Drilling Tools & Remedial

Jars
Objectives of the Course

1. Explain what is Jarring and its value

2. Define the various types of Jars available in the industry
and how they function
3. Explain the flow of energy in a Jarring Sequence
4. Explain the Smith Services Hydra Jar
5. Provide a comparison between the various Jars
6. Explain how the Accelerator functions and the benefits
7. Provide a simple calculation to place a Jar on a BHA
8. Define some best practices when using the Jar
Jar Theory

What is Jarring

Function of a Jar

Jarring Sequence
– Storing energy
– Releasing energy
– Freeing Stuck Pipe

2
What is Jarring

“Jarring provides a method for

dynamically transferring strain
energy from the drill string above
the Jar to the stuck point below the
Jar.”

A jar is used to free a

“stuck pipe” by generating
an amplified force at the
stuck point using the
energy from the force
applied at surface.
Function of a Jar

The jar allows energy to be stored in

the drill pipe, either as compression or
stretch

When the jar trips the drill pipe reverts
to its initial length setting the mass of
collars or HWDP directly above the jar
into motion with a velocity.

The resulting momentum of the Collars
/ HWDP above the jar, provides a
sudden release of energy at the stuck
point.

JAR Firing 4
Jarring Sequence

Drill Pipe to
Surface
1. Stuck Pipe
Pipe String Stretch
2. Drill Pipe stretched or Energy Source

compressed (stores energy)

3. Delay mechanism
HWDP/DC
4. Sudden release allowing mass
to go into motion Hammer Weight

5. Velocity of Hammer Mass Jar

produces momentum Impact Source
6. Collision produces shock waves
7. Shock Wave Propagation to
stuck point
Stuck Point
Storing energy

The energy available to the

jar comes for from the force
applied on surface to stretch
or compress the drill pipe .

The maximum energy that can

be stored equals ½ the tension
of the pipe x stretch
=
Storing energy

The type and length of drill

pipe affects the amount of
energy that is stored by
the drill pipe

Greater the length of drill

pipe the greater the pipe
stretch using the same
Over Pull

Recommend stretching to
2 x the free travel of the
jar (for an 8” stroke require
16 inches )
Storing Energy

The energy available for up

jarring comes from the rig

The energy available for

down jarring comes from
gravity

Force = m g cos θ
8
Types of Jars available

Mechanical Jars

Hydraulic Jars

Hydro-Mechanical Jars .
Detent System

Detent System - a delay mechanism that allows the

drill pipe to be put into stretch or compression by
restricting the movement of a piston momentarily before
releasing it.

Hydraulic Jar – uses a hydraulic oil

Mechanical Jar – uses a mechanical latch or spring

Detent System – hydraulic jar

Detent Cylinder Cut Away

• The detent mechanism employs a hydraulic
fluid of stable viscosity that is metered through
an orifice in the detent ring.
• The time taken to meter the fluid through the
temperature-controlled orifice depends on the
applied force.
• This allows the drilling jar to be fired using any
applied force and allows the final force that is
delivered to the stuck point to be varied.
Operating Principle – Hydraulic Jar

12
Storing Energy – mechanical jar

Delay mechanism
consists of a mechanical
trip or firing mechanism
that activates only when
the necessary tension or
compression has been
applied to the running
string.

13
Operating Principle – Mechanical Jar
Operating Principles – mechanical jar

15
Energy Released at the Stuck Point

Impact – is maximum 700

600 IMPACT
peak tensile force
500
experienced at the stuck

Impact Jar Blow (X1000)

400
point FO
300
RC
200

Impulse – is the tensile E
100
force experienced over 0
a period of time at the -100
-200
stuck point -300 IMPULSE
0 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14

mSec
TIME
Smith Services Hydraulic Jar

Hydra-Jar AP Tool
Features and
Benefits
 Componentssembly
Neutralizer Mandrel
Drive pin retainer sub
Connector Sub Lower Detent Mandrel
Fluid Cylinder Neutralizer
Cylinder Lower Sub
Kelly Mandrel Upper Detent Mandrel

Drive Cylinder Balance Piston Neutralizer Piston Lower Detent Cylinder

Knocker Upper Detent Cylinder

Connector Sub

Animation
Features & Benefits

Fully hydraulic tool

Double-acting jarring tool – straight pull

Designed for easy handling on the rig floor

Hydraulic metering system is time-load sensitive

Manufactured with 4330 V steel

Hard banding

Standoff subs - available

Plastic coated ID
Pressure Balanced

The Hydra-Jar AP tool is a pressure balanced. The tool

automatically adjusts to down hole pressures seen in the
annulus.

Neutralizer Pistons

Hydrostatic Pressure

Balanced Pressure
Temperature Compensated

Detent Ring
100°° F
100 500° F
500°
Hole in Ring

Steel Pin
Super Seals

Super Seal – 20000 PSI –

500°F
500°

SNE – Brass
– Ride gland angle to close
tolerance Pressure
Surface
– Prevent extrusion of SSR & seal

SSR – Glass filled Teflon
SNE SSR
– Polish / condition shaft while Major Seal
reciprocating

Major Seal
– Resilient member
– Seal high & low pressure
Longer Stroke Length

Increased stroke length delivers more energy

UP JARRING UP JARRING
IMPACT AT BIT X 1,000 LBS IMPULSE AT BIT X 1,000 lb.sec
4" TRAVEL 8" TRAVEL 4" TRAVEL 8" TRAVEL

400 320 340 15 12

292 303 11 11
10
300
194 10 7
164 6
200 131
144
5 5
5
100
0 0
26 37 53 70 26 37 53 70
OVERPULL AT JAR X 1,000 LBS OVERPULL AT JAR X 1,000 LBS
Jar Latch
Hydra Jar Specifications

OD ID CONNECTION OVERALL MAX. TENSILE TORSIONAL UP DOWN TOTAL TOOL

LENGTH DETENT YIELD YIELD STROKE STROKE STROKE WT.

in in ft in lbf lbf lbf·ft in in in lb

3 3/8 1 1/2 2 3/8 API IF 24' 5" 44,000 236,062 6,842 7 7 21 500

4 1/4 2 2 7/8 API IF 29' 10" 70,000 377,871 15,381 8 7 25 800

4 3/4 2 1/4 3 1/2 API IF 29' 10" 95,000 492,284 19,126 8 7 25 1,050

6 1/4 2 3/4 4 1/2 API XH 31' 2" 150,000 964,207 50,757 8 7 25 1,600

6 1/2 2 3/4 4 1/2 API IF 31' 2" 175,000 964,207 54,796 8 7 25 1,850

7 2 3/4 5 H-90 31' 6" 230,000 1,179,933 67,396 8 8 25 2,600

7 1/4 2 3/4 5 1/2 H-90 31' 6" 240,000 1,261,162 84,155 8 8 25 3,000

7 3/4 3 6 5/8 API REG 32' 260,000 1,315,225 86,848 8 7 25 3,200

8 3 6 5/8 API REG 32' 300,000 1,621,565 98,490 8 7 25 3,550

8 1/4 3 6 5/8 API REG 32' 350,000 1,819,384 115,418 8 8 25 4,000

8 1/2 3 6 5/8 API REG 32' 350,000 1,846,269 115,418 8 8 25 4,500

9 1/2 3 7 5/8 API REG 32' 6" 500,000 1,654,172 152,802 8 8 25 5,600
Smith Services - Accelerator

Drilling
Accelerator® Tool
Theory

Animation
Accelerator® Tool-Design

The Accelerator tool consists of an

outer cylinder and an inner
mandrel connected by a piston
chamber

When a force is applied to the

Accelerator tool the silicon liquid is
compressed by the moving piston

When the force is released the

silicon liquid expands (like a
spring) moving the piston back to
its original position
 Accelerator® Tool
4 3/4" Hydra-Jar AP Drilling Jar alone & with the 4 3/4"

Energy source 80 Accelerator Tool

Normal Jar Load x

Concentrates energy 70

60

Enhances Jar impact
50

Acts as shock absorber
40

Provides stretch 30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Direct shock waves Based on a hammer mass of 3 x DC
Impact Force x 1,000 lb

6 1/2" Hydra-Jar Drilling Jar alone & with the 6 1/2"

170 Accelerator Tool
Normal Jar Load x
150

130

The Drilling Accelerator tool 110

amplifies the final impact 90

70
and impulse energy
50
released by a Jar 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400
Impact Force x 1,000 lb
Based on a hammer mass of 3 x DC
 Reflection Point

Accelerator Tool
Closes Loop
Initial Wave Reflected Wave

Animation
Stuck Point
Value Added

Stuck Pipe mechanisms

General guidelines in freeing
stuck pipe

30
Value Added

A Jar is run in the drill string to assist in freeing the drill

string in the event it gets “stuck”

“Drill Stings become stuck on average once every three

wells drilled” (Auflick & Auflick 1995)

50% while tripping

10% while drilling ahead

20% while reaming and working pipe
Types of Sticking

1. Hole Pack off / Bridge

1. Formation solids (cuttings, cavings) settle around the drill string and
pack off the annulus resulting in stuck pipe
2. Medium to large pieces of formation, cement or junk falls into
wellbore
2. Wellbore Geometry
1. Hole Diameter relative to BHA geometry will not allow passage of
drill string
3. Differential Sticking
Mechanism causing Stuck Pipe

Mechanical sticking
Occurs when you are moving the drill string up or down and the
drill pipe is forced into a smaller ID

Differential sticking
Occurs when you have a difference in the annular pressure and
the formation pressure and the drill pipe is stationary and on
the well bore.
General Guidelines in freeing a Stuck Pipe

If Sticking occurs while moving up – apply torque and

jar down – reduce circulation while jarring down

If Sticking occurs while moving down – fire up – do not

apply torque – reduce circulation while cocking the jar

If differentially stuck can fire in either direction

depending how the jar is positioned

34
Placing the Jar

Best Practices –
Operating Guidelines
Jar Placement

Design questions

1. Placing the jar out of the neutral point

2. Placing the Jar to optimize for Impact or Impulse
3. Placing the jar out of the neutral point
4. Running the Jar in Tension or Compression
5. Using the Pump Open Force
6. Placing the jar to minimize fatigue damage
Neutral Point

Keep 20% of bit weight between the

drilling jar and the neutral point

Placing the drilling jar too close to the neutral point

decreases the operational life of the drilling jar
Energy Released at the Stuck Point

700

Impact – is maximum 600 IMPACT
peak tensile force 500

Impact Jar Blow (X1000)

400
experienced at the stuck 300
FO
point RC
E
200
100

Impulse – is the tensile
0
force experienced over -100
a period of time at the -200
-300
stuck point IMPULSE
0 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14

mSec
TIME
 Impact / Impulse

Impulse Pipe to surface Impulse

Decreases; Increases;
Impact Impact
Increases Decreases
J
A
R Fixed length
Minimum Maximum
mass 10% of J mass20% of
overpull A overpull
R

A Stuck point B
Placing Jar without Jar PACT

Drill Pipe
Maximize Impact

Place 10% of the Maximum Working
Hammer
Mass
Detent Load of the Jar – equivalent
Hammer Mass above the Jar
Hydra-Jar®

Maximize Impulse

Place 20% of the Maximum Working
Detent Load of the Jar – equivalent
Hammer Mass above the Jar
Pump Open Force
L

Pump open force is

the force caused by
the back pressure of
the drilling fluid below P1
the jar acting on the
cross-sectional are of
the lower mandrel.
P2

L
Pump Open Force

If the jar is in tension while

drilling,

the pump open force will only
tend to

keep the jar extended.

If the jar is in compression, the
pump

open force will tend to reduce
the

weight on the jar but will have no

effect on the jar travel until all the

weight has been lifted from the
jar.
Pump Open Force

43
44
Straight Hole Placement

Hammer Weight WDJ

on Hydra-Jar®

DJ
Hydra-Jar®

Jar Tension DrI. Wt. JTDW

Neutral Point

Bit Weight BWDC

Drill Collars (WOB) WOB
High Angle Wells Placement

Neutral Point
Hammer Weight WDJ

Hydra-Jar® DJ

WOB

Bit Weight
Drill Collars (WOB)
Tension or Compression
 Jar Placement
Horizontal Hole Placement
Single Jar in Lateral
Most of the weight for drilling will
come from the BHA in the
vertical and top curve section of
the wells
The BHA in the horizontal hole
section will not be contributing
to the WOB.
Close to bit & stab.
Load on Jars??
In neutral point??
Effect of jarring on lower BHA??
Stuck above jars?
 Jar Placement
Horizontal Hole Placement
Single Jar in Top Curve
Effective in curve, protect lower BHA.
Out of Neutral Point.
Placing the Jar in the vertical section
reduce problems of getting enough
weight or over-
over-pull to operate the Jar
Not very effective jarring in lateral
section. Impacts at the stuck point are
almost always lower.
If only one Jar is available in a horizontal
well that it be run in the vertical or top
curve section of hole
Horizontal/ERD Placement - Dual Jars

In hole curvatures of 10°/100ft or greater, avoid operating Jar in the

curve because of bending stresses combine with axial stress can
severely shorten the life of Jar

If Jar is located below the curve in a medium-radius hole, considerations

must be given to whether adequate pull (or push) loads can be
transmitted to the Jar. As much as 50% of axial loads can be lost due
to friction in the curve

When Jar is located above the curve, the magnitude of the stress waves
are reduced by friction as they travel to the stuck point. However,
good impacts loads can be achieved, even with very long horizontal
extensions below the curve
 Jar Placement
Horizontal Hole Placement
Dual Jar
Top Jar protects the curve
Lower Jar protects the lateral
Overcome drag
The top Jar will give good impacts in
the curve and help to cock the
lower Jar
The lower Jar will transmit high
impacts to the horizontal section of
hole
The build up of load from two or three
blows of the top Jar will set and
activate the bottom Jar
 Jar Placement
Horizontal Hole Placement
Dual Jar and Accelerator

All benefits of Accelerator®

Accelerator® tool transferring 100% of over-
over-pull or set
down to the Jar, therefore minimizing loses due to
drag and increasing the efficiency of the lower Jar.
 Jar Placement
Horizontal Hole Placement
Dual Jar and Dual Accelerator
Accelerators double impacts
Maximum power
All benefits of Accelerator®
This would be the ultimate impact
system for high angle or
horizontal wells.
The upper Jar and Accelerator® will
provide greater forces for
activation of the lower Jar
Impacts if stuck above the bottom
hole assembly in the horizontal
section will dramatically
increase
Bottom Hole Assembly Design

Always place the drilling jar in the transition pipe

90 feet away from the top stabilizer in the BHA

Never be run as a crossover

Same OD drill collars or heavy weight drill pipe

Hammer weight > = 3 joints of DC or HWDP

Never run a stabilizer or reamer above the drilling jar

Only use the necessary DC or HWDP required for WOB

Preventing Fatigue in Jar
Jar Pact Output
Jar Analysis from Cougar
Jar Operations –

Determining direction to fire jar

Establishing the Jar Load

Firing the Jar

Running the Jar

Troubleshooting

58
Up Jarring - Hydraulic Jars

Last recorded PU weight

Establishing the Load for
Up Jarring
minus
BHA weight below jar
plus
Desired Operating Jar Load
minus
Pump Open Force
equals
Force applied (seen on
weight - indicator)
Up Jarring - Hydraulic Jars

Tripping the Jar (Up Jarring)

– Steps
1. Slack off enough weight to cock
the jar (approximately 20K)
2. Pick up to the calculated weight
indicator load
3. Lock down the brake holding
tension in the drill pipe
4. Wait for the detent time to elapse
– refer to jar manual

Animation
Down Jarring– Hydraulic Jars

Last recorded Slack Off weight

minus
BHA weight below jar
minus

Establishing the Load for
Down Jarring Desired Operating Jar Load
minus
Pump Open Force
equals
Force applied (seen on weight -
indicator)
Down Jarring– Hydraulic Jars

Tripping the Jar (Down Jarring)

– Steps
1. Cock the Jar by raising the drill
string (approximately 20K)
2. Slack off to the calculated
weight indicator load
3. Lock down the brake, holding
compression in the drill pipe
4. Wait for the detent time to
elapse – refer to jar manual

Animation
Delay Times vs Load

Full Detent - Drilling Jar in the fully opened (or closed) position, prior to striking.
Short Detent - Drilling Jar in a partially opened (or closed) position, prior to striking.
Delay Time - The time elapsed between cocking and firing the Drilling Jar. Hole drag not accounted for in above chart.
Test Load - Functional test performed at service centers.
Up Jarring - Mechanical Jars

Last recorded PU weight

minus
BHA weight below jar

Establishing the Load for plus
Up Jarring Desired Operating Jar Load
minus
Pump Open Force
equals
Force applied (seen on
weight - indicator)
Establishing Load - Mechanical Jars
UP JARRING
Last recorded PU weight DOWN JARRING
minus Last recorded Slack Off weight
BHA weight below jar minus
plus BHA weight below jar
Desired Operating Jar Load minus
minus Desired Operating Jar Load
minus
Pump Open Force
Pump Open Force
equals equals
Force applied (seen on weight - Force applied (seen on weight –
indicator) indicator)
Jarring - Mechanical Jars

Tripping the Jar (Up Jarring)
– Steps
1. Slack off enough weight to
cock the jar (approximately
20K)
2. Pick up to the calculated
weight indicator load
3. Lock down the brake holding
tension in the drill pipe
4. No delay time – the jar will fire
when the preset trip load is
applied

Tripping the Jar (Down Jarring)
– Steps
1. Cock the Jar by raising the drill
string (approximately 20K)
2. Slack off to the calculated weight
indicator load
3. Lock down the brake, holding
compression in the drill pipe
4. No delay time – the jar will fire
when the preset trip load is
applied
Jarring Operation Mechanical

LATCH MECHANISM
– PRESET ON
SURFACE TO
DELAY THE JAR
FROM FIRING
Operations – Picking Up the Jar

Safety Clamp

Lift Sub Tool Joint Pin Protector

Always pick up jar with

Safety Clamp in place
Figure 1.0
Operations – Making Up in the Rig Floor

Safety Clamp

Break off lift sub

Figure 2.0 Figure 3.0

Operations – Running into Hole
Remove Safety Clamp before Replace Safety Clamp when
Making up going into hole
to tubulars coming out of hole

Figure 4.0 Figure 5.0 Figure 6.0

Troubleshooting

Effect of pump

Jar will not fire up

Stuck above Jar

Effect of drag

Time to fire

Jar will not fire down

Jar fires while tripping

Oil and grease leaks
Mechanical vs Hydraulic
Impact Tools

Long Stroke Bumper Sub

Function

A drilling bumper sub is essentially a telescopic joint

capable of transmitting torque at every position of its
stroke:

allows the operator to isolate the weight of the drilling

string from the weight of the drill collars above the bit.

permits the driller on a floating rig to maintain

accurate control over the weight on bit—a control that
is unaffected by vertical motion, due to wave and tide
action of the drilling vessel.
Types

Unbalanced

Not balanced to the pump - results in Pump Open Force extending the
bumper sub

Balanced

Not affected by pump open force
Features
– Fully balanced to both pump and annulus

Critical for high hydrostatic pressure environments
– Long telescopic stroke (6 ft)
– Tandem configuration for extended stroke
requirements (6, 12, or 18 feet)
– High torque carrying capacity
– Sealed and lubricated for long life
– High temperature seals – 500 F
Benefits

– Maximizes ROP and bit life

– Minimizes shock loading on BHA components
– Controlled drilling while sidetracking
– Heave compensation
– Suitable at any water depth
Tool Placement

At the Neutral Point

Isolate specific amounts of weight on the drill bit by placing

the tool just above the required amount of drill collar weight
above the bit.

Drilling is then resumed within the stroke of the tool that

isolates the specific amount of weight on the bit and will be
constant and proportional to the weight of the drill collars.
Impact Tools

TD Shock Sub
Functions of a Shock Sub

• Absorb the axial vibration and / or bounce created

during the drilling or milling operations

• Interrupt the harmonic cycle created by the bit

• Extend cutting structure and bearing life by reducing

impact loads

• Reduced drill string vibration extends connection life

• Reduce shock loads on surface equipment

Applications For Shock Subs

• Run with roller cone and fixed cutter bits when drilling
competent sediments in straight hole applications

• Some directional applications - hard formation,

horizontal sections

• Milling operations - sections, windows, casing

• Underreaming and hole opening

• Coiled Tubing drilling operations

• Directionally drilled crossings

Should Not Be Run

• Surface holes in soft unconsolidated sediments

• Short section workovers

• Fast hole drilling

• Hot hole conditions in excess of 450 deg F.

• Fishing applications
Operating Parameters
• TD Shock Sub size must be matched to drill collar OD

• TD Shock Sub must be run in the proper orientation

• TD Shock Sub should be run within generally accepted

oilfield weight on bit and rotary parameters

• Maximum benefit is obtained when TD Shock Sub is placed

near the bit

• Under average operating conditions an operator can

expect up to 15 days or 300 hours of acceptable
performance
Operating Parameters

• TD Shock Sub can be placed between two points of

stabilization

• Do not place directly on top of a point of stabilization.

In this configuration one drill collar must be run between
the shock sub and the stabilizer

• Follow generally accepted oilfield recommended

make-up and breakout procedures

• Shock subs are built to standard ID specifications

TD Shock Sub

Benefits Features
• Increased ROP • High lateral stiffness
• Longer bit life • Low spring rate.
• Protect BHA’s • Long stroke
• Decrease drilling cost per foot
THANK YOU

Ian Allahar
iallahar@slb.com
THANK YOU

Ian Allahar
iallahar@smith.com