Dry distillation

 Firefighting process hazards (dry distillation, chemical reactions, boiler uptake). ... (i) Use of
water for fire-extinguishing, the effect on ship stability, precautions ...
 dry distillation, chemical reactions boiler uptake fires; Manage procedures for fire control on
board an oil, chemical or gas tanker; Manage fire-fighting ...

Laboratory display of distillation: 1: A source of heat 2: Round bottomed flask 3: Still

head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water
out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed
control 13: Stirrer/heat plate 14: Heating (Oil/sand) bath 15: Stirring means e.g. (shown), boiling chips or
mechanical stirrer 16: Cooling bath.[
Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense
into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a
simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but
organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break). If there
are no chemical changes, just phase changes, it resembles classical distillation, although it will
generally need higher temperatures. Dry distillation in which chemical changes occur is a type
of destructive distillation or cracking.

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Derivation of a wood-tar creosote from resinous woods[1]
Dry distillation

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by
using selective boiling and condensation.

Uses
The method has been used to obtain liquid fuels from coal and wood. It can also be used to break
down mineral salts such as sulfates (SO2−
4) through thermolysis, in this case producing sulfur dioxide (SO2) or sulfur trioxide (SO3) gas which

can be dissolved in water to obtain sulfuric acid. By this method sulfuric acid was first identified and
artificially produced. When substances of vegetable origin, e.g. coal, oil shale, peat or wood, are
heated in the absence of air (dry distillation), they decompose into gas, liquid products
and coke/charcoal. The yield and chemical nature of the decomposition products depend on the
nature of the raw material and the conditions under which the dry distillation is done. Decomposition
within a temperature range of 450 to about 600°C is called carbonization or low-temperature
degassing. At temperatures above 900°C, the process is called coking or high-temperature
degassing.[2] If coal is gasified to make coal gas or carbonized to make coke then Coal tar is among
the by-products.
Distillation is used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as in the separation of
alcoholic liquors from fermented materials, or in the separation of two or more liquids
having different boiling points, as in the separation of gasoline, kerosene, and
lubricating oil from crude oil.

 Coal oil
 Destructive distillation
 Gasworks
 Tar
 Syngas