperatures, contact time, and mass transfer are the major parameters affecting
incineration performance. Limitations include the high cost of supplementary fuel, high
temperatures require good thermal loss control, and hot surfaces, flashback, and explosive
conditions (Hutter, 1997). Figure 6.4 shows a schematic of an incinerator.

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A windlass is a machine used on ships that are used to let-out and heave-up equipment
such as a ship's anchor or a fishing trawl. On some ships, it may be located in a specific room
called the windlass room.
An anchor windlass is a machine that restrains and manipulates the anchor chain on a
boat, allowing the anchor to be raised and lowered using chain cable. A notched wheel
engages the links of the chain or the rope.
A trawl windlass is a similar machine that restrains or manipulates the trawl on a

commercial fishing vessel. The trawl is a sort of big fishing net that is wound on the windlass.
The fishermen either let-out the trawl or heave-up the trawl during fishing operations. A brake
is provided for additional control. The windlass is usually powered by an electric or hydraulic
motor operating via a gear train.
Discussion
17. Key Concept
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic

substances contained in waste materials.[1] Incineration and other high-temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials
converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic
constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the
flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are
dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used
to generate electric power.

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An anchor windlass is a machine that restrains and manipulates the anchor chain on a
boat, allowing the anchor to be raised and lowered using chain cable. The anchor is shackled
to the anchor cable (US anchor chain), the cable passes up through the hawsepipe, through
the pawl, over the windlass gypsy (US wildcat) down through the "Spurling pipe" to the
chain/cable locker under the forecastle (or poop if at the stern (US fantail)) - the anchor bitts
are on a bulkhead in the cable locker and the bitter end of the cable is connected to the bitts
using the bitter pin, which should be able to be released from outside the locker to "slip" the
anchor.
References
R6 – Barlett Tim. (2011) diesel engine. 4th ed. London:Adlard Coles Nautical
Online Sources
Anchor windlass - WikiMili, The Free Encyclopedia. https://wikimili.com/en/Anchor_windlass
Incinerator - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/incinerator

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Checkpoint

Directions: Supply the missing word or words to complete the meaning of the
statement. Write your answer in the space provided in each number.
1. ______is used in some installations where the cable lifter rotates about a vertical exist.
2. _______is a usual anchor handling device where one machine may be used to handle
both anchor.
3. _______is an equipment is installed on board the ship used for burning sludge and oil.
4. An _____ is a furnace for burning waste.
5. _________onboard ship can be reduced by up to 95% using incinerator.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
your answer in the space provided below:
Describe how waste incinerator and anchor windlass work.

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Assessment

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. If the statement
_________1. Anchor capstans is used in some installations where the cable lifter rotates about
a vertical exist.
_________2. Windlass is a usual anchor handling device where one machine may be used to
handle both anchor.
_________3. Incinerator is an equipment is installed on board the ship used for burning sludge
and oil.
_________4. An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste.
_________5. Volume of solid waste onboard ship can be reduced by up to 95% using
incinerator.
_________6. A windlass is a machine used on ships that is used to let-out and heave-up
equipment such as a ship's anchor or a fishing trawl
_________7. The windlass is usually powered by an electric or hydraulic motor operating via a
gear train.
_________8. Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic
substances contained in waste materials
_________9. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described
as "thermal treatment.
_________10. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.

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LESSON 18
Learning Module 18: Marine Engineering Terms and Fuel

Consumption (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Define mass, force, work, power, energy, pressure, stress, strain and heat and states
units in which each is measured.
2. Explain what is meant by the efficiency of the machine
3. Define indicated power, propeller power, and thrust.
4. Define the Admiralty coefficient (AC) and fuel coefficient
(FC) as:
AC = (displacement) ⅔ x (speed)3
i. engine power
FC=(displacement) ⅔ x (speed)3
ii. Daily Fuel Consumption
5. Explain that, for the economy, the actual speed at any stage of a voyage should be as
near as practicable to the required average speed.
6. Explain how the condition of the hull affects the fuel coefficient and fuel consumption.

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Overview
Marine engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with nautical architecture and
science. The term 'Marine Engineering' is meant for research conducted in oceans and coastal
or inland waters connected to the sea. Marine Engineering courses deal with the construction
and maintenance of ships and other sailing vessels. A marine engineer (or ship engineer),
works in researching, developing, and constructing new marine vessels and their parts. This
includes creating blueprints, designing engines and propulsion systems, testing prototypes, and
supervising the construction of full-size ships. Marine Engineers have the complete
responsibility of the ship's technical management. They are responsible for selecting the ships'
machinery, which may include diesel engines, steam turbines, gas turbines; and for the design
of mechanical, electrical, fluid, and control systems throughout the vessel.
In the ship’s engine room, several gauging instruments display various important
parameters such as level, pressure, temperature, etc. But some essential parameters cannot
be read directly through any instrument as they depend on several dynamic factors.
This demands the marine engineer working onboard ships to do some formula based
calculations by considering all those factors and with possible available inputs. Of all the
important calculations that are to be done onboard ships, there a few ones which marine
engineers must know without fail.
Discussion
18. Key Concept
If you are a marine engineer or aspiring to be one, then it’s obvious that you would
eat, breathe, and sleep marine engines. The study of marine engines forms an integral part of
the marine engineering syllabus. Needless to say, every marine engineer must know this
important machine inside out. A Marine engine is a complex machine, which requires years of
experience and knowledge for understanding and handling the same. Moreover, there are
several engineering terms that an engineer should know like the back of his hand.
• Mass - the quality of matter that a body possesses.

• Work - a product of the force and the distance through which the force moves.
• Force - It is defined as a push or pull which tend to move a body in the direction of its
action

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• Energy - defined as the capacity to do work.
• Power - It is defined as the work done in a given time or the rate of doing work.
• Pressure - the intensity of force or force per unit area.
• Heat - the energy in motion between the system and its surroundings as
consequences of a temperature difference between them.
Indicated Power is defined as the power developed by the combustion of fuel inside the
engine cylinder. It is always more than brake power and is given by, Therefore, the difference
between ip and bp indicates the power loss in the mechanical components of the engine due
to friction. A propeller is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a
pitch to form a helical spiral, that when rotated performs an action that is similar to
Archimedes' screw. It transforms rotational power into a linear thrust by acting upon a working
fluid such as water or air. The rotational motion of the blades is converted into thrust by
creating a pressure difference between the two surfaces. A given mass of working fluid is
accelerated in one direction and the craft moves in the opposite direction. Propeller dynamics,
like those of aircraft wings, can be modeled by Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law.
Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades rotating around an
approximately horizontal axis or propeller shaft.
References
AV18 – All Power Points in Engine System
Online Sources
8 Engine Terms Every Marine Engineer Should Know – Part 1.

https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/8-engine-terms-every-marine-engineer-should-know-
part-1/
B.Tech. Marine Engineering: Course, Career, Salary .... https://www.iaspaper.net/b-tech-

marine-engineering/
Propeller Shaft CV Joint Kit - [Drivetrain] / OE Solutions ....

https://vagydude.appspot.com/15/drivetrain/propeller-shaft-cv-joint-kit/307907942
What is Marine Engineering and what do Marine Engineering ....

https://www.myklassroom.com/Engineering-branches/41/Marine-Engineering

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Checkpoint

1. ______is defined as the capacity to do work.
2. ______ is defined as a product of the force and the distance through which the force
moves.
3. ______ is defined as a push or pull which tend to move a body in the direction of its
action.
4. ______is defined as the quantity of matter that a body possesses.
5. ________is the most effective communication details of engineering equipment.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
1. Explain what is meant by the efficiency of machine in terms of indicated and

mechanical powers
2. Differentiate between indicated power and mechanical power.

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Assessment

1. In ______is the best opportunity to thoroughly examine the propeller and any repair
necessary should be carried out.
2. _________is considered constant number that can build up to deal with changes in ship
speed or displacement.
3. __________is a product of pitch and the number of revolution turned in a unit time.
4. ___________is the amount of fuel used in a unit time/ 1 tonne/ day.
5. ___________is the power to develop in engine cylinder and can be measured by an
engine indicator.
6. ___________is an instrument is used to measure an indicator diagram of each cylinder
of an engine
7. ___________is the ratio of shaft power to indicate power for an engine.
8. _______is defined as the energy in motion between system and its surrounding as
consequences of a temperature different between them.
9. ________is defined as the intensity of force or force per unit area.
10. _______ is defined as the work done in a given time or the rate of doing work.

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LESSON 19
Learning Module 19: Arrangements necessary for appropriate

and effective engineering watches to be maintained for the
purpose of safety under normal circumstances and UMS
operations (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain briefly in general engine room safety should be observed at all given times.
2. Define mass, force, work, power, energy, pressure, stress, strain, and heat and states
units in which each is measured.
3. Explain the importance and implementation of risk assessment and risk management in
an engine room.
4. Describe the safety systems of work and permit to work that should be observed in an
engine room.
5. Explain the types and importance of wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) while
working in an engine room.
6. Describe the arrangements necessary for appropriate and effective engineering
watches to be maintained for safety under normal circumstances and UMS operations.

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Overview
UMS or Unattended Machinery Spaces is a marine automation system for the ship’s
engine room. Unlike conventional watch system on normal cargo ships, in UMS class vessels,
there are usually no engineer officers on watch in the engine room (from 1700 hrs. to 0700
hrs). If there is a malfunction in any machinery, an alarm will be sounded in the engine room
as well as in the ‘on duty’ engineer’s cabin. The engineer then must go down in the engine
room and investigate the alarm.
Before the ship’s duty engineer switches the engine room to UMS mode at the end of
day’s work, he/she has to take thorough engine room rounds to check the condition of all
running machinery systems and try to anticipate any probable alarms that could occur at night.
Normally, shipping companies provide a UMS checklist in their SMS and the engineer has to
adhere to the same.
A UMS checklist generally has the following points mentioned in it:
• Make sure you inform the duty officer about your location when you leave the engine
room whether you are heading for your meal or to your cabin or the gym. The duty
officer should always know about your whereabouts. The time the engine room has to
be unattended depends on the Chief Engineer’s standing orders and the company’s
instructions.
• Make sure no alarms are in repose condition or manual mode. Also, ensure all alarm set
values are correct and not manipulated to avoid alarms; this practice is not safe at all.
• We must get maximum purification for FO which is achieved at a minimum feed rate
and separating temperature of 98 Degree Celsius. It might not be possible to keep the
minimum feed rate all the time depending on the FO consumption and requirement.
• Many times, due to hot work in the engine room or during testing of detectors, fire
detectors of a particular zone are isolated. It has happened that after the work is
finished, personnel have forgotten to activate the detectors again. Hence it is necessary
to check whenever you are about to leave the engine room.
• Sludge tanks keep on increasing continuously when purifiers are running. Similarly, oily
bilge tanks keep on increasing when ME is running. Make sure they are below minimum
value to avoid overflowing and alarm.

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Discussion
19. Key Concept
The ship’s engine room is the home to a variety of machinery and systems, which work
together to move the ship from one port to another. Engine room professionals have to
continuously work amidst such high temperature and pressure systems, which make an
extremely hostile working environment.
Despite taking all the precautions and safety measures while handling engine room
machinery systems, accidents are bound to take place in the ship’s engine room. Many of
these accidents are extremely dangerous not only to the ship’s properly but also to the lives of
seafarers. Mentioned below are such types of extremely dangerous engine room accidents that
occur in the ship’s engine room.
• Crankcase Explosion of Ship’s Engine

• Over-Speeding of Generators
• Boiler explosion
• Compressor Airline Explosion
• High-Pressure Fuel Line Bursting
The engine room is a place where accidents and pollution incidents can easily occur if
safe working practices and pollution prevention measures are not strictly followed. The Chief
Engineer is responsible for ensuring that the importance of accident/incident prevention is fully
understood by all engineering staff including the potential risks involved.
All Engine Room Staff must be suitably dressed and must wear coveralls, safety shoes,
gloves, goggles, and helmets as per the VMS PPE matrix. Engine Room and machinery spaces
must be kept clean, tidy and as free as possible from oil/fuel stains or sources, all of which
must be identified and eliminated. To prevent fires, any possible source of uncontrollable heat
must be protected and any fuel leakage must be cleaned up and the source identified and
eliminated.

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References
R4 – Umans, Stephen D. (2014). Fitzgerald and Kingsley’s Electric Machinery, 7th ed. New
York: Mcgraw-Hill. pp. 299-328
ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann pp.339-346
Online Sources
10 Extremely Dangerous Engine Room Accidents on Ships.

https://www.marineinsight.com/marine-safety/10-extremely-dangerous-engine-room-
accidents/
Preparation for UMS Operation On Ships [Checklist].

https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/preparation-for-ums-operation-on-ships/
Ships Engine Room Safety and Environmental Procedures.

http://www.machineryspaces.com/engine-room-safety.html

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Checkpoint

1. _______is defined as the capacity to do work.
2. _______is defined as a product of the force and the distance through which the force
moves.
3. _______is defined as a push or pull which tend to move a body in the direction of its
action.
4. _______is defined as the quality of matter that a body possesses.
5. _______is the most effective communication details of engineering equipment.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Explain the importance and implementation of risk assessment and risk management in an
engine room.

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Assessment

1. ____________ is the meaning of U.M.S.
2. ____________ is the time period and also the personnel at work during that period in the
engine room.
3. ____________ is the officer in charge of engineering watch,
4. ____________ is a P.P.E. that protects you from falling objects.
5. ____________ is the minimum hours of rest stated in section S-111/1 of STCW Code 95
Standard regarding watch keeping.
6. ____________ is a set of procedure to be carried out in the continued operation of the
machinery and reduces the occurrence of unsafe act and decrease the factor of human
error
7. ____________ is to avoid accidents or risks in the engine room.
8. ____________ is the meaning of P.P.E.
9. ____________ is the optimum safety measured to be carried out in engine room.
10. Sludge tanks keep on increasing continuously when ______ are running.

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LESSON 20
Learning Module20: Arrangements necessary to ensure a safe

engineering watch is maintained when carrying dangerous
cargo (4 hours)
Competence:
services
Course Outcome/s:
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the arrangements necessary to ensure a safe engineering watch is maintained

when carrying dangerous cargo.
Overview
Watchkeeping is an integral part of the marine engineer’s duties on board ship. A lot of
maintenance work can be reduced by following an efficient watchkeeping routine in the ship’s
engine room. Moreover, it can also avoid serious accidents from taking place.
But what is the true yardstick for measuring the efficiency of a watchkeeping procedure?
A smooth-running ship is a product of efficient handling at the bridge and effective
management in the ship’s engine room under any seagoing condition.
When a marine engineer is approved to be the in charge of the engine room, he is

eligible and officially authorized to handle a ship’s engine of “Unlimited Power”. It is therefore
important that the watch keeping procedure, a daily routine that has to be carried out every

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single day, is done most systematically to prevent any kind of breakdown. Though there is no
ultimate yardstick to measure the efficiency of a watchkeeping procedure, we have compiled a
list of 12 ways that will help a marine engine on board ship to master the watchkeeping
procedure.
The first and most important step to enhance your duties during a watch is to have a
very strong knowledge base. One must know the basics of the machines and their operations,
new trends and upcoming technologies, and maritime regulations along with their
amendments. It is commonly said on ships that to become a good watchkeeper, an engineer
must use all the 6 senses- i.e. touch, hearing, smell, visuals, taste, and kinaesthetic senses
(6th Sense). All these senses when applied correctly help an engineer to understand the
condition of machines in a better way. A smart engineer would know the importance of engine
room logbook and would also know how to interpret previous readings of different machines
from the same.
Discussion
20. Key Concept
• Parties shall direct the attention of companies, masters, chief engineer officers, and
watchkeeping personnel to the following principles, which shall be observed to ensure that
safe watches are maintained at all times.
• The master of every ship is bound to ensure that watchkeeping arrangements are
adequate for maintaining a safe navigational or cargo watch. Under the master’s general
direction, the officers of the navigational watch are responsible for navigating the ship
safely during their periods of duty, when they will be particularly concerned with avoiding
collision and stranding.
• The chief engineer officer of every ship is bound, in consultation with the master, to ensure
that watchkeeping arrangements are adequate to maintain a safe engineering watch.
Protection of the marine environment
• The master, officers, and ratings shall be aware of the serious effects of operational or
accidental pollution of the marine environment and shall take all possible precautions to
prevent such pollution, particularly within the framework of relevant international and port
regulations.

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• The term engineering watch as used in parts 4-2, 5-2, and 5-4 of this section means either
a person or a group of personnel comprising the watch or a period of responsibility for an
officer during which the physical presence in machinery spaces of that officer may or may
not be required.
• The officer in charge of the engineering watch is the chief engineer officer’s representative
and is primarily responsible, at all times, for the safe and efficient operation and upkeep of
machinery affecting the safety of the ship and is responsible for the inspection, operation,
and testing, as required, of all machinery and equipment under the responsibility of the
engineering watch.
• The composition of the engineering watch shall, at all times, be adequate to ensure the
safe operation of all machinery affecting the operation of the ship, in either automated or
manual mode, and be appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
References
STCW 2010
Online Sources
12 Ways to Master the Engine Room Watch Keeping Procedure.

https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/12-ways-to-master-the-engine-room-watch-
keeping-procedure/
CHAPTER VIII Standards regarding watchkeeping.

https://weh.maritime.edu/stcw/2018/images/STCW_Chap_VIII.pdf
watch-keeping.docx - 1 Knowledge is the Base The first and ....

https://www.coursehero.com/file/67196239/watch-keepingdocx/

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Checkpoint

_________1. Watchkeeping is an integral part of the marine engineer’s duties on board ship.
_________2. A lot of maintenance work can be reduced by an efficient engineering watch

routine in the ship’s engine room.
_________3. The is an eligible marine engineer is authorized to handle a ship’s engine of the
marine environment.
_________4. A good watchkeeper, an engineer must use all the 6 senses- i.e. touch, hearing,
smell, visuals, taste, and emotional senses.
_________5. A smart engineer would know the importance of engine room navigational watch.
Do this
Activity 2. Essay
Describe the arrangements necessary to ensure a safe engineering watch in carrying

dangerous cargo.

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Assessment
Test I: Fill in the Blanks.

1. ____________ is an integral part of the marine engineer’s duties on board ship
2. A lot of maintenance work can be reduced by an efficient ________routine in the
ship’s engine room.
3. The is an eligible marine engineer is authorized to handle a ship’s engine of
______.
4. A good watchkeeper, an engineer must use all the 6 senses- i.e. touch, hearing,
smell, visuals, taste and _________senses.
5. A smart engineer would know the importance of engine room_________.
6. The master of every ship is bound to ensure that watchkeeping arrangements are
adequate for maintaining a safe _____________.
7. The master, officers, and ratings shall be aware of the serious effects of accidental
pollution of the ______________.
8. The officer in charge of the __________is the chief engineer officer’s representative
and is primarily responsible, at all times
Test II: Multiple Choice
1. What is the minimum hrs. of rest (as stated in section A-III/1 of STCW Code ‘95, standard
regarding Watchkeeping?
a. 5 hrs c. 10 hrs
b. 8 hrs. d. 12 hrs.
2. Personal protective equipment that protects your head from a falling object.
a. Engineering watch c. Welding mask
b. Hard hat d. Bonne
3. What type of protective equipment that protects your eye in radiation during welding?
b. Hard hat d. Bonnet
4. It is a person as a group of personnel comprising the watch.
b. Hard hat d. Bonne
5. Who is the officer in charge of the engineering watch?
a. Chief Engineer Office c. Second Engineer Officer
b. Chief Mate Officer d. Third Engineer Officer
6. It is a time period and also the personnel at work during that period in the engine room.
a. Indicator mechanism c. Theoretical speed
b. Rate of fuel consumption d. Watch

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