Egyptian Architecture Greek Architecture
Features TEMPLE OF AMMON
Columns  Columns all have smooth shafts, but there are
two different types of capitals: bud shaped
and bell shaped, or campaniform.
 Swamp-plant columns at Karnak which are
carved to resemble lotus or papyrus, with bud-
cluster or bell-shaped capitals. Painted
decorations, traces of which still can be seen
on the surfaces of the shafts and capitals.
Mouldings  The columns were designed with lotus,
papyrus, and palm plants in order to reflect
the marsh-like environment of creation.
Roofing  The temple roof represented the sky and was
often decorated with stars and birds.
Façade  A procession of criosphinxes (ram-headed)
define the main entrance; these symbolize
Amon, the patron deity of the pharaoh. They
have sun discs on their heads and the
mummified form of Ramses II between their
forepaws.
Construction Materials  Buildings for the use of mortars, which were
built of mudbrick.
 The main stones used in temple construction
were limestone and sandstone,
 For obelisks is stones that are harder and
more difficult to carve, such as granite.
Construction Methods  Column shafts and capitals were typically
formed out of stacked stone drums or half
drums.
 Decorative elements on shafts and capitals
could be cut directly from the stacked blocks
once in place.
 Temple structures were built on foundations of
stone slabs set into sand-filled trenches
 The post-and-lintel structure of Egyptian temples
appears to have had its origin in an early
building technique that used firmly bound
sheaves of reeds and swamp plants as roof
supports in adobe structures
TEMPLE OF ARTERMIS
 Greeks emphasized the vertical lines of the column
and its structural function by freeing the surfaces of
the shaft from all ornament.
 It is a simple Doric Temple characterized by its
simplicity in the columns and capitols.
 The building was supported around its perimeter by
colonnades.
 The temple of Artemis in Corfu and the Parthenon
are the only Greek temples with eight columns
between antae.
 The pediment is the triangular part on the top of the
temple. Figures were often carved on slabs and then
attached to the pediment.
 The function of the Medusa and panther figures is
believed to be apotropaic, that is, their function was to
ward-off evil and prevent it from entering the temple
 The pediments were decorated with mythical figures,
sculpted in high relief.
 It was surmounted by a roof with two slopes with a
low inclination. Triangular Pediments
 Classical, figurative and clean. In the literal sense,
because the classical Hellenistic style is perfectly
defined and easily recognizable, it consists of the
presence of a "cella".
 The Temple of Artemis is a limestone structure.
 Two different materials were used on the temple of
Artemis, both on the archaic temple and on the
Hellenic: marble and wood as marble was an
innovative material.
 The main difficulty of the construction was the
digging of the foundations. It must be said that the
temple was built in an area close to the vaguely
marshy river, and the soil was therefore reluctant to
bear the weight of such a monument.
 the idea of installing a substrate made of a mixture
of sand and coal on a bed of animal skins.
Compare the works of the 2 following architects.
Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier (1887-1967), a French architect, designed with
rationality and functionality. He sought out to liberate the
individual and therefore, exercised the Modular system to utilize
the human dimensions. Pairing the golden ratio to the Modular,
his system focused on scale of architectural proportion.
Le Corbusier uses a system of columns to capture his open plan
affect.
This idea was revolutionary and became the foundation of Le
Corbusier’s 5 points of architecture:
1. Columns (pilotis)
 Elevating the mass off the ground
2. Free plan (plan libre)
 Achieved through the separation of the load-bearing
columns from the walls subdividing the space
3. The free façade (façade libre)
 The corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane
4. Ribbon wind (fenetre de longerue)
 The long horizontal sliding window
5. Roof garden (toit-jardin)
 Restoring supposedly, the area of ground covered by
the house
Villa Savoye is an open plan but, by looking at the plan you can
begin to see how much of the plan is open but then Le Corbusier
places a lot of spaces in the back corners to allow for some more
privacy in places that may need privacy. Comparing that to Mies
Van Der Rohe’s 50 x 50 House and you can begin to see how
truly open his plan was.
Villa Savoye & Floor Plan
By eliminating the load-bearing walls and replacing them with
columns, Le Corbusier opened up the interior and exterior,
allowing new possibilities to be explored.
Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe (1886-1969), a German architect, was
a constructivist abstraction designer, mainly focusing on planes
and lines. Influenced by the Berlin Avant-garde, he had multiple
ideas of architecture as well:
1. The enclosure of function in a generalized cubic container not
committed to any particular set of concrete functions.
2. The articulation of the buildings in response to the fluidity of life.
3. Dematerialization of architectural elements.
4. Plastic sensibility in window/brick compositions
5. Elementalist design of the plan
6. The Center is abolished
7. The room as a plan organizer is dissolved.
8. Plans are not organized by the taxonomy of functions but
represent an instance of MVDR’s many possible compositions.
9. Interplay between column and wall is a major theme.
Mies Van Der Rohe uses a series of planes to capture the open
plan. Mies Van Der Rohe does use the column as well. He even
uses the column in some interesting ways that were somewhat of
a revolution. However, Mies really changes things up with his use
of planes.  Their horizontal elements are very similar to each other
though.
The 50 x 50 House was never actually constructed. Columns, at
the time, were thought to be a corner element.
Mies placed the columns on the center of the walls meaning all
the weight was supported in the center of the exterior instead of
the corners.
In terms of program Mies eliminated a lot of privacy. Not only did
he eliminate a lot of privacy within the house he eliminated it from
outside the house.
The house was all glass curtain walls allowing the house to be
somewhat of a doll house. You could see inside the house at all
times.
The 50 x 50 Plan House Concept
In Mies Van Der Rohe’s Barcelona Pavilion you can really see
how he uses the plane. Similar to Le Corbusier, the wall was no
longer needed as a structural element. Columns took their place,
as the walls became more of a visual aspect. His plans were quite
simple, designing the structure around the notion of “less is more”.
Choose 1 example of modern/international style architecture & explain why it became modern architecture.
Construction Date: 1933 - 1934
Location: Hampstead, London
A Vision for Modern Living
Isokon Flats, also known as Lawn Road Flats, on Lawn
Road, Hampstead, London NW3, is a reinforced concrete
block of 36 flats, A sculptural Modernist apartment block that
was once home to Walter Gropius, Agatha Christie and
Soviet spy Arnold Deutsch.
 Concept
The apartment block Lawn Road, completed in 1934 by
Wells Coates, was conceived as a social and architectural
experiment which aimed to make possible a system of
modern urban life. It was the first building of the architect
o Isokon (Isometric Unit Construction) in whose name
the
building later became known, exposed a “minimun flat”
designed by Coates, showing the type of accommodation
could be designed for young professionals and spark interest
therein.
o Smaller departments, 22 “minimal flats”, had a little
kitchenette equipped and could not be inhabited by people
with children “kitchenless and child-free”. Constraints of
modern life simpler by providing the space that would give
maximum comfort using the least amount of materials.
 Materials
The departments were built with reinforced concrete. The
outer walls with 10 cm thick were inside an insulating layer of
2.5 cm, consisting of pressed cork plates placed inside the
formwork. The dividing walls between departments on both
sides were lined with limestone blocks, with a separation
between them of about 5 inches and filled with glued strips
partitions to fill this gap. The remaining walls were plastered
internally. Departments are insonorizaron as possible.
In the exterior wall terminations were performed with two
layers revoking dyed and waterproofed cement, applied
directly to the concrete formwork.
 A Giant Ocean Liner
Wells Coates' biographer, J.M. Richards, believes that these
flats are "nearer to the machine á habiter than anything
Corbusier ever designed". The block showcases perfectly
Wells' belief in the benefits of minimal living- gone is the
unnecessary ornamentation of the Victorian house; in its
place is a small, clean, furnished, centrally-heated
apartment.
The desire to create an organic community is also clear:
Wells wrote to Jack Pritchard; "My scheme provides a place
which every actor in this drama can call his own place, and
further than that my idea of property does not go. This is the
room where I sleep, this is where I work, and this is where I
eat. This is the roof garden where everyone can turn out.
This is the garden where everyone goes. It's like a park."
 Decline and Rebirth
Pritchard was unable to import necessary materials for
building from the continent, and after the war the flats failed
to attract the same eclectic mix that had lived there in the
1930s.
In 1955, the whole block was given a stucco makeover,
spoiling their imposing appearance, the flats were transferred
to Camden Council in 1972. The Isobar was closed and the
sense of community which had been such a part of the
Isokon experiment was lost.
 What makes Lawn Road special is its very early date for
a British Modern building.
It was very neatly fitted out, and it has been cleverly adapted
to work in the 21st century. It's ultimately right that it has
survived as a repository of stories; a monument to the
excellence and energy of a pioneering period and a vivacious
and bold group of people. Much of the original fabric has
been lost - windows had been replaced gradually over the
years and Avanti has had to take out the cross wall between
the flats to improve insulation.
It would have been good to see some shared facilities
reintroduced. The Isobar was not feasible in planning or
economic terms, but a communal laundry - ruled out because
of projected management difficulties - would have freed up
space in the flats and encouraged interaction. However, it is
a joy to see the building back in use and appreciated by the
Building Maintenance is the process of ensuring that buildings
and other assets retain a good appearance and operate at
optimum efficiency. Inadequate maintenance can result in
decay, degradation and reduced performance and can affect
heath and threaten the safety of users, occupants and others in
the vicinity.
Planned maintenance: Carried out on a regular basis, such as
servicing boilers.
Preventive maintenance: Carried out in order to keep
something in working order or extend its life, such as replacing
cracked roofing tiles before inclement weather.
Corrective maintenance: This involves repairing something that
has broken, such as a window or guttering.
Front-line maintenance: This involves maintaining something
while it is still in use, such as repainting and decorating an
occupied building.
Proactive maintenance: Maintenance work that is undertaken
to avoid failures or to identify defects that could lead to failure.
Reliability Centered maintenance: A combination of
maintenance strategies used to ensure a physical asset
continues to function correctly.
Scheduled maintenance: Preventive maintenance carried out
in accordance with predetermined intervals, number of
operations, hours run, and so on.
o Plan of Action
For Electrical Safety, Fire Safety, Emergency Lighting, Pest
Control and Water Testing.
o Record Keeping
Record keeping will allow for easier management of Building
Maintenance however it also offer a company the security of
knowing all legal requirements have been met should something
go wrong.
o Keep Up to Date and Prepare For Change
Sourcing the relevant updates should not be a difficult, time
consuming responsibility, once a reliable source has been
identified and established. Planning ahead is the best way to
reduce impact on a business and keep costs to a minimum.
o Costing
This may include equipment, maintenance of the equipment,
staffing, certification fees for a number of services such as water
hygiene, security or portable appliance testing.
o Outsource
public and its lucky occupiers.
Running a business is time consuming, bringing in an expert to
manage compliance will free up valuable time so you can
concentrate on growing your business.
Role of an Architect in relation to Building Maintenance:
o Architecture and design influence not merely the aesthetics
of buildings and other physical surroundings, but also the
way individuals perceive and go about performing everyday
activities.
o Architects thus create spaces that enable people to
perform daily tasks and a range of everyday social
activities.
o Architects also play a vital role in securing the future
maintenance of newly designed buildings in order to
ensure the continued existence of these physical spaces.
Uncompromised Aesthetics Through Thoughtful Design
o Architectural visions and inspirational design rarely stem
from the practical needs of building maintenance.
o The uncompromised aesthetics of these architectural
landmarks rely on vast open spaces that allow air and
natural light to dominate, thus creating pleasant and
spectacular environments. However, the continued use of
these buildings brings about a range of practical issues
regarding the building maintenance.
o Permanent installations in the ceilings and walls entail
great compromises to the aesthetics and lack flexibility to
perform various maintenance tasks.
o Scaffolding provides the necessary flexibility, but is a
laborious and time-consuming solution for performing
everyday maintenance, such as cleaning, repairs and
decorating projects.
Opening Possibilities with Flexible Solutions for Building
Maintenance
o Flexible solutions for building maintenance open a range of
possibilities for architects to ensure that the future facility
management may be carried out in ways that are in line
with the architectural visions of the building.
Sustainability Necessitates Maintenance
o By considering maintenance possibilities during the design
phase, architects play a vital role in securing the proper
conservation of completed projects.
o Sustainable architectural design needs to provide
thoughtful solutions for future building maintenance that are
flexible, safe and economically sound.
Source: Arc
Architecture and design influence not merely the aesthetics of who are familiar with flexible maintenance technologies
buildings and other physical surroundings, but also the way may grant themselves certain design freedoms by
individuals perceive and go about performing everyday highlighting these possibilities. Sustainable architectural
activities. Contemporary architecture considers and shapes the design needs to provide thoughtful solutions for future
behavior of people, whether at home, at work or during leisure
building maintenance that are flexible, safe and
activities. In this regard, contemporary architecture increasingly
incorporates diverse materials with different and unique qualities economically sound.
in order to create surroundings that facilitate the intended and
naturally occurring behavior of visitors and everyday users.  Electrical Safety – Electrical Inspection and
Architects thus create spaces that enable people to perform Testing, Electrical Maintenance and Portable
daily tasks and a range of everyday social activities. However, Appliance Testing.
architects also play a vital role in securing the future
maintenance of newly designed buildings in order to ensure the
continued existence of these physical spaces.
 Fire Safety – Fire alarms, logs and wardens all
contribute to ensuring fire safety.
Uncompromised Aesthetics Through Thoughtful Design
 Emergency Lighting – Emergency lighting help
Architectural visions and inspirational design rarely stem site users are able to remain safe, or safely
from the practical needs of building maintenance. The escape a building in the event of normal lighting
uncompromised aesthetics of these architectural failure.
landmarks rely on vast open spaces that allow air and
natural light to dominate, thus creating pleasant and  Pest Control – Failure to adhere to pest control
spectacular environments. However, the continued use of measures can cause contamination and put your
these buildings brings about a range of practical issues employees’ and consumers’ health at risk.
regarding the building maintenance. Permanent
installations in the ceilings and walls entail great
 Water Testing – Water is a large risk factor for
compromises to the aesthetics and lack flexibility to
which all employers and landlords are obliged to
perform various maintenance tasks. Scaffolding provides
regularly undertake water treatment and to act to
the necessary flexibility, but is a laborious and time-
limit this risk, particularly for Legionella.
consuming solution for performing everyday maintenance,
such as cleaning, repairs and decorating projects. Falcon
Spider Lifts are designed to respond to the architectural
and functional needs of contemporary buildings without
compromising aesthetics, safety or the practical needs of  Planned maintenance: Carried out on a regular
building maintenance. basis, such as servicing boilers.

Opening Possibilities with Flexible Solutions for Building  Preventive maintenance: Carried out in order to
Maintenance keep something in working order or extend its
life, such as replacing cracked roofing tiles before
Flexible solutions for building maintenance open a range inclement weather.
of possibilities for architects to ensure that the future
facility management may be carried out in ways that are in  Corrective maintenance: This involves repairing
line with the architectural visions of the building. The light something that has broken, such as a window or
ground pressure, long outreach and wheel-based options guttering.
makes Falcon Spider Lifts a perfect solution for performing
maintenance task indoors and on sensitive floorings.  Front-line maintenance: This involves
maintaining something while it is still in use, such
Sustainability Necessitates Maintenance as repainting and decorating an occupied
building.
By considering maintenance possibilities during the design
phase, architects play a vital role in securing the proper
conservation of completed projects. Moreover, architects
 Proactive maintenance: Maintenance work that is
undertaken to avoid failures or to identify defects
that could lead to failure.

 Reliability centred maintenance: A combination of

maintenance strategies used to ensure a
physical asset continues to function correctly.

 Scheduled maintenance: Preventive

maintenance carried out in accordance with
predetermined intervals, number of operations,
hours run, and so on.