Power System Stability:: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Transient Stability
Power System Stability:

• A large power system consists of a number of synchronous machines operating
in synchronism ‐ synchronous generators located at great and small distances
apart and of varied ratings and characteristics have to continuously operate at
the same frequency (electrical speed = pole pairs × mechanical speed).
• It is necessary that they should maintain synchronism despite the ever present
disturbances induced by nature and by man ‐ load changes, switching actions,
faults and so on.
• When the system is subject to some form of disturbance, there is a tendency for
the system to develop forces to bring it to a normal or stable condition. The
ability of a system to reach a normal or stable condition after being disturbed is
call stability.
• Synchronous stability may be divided into two main categories depending upon
the magnitude of the disturbance.
1
Small‐Signal (or small‐disturbance) Stability:

‐ The ability of power system to maintain synchronism under small disturbances
‐ Such disturbances occur continually on the system because of small variations in the
load and generation
Transient stability
‐ The ability of the power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to a severe
transient disturbance
‐ The resulting system response involves large excursions of generator rotor angles
‐ Stability depends on both the initial conditions and the severity of the disturbance
‐ The post‐disturbance steady state operation differs from that prior to the disturbance
‐The system is designed and operated so as to be stable for a selected set of

contingencies
‐ Those contingencies are selected based on the severity and the occurrence probability
(usually different type short circuits occurred on transmission facilities and assumed to
be cleared with the operation of the appropriate circuit breakers)
2
1
Swing Equation
d m
J  Tm  Te
dt
d m
 m
dt
J : moment of inertia (generator + turbine), kgm2 Representation of machine rotor
ωm : angular velocity of the rotor, rad/s
m : angular displacement of the rotor (wrt stationary axis), rad
Tm : mechanical torque, Nm
Te : electromagnetic torque, Nm
t : time, s
 m  s t   m
ωs : synchronous speed of the machine, rad/s
m : angular displacement of the rotor (from synchronously rotating reference axis), rad
d m d d 2 m
 sm  m  J  Tm  Te
dt dt dt 2
3
d 2 m Pm : Mechanical input power input to the machine, W
J m  Pm  Pe Pe : Electrical power output of the machine, W
dt 2
* Rotational losses in mechanical system and armature |I2|R losses are neglected.
M  J m
Inertia constant : , Joule‐second per mechanical radian
d 2 m
M  Pm  Pe
dt 2
As ωm does not differ significantly from ωsm , M can be considered as constant.
Inertia constant H:
1 J sm
2
stored kinetic energy in megajoules at synchronous speed
H 
2 S Base machine MVA rating
d 2 m 2 H d 2 m P P
M  Pm  Pe  m  e  Pm  Pe
dt 2 sm dt 2 S Base S Base
P m and P e are in per unit
4
2
2 H d 2
 P m  Pe Swing Equation
s dt 2
ωs and  are in electrical units
When one common MVA (Ssys)is used for a power system consisting many synchronous
machines, the related inertia constant for jth machine becomes
S j mach
H j  sys  H j  mach
S sys
 E  EB 
Pe    sin   Pmax sin 
 XT 
Single machine ‐ infinite bus system
Equivalent circuit
Power angle relationship
2 H d 2
 P m  P max sin 
s dt 2
Reduced equivalent circuit 6
3
Consider a step change in Pm
2 H d 2
 Pm  Pe
s dt 2
2
d  d 2 s P m  P e d 

 
2
dt dt H dt
d  d 

2

s P m  P e d  
dt  dt  H dt
Speed deviation (d  /dt) is initially zero and changes due to the
disturbance. It become zero after some time after the disturbance
(stable operation)
m

s P m  P e d 
dδ  0


 H dt
0
Energy gained during acceleration is directly proportional to area A1

m
d

0
 P m
dt

 P e dδ  area A1
Energy lost during deceleration is directly proportional to area A2

m
d
  P m
dt

 P e dδ  area A2
Response to a step change in mechanical power input  0 7
P  Pmax sin 
P  P
 0
|
   Pmax cos0    SP 
 
synchronizing power coefficient
2H d
2
   
0
 Pm   Pe  Pe 
s
2
dt
2 H d 
2
  Pmax cos  0    0
s
2
dt
d 
2
s S P
2
   0
dt 2H
The angular frequency of the undamped oscillations is given by
s S P
n  elec rad / s
2H 8
Explanation: The equation "d2x/dt2 + wn2x = 0" has the general solution Acos(wnt) + Bsin(wnt) with
constants A and B determined by the initial conditions. The solution when plotted is an undamped
sinusoid of angular frequency wn.
4
(second line is open at infinite bus end)
area A1  area A2
area A3  area A4
Power ‐ Angle curves
9
Critical Clearing Time
(second line is open at infinite bus end)
Power ‐ Angle curve showing critical angle
 cr
d
area A1  P m  P m  cr   0 
 0
dt
 max
area A2   P max sin   P m  ddt  P max  cos  max  cos  cr   P m  max   cr 
cr
  cr  cos 1  P m P max   max   0   cos  max   cos 1 sin  0   2 0   cos  0 

 
s P m 4H
 cr  tcr2   0  tcr   cr   0 
4H s P m
10
5
Single machine ‐ infinite bus system Equivalent circuit
Power ‐ Angle curve showing critical angle
cos cr 
P
m 
Pmax max  0   r2 cos max  r1 cos 0
r2  r1
Response to a fault cleared in Response to a fault cleared in
tc1 seconds (stable case) tc2 seconds (unstable case) 11
Factors influencing transient stability
‐ How heavily the generator is loaded
‐ The generator output during the fault (This depends on fault location and type)
‐ The fault clearing time
‐ The post‐fault transmission system reactance
‐ The generator reactance
‐ The generator inertia
‐ The internal voltage magnitude
‐ The infinite bus voltage magnitude
12
6
Factors influencing transient stability
‐ How heavily the generator is loaded
‐ The generator output during the fault (This depends on fault location and type)
‐ The fault clearing time
‐ The post‐fault transmission system reactance
‐ The generator reactance
‐ The generator inertia
‐ The internal voltage magnitude
‐ The infinite bus voltage magnitude
13
Example:
Vt  1.05 pu
HT
LT
Trans. CB1 j0.3 CB2 Classical model parameters of the equivalent machine
(expressed in per‐unit on 2000 MVA, 24 kV base):
SM F1
CB3 j0.2 CB4
j0.075
‐ Xd’= 0.3 pu,
Inf. Bus
4 x 500 MVA
F2 F4 F3 ‐ Inertia constant, H = 4 s
EB  1 pu
P = 1.8 pu
System single-line diagram, equivalent circuit
and data in per unit (1000 MVA and 24 kV)
j X total
1. Find the parameters of the reduced equivalent
circuit of the system for small‐signal and transient

stability analysis (use per‐unit system on 2000 EI  i 1 0 0
MVA base).
Reduced Equivalent Circuit

14
7
After changing base power from 1000 MVA to 2000 MVA:

P = 0.9 j0.6
j0.3
Total inductance:
j0.15
j0.4
X total  (0.3 + 0.15 + 0.6//0.4) = 0.69 pu
EI  i Vt   t EB 0
Power delivered by the generator:

EB Vt
P sin  t , X   0.15  0.6 / /0.4   0.39 pu   t  0.34 rad  19.5 deg
X
j0.69
Output current of the generator:
I  Vt  EB  jX  0.9000 + j0.0267 pu 1.1615 32.320

1 0 0
 EI  Vt  jX d I  0.9816 + j 6261 pu =1.1615 32.320

Reduced Equivalent Circuit
15
2. Draw the power‐angle curve and show the operating point.
Power-angle equation:
EI EB
P sin  i  Pmax sin  i  1.6834 sin  i
X Total
P (pu)
Pmax sinδ
1.5
1 Pm = 0.9 pu
0.5 0 = 32.32
0
0 50 100 150
 (deg)
16
8
3. Determine the frequency of machine rotor oscillations when it is subjected to a small

temporary electrical disturbance.
17
4. Consider the fault at F1. The fault will be cleared with the operation of the circuit‐breakers
CB‐1 and CB‐2.
‐ Draw the power‐angle curves for pre‐fault and post‐fault conditions on the same graph. Show
the critical clearing angle cr determined by the equal area criterion on that graph.
‐ Calculate the critical clearing angle (cr) and the critical clearing time (tcr).
j0.69
EI  i

1 0 0 Prefault:
Pe  1.6834sin i
j 0.45
j0.3
During Fault:
EI  i 00
Pe  0
j0.85
Postfault:
EI  i

1 0 0
Pe  1.3665sin i
18
9
19
CB‐3 and CB‐4.
j0.69

1 0 0 Prefault:
EI  i
Pe  1.6834sin i
j 0.45
j0.3
During Fault:
EI  i 00
Pe  0
j1.05
Postfault:
EI  i

1 0 0 Pe  1.1062sin i
20
10
21
CB‐3 and CB‐4.
The critical clearing angle (cr) and the critical clearing time (tcr) are same with the fault F2.
Prefault:
Pe  1.6834sin i
During Fault:
Pe  0
Postfault:
Pe  1.1062sin i
22
11
CB‐3 and CB‐4.
j0.6
During Fault:
j0.45
j0.2 j0.2
E I  i EB 0
j2.4
j0.45 j0.6


EI  i 1 0 0
E I  i j0.2 j0.2 EB 0
j2.4
Pe  0.484sin i
E I  i j0.8 j1.067 j0.2 EB 0
23
j0.69
Prefault:

E I  i 1 0 P  1.6834sin 
0
e i
j2.4

During Fault:
E I  i 1 0 0
Pe  0.484sin i
j1.05
Postfault:
E I  i 1 0 0
Pe  1.1062sin i
r1  0.2875 & r2  0.6571

  Pm Pmax  max
   0   r2 cos  max
  r1 cos  0 
 cr  cos1    0.8465 rad  48.5 deg
  r2  r1  
24
12
8. Suppose that the line is Vt  1.05 pu

HT
compensated with series capacitor LT
Trans. j0.15 jXc j0.15
(compensation degree = 50%).
SM
Calculate the critical clearing angle j0.2
(cr) and the critical clearing time 4 x 500 MVA
j0.075 Inf. Bus
F2
(tcr) for the fault F2. EB  1 pu
P = 1.8 pu
j0.62
Prefault:
E I  i 1 0 0
Pe  1.8693sin i
j0.45
00 During Fault:
E I  i
Pe  0
j0.75
Postfault:

E I  i 1 0 0
Pe  1.5488sin i
25
26
13
27
28
14
29
30
15
31
440 fault at F2 at t = 1 s
t = 10 ms
420
m (rad/s)
t = 100 ms
400 c
t = 90 ms
380 c
360 440 fault at F4 at t = 1 s

0 1 2 3 4 t = 10 ms
t (s)
420
m (rad/s)
t = 150 ms
400 c
t = 140 ms
380 c
360
0 1 2 3 4
t (s)
32
16
33
34
17
35
3 x 210 MW 300 km 400 kV System

TPP Equivalent
+
100 km 100 km
CB1 CB2
FAULT
F
Synchronous
SM Controls Machine
Step-up
Transformer
Single machine - infinite bus system
AVR+Gov
‐exst1 1 2
SM
‐pss1a +30
‐ieeesgo
‐ Conventional thermal power plant

‐ Fault is applied at t = 1s
AVR+Gov
‐exst1 1 2
SM 400 kV Bus
‐ Fault is cleared at t = 1.275 s

‐pss1a +30
‐ieeesgo
AVR+Gov
1 2
‐ Critical clearing time for the constant excitation
and constant mechanical input scenario
‐exst1
SM
‐pss1a +30
‐ieeesgo
TPP subcircuit
36
18
Impact of Excitation System
Constant Excitation
DC Excitation System (slow response, low gain, low ceiling voltage)
δ (deg)
Static Excitation System with Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
Static Excitation System (fast response, high gain, high ceiling voltage)
Time (s) 37
Impact of Excitation System

ω (pu)
Constant Excitation
DC Excitation System
Static Excitation System with PSS
Static Excitation System
Time (s)
38
19
The change in electrical torque of a synchronous machine following a perturbation

can be resolved into tow components:
Te  TS   TD 
synchronizing damping torque
torque coefficient coefficient
‐ Lack of sufficient synchronizing torque results in instability through an aperiodic drift

in rotor angle
‐ Lack of sufficient damping torque results in oscillatory instability
‐ Excitation system
‐ Improves synchronizing torque coefficient
‐ Reduces damping torque coefficient
‐ Power System Stabilizer (PSS) usage is essential in modern (fast response & high gain)
excitation systems for desired damping torque coefficient.
39
‐ Generator (with constant field voltage) connected radially to a large power system
Instability due to insufficient synchronizing torque
40
20
‐ Generator (with excitation control) connected radially to a large power system
Instability due to insufficient damping torque 41
42
21
Impact of Governor Control
Generator with Constant Mechanical Input

Generator with Speed Governor
‐ Critical clearing time for
static excitation (with PSS)
δ (deg)
scenario
Time (s)
43


ω (pu)
Time (s)
44
22
Impact of Synchronous Machine Controls on Critical Clearing Time
Scenario Excitation System Governor Control tcr (ms)

1 Constant Excitation Voltage ‐ 275
2 DC Excitation System ‐ 295
3 DC Excitation System + 300
4 Static Excitation System (with PSS) ‐ 360
5 Static Excitation System (with PSS) + 370
45
Explanation: “+” => with governor control,
“‐” => without governor control (i.e. constant mechanical power input).
3 x 210 MW
300 km 400 kV System
HPP Equivalent
+
100 km 100 km
CB1 CB2
FAULT
F
Synchronous
SM Controls Machine
Step-up
Transformer
Single machine - infinite bus system
Exc+Gov
‐exst1 1 2
SM
‐pss1a +30
‐ieeeg3
‐ Hydro power plant

Exc+Gov
‐exst1
SM
1 2
400 kV Bus
‐pss1a +30
‐ieeeg3
Exc+Gov
1 2
‐ Static excitation system (with PSS)
‐ Critical clearing time for the constant
‐exst1
SM
‐pss1a +30
mechanical input scenario

‐ieeeg3
HPP subcircuit
46
23
Generator with Governor Control

ω (pu)
Generator with Governor Control
Time (s)
47
Recall special characteristics of hydraulic turbine
For a step change in gate opening, the initial value theorem
gives
1 1  Tw s
 P m (0)  lim s  s  2
s 1  0.5 Tw s
the final value theorem gives
1 1  Tw s
 P m ()  lim s 0 s 1
s 1  0.5 Tw s
the complete time response is given by
 2 Tw t
 P m (t )  1  3e  G Change in turbine mechanical power
  following a unit step change in gate position
48
24
Negative Impact on First Swing Stability!

tcr reduces to 0.38 s with governor control
Hydraulic turbine response to a step change and a ramp change in gate position (gate opening reduced
0.1 pu), with initial values of head, power, velocity, and gate position equal to 1 pu (Tw = 1.0s)
49
25
THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
Department of Electrical Engineering
EE4031 Power Systems

Tutorial on Transient Stability
1. A three-phase fault is applied at P as shown in Fig.1 with reactances given on a common

system base. The generator is delivering 1.0 pu power at the instant preceding the fault.
a) By calculation, find the critical clearing angle for clearing the fault with
simultaneous opening of the breakers 1 and 2.
b) Plot the power-angle curves and show the equality of the accelerating and
decelerating areas.
c) Suggest a method to improve the transient stability of this system and explain briefly
how the method works.
Fig.1
2. A 50Hz generator with a reactance of 0.3 pu has an inertia constant H = 5. It delivers

power of 0.8 pu to an infinite bus through a transmission network with transfer reactance
of 0.2 pu. The internal voltage of the generator and the voltage of the infinite bus are
maintained at 1.05 pu and 1 pu, respectively.
a) Determine the load angle of the generator.
b) Determine the steady-state stability limit.
c) Determine the synchronizing power coefficient.
d) Due to a fault on the transmission network, the transfer reactance is suddenly
doubled. Plot the swing curve of the generator for the first 0.2 s after the fault using
a time step of 0.05 s.
3. A generator operating at 50 Hz with an inertia constant H of 5 sec delivers half-load (i.e.

Po = 0.5 pu) to an infinite bus of voltage 1.0 pu through a transmission link with total
reactance XL of 0.4 pu. The internal voltage E and reactance XG of the generator is 1.5 pu
and 0.8 pu, respectively.
a) Find the power angle Go and the steady-state stability limit Pmax.
b) A three-phase fault occurs at the generator terminal, find the critical clearing angle
Gcr and the corresponding critical clearing time tcr.
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 1

4. A generator with 0.2 pu reactance is connected to a busbar via a transformer having a
reactance of 0.15 pu. The busbar is then connected to a large power system by a double-
circuit line, each circuit of which has a reactance of 1.2 pu. The voltages at both the
generator terminal and the large power system is 1.0 pu. The generator has an inertia
constant of 5 sec and delivers 0.9 pu real power to the large power system.
B
a) Find the internal voltage and the power angle of the generator.
b) Due to malfunction of a relay, one of the circuits in the double circuit line was
tripped suddenly and then reclosed after 0.2 sec. Calculate the power angle of the
generator when the tripped circuit was reclosed, hence plot its value for the next 0.1
sec using time steps of 0.05 sec.
5. Fig.5 shows a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus via a double circuit
line with reactances and voltages given on a common system base. A transient three-
phase fault occurs at the mid-point of one of the lines. At the instant preceding the fault,
the generator is delivering a steady-state power Pg = 1.0 pu.
a) Determine the pre-fault steady-state rotor angle Go of the generator.
b) The fault is first isolated by switching out the faulty line when the rotor angle
increases to G1 = 90o, and is subsequently cleared by the time when the line is
reclosed at rotor angle G2 = 120o. Apply the equal area criterion, and determine the
transient stability of the post-fault system.
Fig.5
6. A 50Hz generator with a reactance of 0.25 pu delivers a steady-state power of 0.8 pu

over a transmission system to an infinite busbar. The steady-state voltages at both the
generator terminal and the infinite bus are 1.0 pu. The generator has an inertia constant H
of 5 sec, and the effective transfer reactance of the transmission system is 0.4 pu.
a) Find the internal voltage and the power angle of the generator.
b) A solid three phase fault occurs in the transmission system and is subsequently
cleared after 0.15 sec. The effective transfer reactances of the transmission system
during and after the fault are 1.0 and 0.6 pu, respectively. Plot the power angle of the
generator for the first 0.1 sec after the fault using time steps of 0.05 sec, and hence
determine the power angle and power output of the generator after the fault has been
cleared for 0.1 sec.
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 2

EE4031 Power Systems
Tutorial on Transient Stability
1. a) The total transmission reactance:
X pre 0.2 0.4 // 0.4 0.05 0.45 pu X post 0.2 0.4 0.05 0.65 pu
The maximum power output:
EV 1.2 8 EV 1.2 24
Pmax pu Pmax 2 pu
X pre 0.45 3 X post 0.65 13
and their ratio
Pmax 2 24 /13 9
r2
Pmax 8/3 13
The initial rotor angle
3
Pmax sin G o 1 o Go sin 1 0.3844 rad
8
The maximum rotor angle
13
Pmax 2 sin G m 1 o Gm sin 1 2.5692 rad
24
The critical clearing angle
ª (G G o ) sin G o r2 cos G m º
G cr cos 1 « m » 1.2209 rad 69.95o
¬ r2 ¼
b) power-angle curves
c) Install a “braking resistor” close to the generator terminals, the amount of energy
available to accelerate the rotor can then be significantly reduced, and hence the system
stability can be improved.
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 3

2. a) X pre 0.3 0.2 0.5 pu
EV 1.05
Pmax 2.1 pu
X pre 0.5
Po 0.8
Po Pmax sin G o o G o sin -1 sin -1 22.39 o
Pmax 2.1
b) Stability limit Pmax 2.1 pu
c)
Ps Pmax cos G o 2.1cos 22.39o 1.94 pu/rad
H 5 1
M s 2 /deg
d) 180 f 180 u 50 1800
X post 0.3 0.4 0.7 pu
EV +t 2
t (s) Pmax Pe Pmax sin G Pa 0.8 Pe Pa +G G (deg)
X M
0- 2.1 0.8 0
0+ 1.5 0.5714 0.2286
0avg 0.1143 0.51 0.51 22.90
0.05 1.5 0.5837 0.2163 0.97 1.48 24.38
0.10 1.5 0.6192 0.1808 0.81 2.29 26.67
0.15 1.5 0.6733 0.1267 0.57 2.86 29.53
0.20 1.5 0.7393 0.0607 0.27 3.13 32.66
+t 2
where +G ( n ) +G ( n 1) Pa and G ( n ) G ( n1) +G ( n )
M (n)
34
32
30
Rotor (deg)
28
26
24
22
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Time (s)
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 4

3. a) The total transmission reactance:
X 0.8 0.4 1.2 pu
The maximum power output:
EV 1.5 u 1.0
Pmax 1.25 pu
X 1.2
Steady-state output:
0.5
Po Pmax sin G o 0.5 pu Go sin 1 23.58q 0.4115 rad
1.25
b) Fault-on:
Pmax1
Pmax1 0 r1 0
Pmax
Post-fault:
Pmax 2
Pmax 2 Pmax r2 1
Pmax
The maximum rotor angle:
G m S G o 2.7301 rad
The critical clearing angle:
ª (G G o ) sin G o r2 cos G m º
G cr
cos 1 « m » 1.5599 rad 89.375
o
¬ r2 ¼
Considering the corresponding critical clearing time:
S u f u Po 2 S u 50 u 0.5 2
G cr u tcr G o u tcr 0.4115 1.5599 rad
2uH 2u5
tcr 0.3824 sec
4. a) Let Gt be the terminal voltage angle relative the infinite bus.

1u1
sin G t 0.9 G t 42.454q
0.15 1.2 / 2
Vt Vb 142.454q 10q
Terminal current I 0.9 j 0.35 pu
j 0.75 j 0.75
Generator internal voltage:
E Vb IX 1 (0.9 j 0.35)( j 0.95) 0.668 j 0.855 1.08552q
H 5 1 2 1.2
b) M s / deg X pre 0.2 0.15 0.95 pu
180 f 180 u 50 1800 2
X fault 0.2 0.15 1.2 1.55 pu X post X pre
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 5

t ¨t Pe (pu) Pa (pu) Į (o/s2) ¨Ȧ (o/s) Ȧ (o/s) ¨į (o) į (o)
0– 0.9 0
0+ 0.5516 0.3484
0avg 0.05 0.1742 313.56 15.68 15.68 0.78 52.78
0.05 0.05 0.5575 0.3425 616.58 30.83 46.51 2.33 55.11
0.10 0.05 0.5742 0.3258 586.48 29.32 75.83 3.79 58.90
0.15 0.05 0.5994 0.3006 541.09 27.05 102.88 5.14 64.05
0.2– 0.6294 0.2706
0.2+ 1.0269 -0.1269
0.2avg 0.05 0.0718 129.32 6.47 109.35 5.47 69.51
0.25 0.05 1.0699 -0.1699 -305.77 -15.29 94.06 4.70 74.22
0.3 0.05 1.0990 -0.1990 -358.28 -17.91 76.15 3.81 78.02
EV EV Pa( n )
where Pe( n ) sin G ( n ) , Pa( n ) Pm Pe( n ) 0.9 sin G ( n ) , D ( n 1)
X (n) X (n) M
'Z ( n 1) D a( n 1) 't , Z ( n 1) Z ( n ) 'Z ( n 1)
'G ( n 1) Z ( n 1) 't , G ( n 1) G ( n ) 'G ( n 1)
5. a) Pre-fault transmission reactance X 0 j 0.9 j 0.4 // ( j 0.2 j 0.2) j1.1

EaVb 1.8 u 1
Pre-fault power output P0 sin G 0 sin G 0 1 G0 37.67q
X0 1.1
0.9 u 0.4 0.4 u 0.2 0.2 u 0.9
b) Fault-on transmission reactance X 1 j j 3.1
0.2
EaVb 1.8 u 1
P1 sin G sin G 0.5806sin G
X1 3.1
Fault-off transmission reactance X 2 j 0.9 j 0.4 j1.3
EaVb 1.8 u 1
X2 1.3
Post-fault transmission reactance = pre-fault transmission reactance = j1.1
EaVb 1.8 u 1
X0 1.1
Total accelerating area
G1 90q
Aa ³G 0
( P0 P1 )d G ³37.67q
1 0.5806sin G d G 0.454
Total decelerating area

G2 G3
Ad ³G 1
( P2 P0 )d G ³ ( P3 P0 )d G
G2
q
180q37.67q
³90q 1.3846sin G 1 dG ³120q 1.6364sin G 1 dG
120
0.256
Based on the equal area criterion, the system is transient unstable as the allowable
decelerating area is less the acceleration are, i.e. Aa ! Ad
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 6

6. a) Let Gt be the terminal voltage angle relative the infinite bus.
1u1
sin G t 0.8 G t 18.663q
0.4
Vt Vb 118.663q 10q
Terminal current I 0.8 j 0.131 pu
j 0.4 j 0.4
Generator internal voltage:
E Vb ǿX 1 (0.8 j 0.131)( j 0.25 j 0.4) 0.915 j 0.52 1.05229.62q
H 5 1 2
b) M s / deg X pre 0.25 0.4 0.65 pu
180 f 180 u 50 1800
X fault 0.25 1.0 1.25 pu X post 0.25 0.6 0.85 pu
t ¨t Pe (pu) Pa (pu) Į (o/s2) ¨Ȧ (o/s) Ȧ (o/s) ¨į (o) į (o )

0– 0.8 0 29.62
0+ 0.416 0.384
0avg 0.05 0.192 345.64 17.28 17.28 0.86 30.49
0.05 0.05 0.427 0.373 671.43 33.57 50.85 2.54 33.03
0.10 0.05 0.4587 0.3413 614.27 30.71 81.57 4.08 37.11
0.15– 0.5078 0.2922
0.15+ 0.7467 0.0533
0.15avg 0.05 0.1728 310.99 15.55 97.11 4.86 41.96
0.2 0.05 0.8276 -0.0276 -49.62 -2.48 94.63 4.73 46.70
EV EV Pa( n )
where Pe( n ) (n)
sin G ( n ) , Pa( n ) Pm Pe( n ) 0.8 (n)
sin G ( n ) , D (n)
X X M
'Z ( n 1) D a( n ) 't , Z ( n 1) Z ( n ) 'Z ( n 1)
'G ( n 1) Z ( n 1) 't , G ( n 1) G ( n ) 'G ( n 1)
After fault cleared for 0.1 sec (i.e. t = 0.25 sec):

Power angle = 46.7o
Power output = 0.9 pu
EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 7

Power System Stability:: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

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Power System Stability:: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

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The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Transient Stability

Power System Stability:

Small‐Signal (or small‐disturbance) Stability:

‐The system is designed and operated so as to be stable for a selected set of

Energy gained during acceleration is directly proportional to area A1

Energy lost during deceleration is directly proportional to area A2

The angular frequency of the undamped oscillations is given by

  cr  cos 1  P m P max   max   0   cos  max   cos 1 sin  0   2 0   cos  0 

Single machine ‐ infinite bus system Equivalent circuit

Reduced Equivalent Circuit

After changing base power from 1000 MVA to 2000 MVA:

Power delivered by the generator:

I  Vt  EB  jX  0.9000 + j0.0267 pu 1.1615 32.320

 EI  Vt  jX d I  0.9816 + j 6261 pu =1.1615 32.320

2. Draw the power‐angle curve and show the operating point.

3. Determine the frequency of machine rotor oscillations when it is subjected to a small

r1  0.2875 & r2  0.6571

8. Suppose that the line is Vt  1.05 pu

360 440 fault at F4 at t = 1 s

3 x 210 MW 300 km 400 kV System

‐ Conventional thermal power plant

‐ Fault is cleared at t = 1.275 s

Impact of Excitation System

Static Excitation System with Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Impact of Excitation System

The change in electrical torque of a synchronous machine following a perturbation

‐ Lack of sufficient synchronizing torque results in instability through an aperiodic drift

Impact of Governor Control

Generator with Constant Mechanical Input

Generator with Constant Mechanical Input

Generator with Constant Mechanical Input

Generator with Speed Governor

Impact of Synchronous Machine Controls on Critical Clearing Time

Scenario Excitation System Governor Control tcr (ms)

‐ Hydro power plant

mechanical input scenario

Generator with Governor Control

Generator with Constant Mechanical Input

Generator with Governor Control

Generator with Constant Mechanical Input

Negative Impact on First Swing Stability!

EE4031 Power Systems

1. A three-phase fault is applied at P as shown in Fig.1 with reactances given on a common

2. A 50Hz generator with a reactance of 0.3 pu has an inertia constant H = 5. It delivers

3. A generator operating at 50 Hz with an inertia constant H of 5 sec delivers half-load (i.e.

EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 1

6. A 50Hz generator with a reactance of 0.25 pu delivers a steady-state power of 0.8 pu

EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 2

1. a) The total transmission reactance:

EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 3

b) Stability limit Pmax 2.1 pu

EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 4

4. a) Let Gt be the terminal voltage angle relative the infinite bus.

EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 5

5. a) Pre-fault transmission reactance X 0 j 0.9  j 0.4 // ( j 0.2  j 0.2) j1.1

Total decelerating area

EE4031, KWCn, 23 Apr 2010 6

5. a) Pre-fault transmission reactance X 0 j 0.9 j 0.4 // ( j 0.2 j 0.2) j1.1