Introduction:

With the rising fuel prices and global warming. There is need to cut down the fuel consumption that
will ultimately reduce the CO2 emission, that is major contributor of the global warming. Recent
studies have shown that the transportation both public and commercial sector has major share of
carbon emission, there is need to develop fuel economic design for the vehicles that give maximum
output by consuming less fuel. The purpose of the study is lessening the fuel consumption by
applying the CFD principle for the semi-truck-and trailer design for the employing the cab optimum
defector and other arrangements that will affect the flow around the truck. There is need to reduce
the drag forces on the truck and trailer body, that will decrease the wind loads on them, that will
lessen the load on engine of vehicle. If the load on the will decrease so less fuel will require to
generate the power for the operation of the vehicle.

Improving the vehicle stability, fuel economy and efficient aerodynamic design of the vehicle is
growing challenge for the automotive industry in current era.Fig.1 shows the drag force and rolling
resistance for a 40T truck as a function of speed of vehicle.it shows that drag force increase cubically
with the speed and while rolling resistance has linear relation with the speed of vehicle.it evident
from the Fig.1 ,after the speed 80km/h the aerodynamic drag dominated, that makes aerodynamics
analysis of the truck and trailer important for the long distance transport where the average speed
normally greater than 90km/h.
The total drag has two components namely pressure drag and the friction drag. The pressure drag
caused by the pressure difference between the front and rear of the side of pressure difference,
whereas the friction drag is because of the shear stress between the fluid and surface of the truck
bodies. Pressure drag is constituting the more than 90% of the total drag for the truck and other
blunt bodies.[ CITATION Chr10 \l 2057 ].

The purpose of the study is to calculate the total drag for the truck and trailer and reducing the
total drag by designing the different drag reducing devices for the truck and trailer. therefore, the
aerodynamic analysis of the Marceds commercial and calculation of the drag on for a particular
design of the truck without and with drag reducing devices for the vehicle. furthermore, it also
included the mesh independent study and volume independent study for the CFD analysis for the
vehicle. The CFD result will be validate with manual calculations for drag for the different surface
contribution of the truck and trailer.

First there will be aerodynamic behaviour analysis of truck will be done without CAB defelctor then
with the cab defelector and finally there will be optimisation of the cab deflector height for a given
semi truck and trailer.

Truck Modelling:
The 3D modelling of semi truck generated in Solidwork 2019 by taking the physical dimension for the
manual of Merceds .the detail of dimension is given in table below and 3D model of truck can been
in figure 2.

CFD Setup:-
Covergence Certeriax
There is no universal rule for where it can predicated the solution has been convergred,.The residual
for definiation for a one class of problem may be not suitable for the other class of the
problem.therefore.the best practice were adopted to exmine the all the residual levels and also
checking for the mass and energy balances.in present study the residual is not falling below the
convergence set up that is 10-3 .it shows that the residual is stagnant over the iterations and not
change further with the iteration that shows the convergence had been achieved.so the solution is
not changing with the more iteration.The filter for the drag and lift coefficents also shows constant
value over the iterations.therefore it also shows the convergence of the solution.below figure shows
the filters graph for the CD and Cl.

Case.1 Calculation of drag force for the truck without cab Deflector:-
The CFD model has been set up for the a particicular case.in this section there will study of the mesh
independence ,domain indepentdence for the truck without the defelctor and finally there is
analysis of flow behaviour which is effected the geometry of the truck.

Optimum domain for the CFD analysis of the truck:-

Domain Optimization:
In the CFD the analysis domain size can effect the flow features,if it is small.Because it will generate
the relative effect ,that will effect the flow regime,consequently it the result will be in accurate.But
too large domain can increase the simulation time immensely.therefore,an optimum domain size is
required that capture the behaviour of flow ,that only effect because of the geometry of the
truck.Below figure shows the behaviour of the flow with different sizes of CFD domain.