Animal Breeding

and
Genetics
 Animal Cell
 The body is made up of millions of tiny
cells
 Most of the cell is made up of
protoplasm
 Cell parts:
 Nucleus
 Cytoplasm
 Cell membrane
 Animal Cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell
Membrane
Cell Division
Mitosis vs Meiosis

What is the difference?

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 Mitosis

Mitosis is how somatic--or non-reproductive cells--

divide. Somatic cells make up most of your body's
tissues and organs, including skin, muscles, lungs,
gut, and hair cells.
In mitosis, the important thing to remember is that
the daughter cells each have the same
chromosomes and DNA as the parent cell. 5
 Meiosis

Meiosis is cell division that creates sex cells, like female egg
cells or male sperm cells.

Meiosis is why we have genetic diversity in all sexually

reproducing organisms.

Genetic recombination is the reason full siblings made from egg

and sperm cells from the same two parents can look very different
from one another.
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Livestock Breeding and Genetics

Dominant and Recessive Genes

 Objectives for this Lesson:
Determine who Gregor Mendel is and what
he did.
What does “dominant” mean and
“recessive” and provide an example of this
with livestock.
What do we mean by genotype and
phenotype?
What are the differences between
heterozygous and homozygous?
How do we complete Punnett Squares? With
one trait? Two traits?
Mendel and Genetics
 Monk
 Discovered what
inheritance is.
 Discovered dominant
and recessive traits
through experiments
with pea plants
 His work allows us to
understand how
genes determine
traits in livestock and
other creatures.
 Qualitative Traits
Dominant and recessive traits are traits controlled by 1 pair
of genes, and are referred to as QUALITATIVE TRAITS.

Some examples include:

1) coat color in Angus cattle
2) polled or horned trait in cattle
3) white color in swine
4 ) white wool in sheep

So what is meant by the term dominant?

 Define DOMINANT

DOMINANT : when one gene

completely masks the effect of the
other.

For example:
The black coat color is dominant
over red coat color in Angus
cattle.
 How is Dominant Indicated?

The dominant trait is indicated by a

capital letter, such as "B" for the black
coat color.

The degree of dominance depends

upon the animal's entire genetic
makeup together with the environment
to which it is exposed.
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 Define Recessive!

RECESSIVE: when a gene will not show its

effects if there is a dominant gene
present. For example:

 The red coat color is recessive in Angus cattle.

Recessive is Represented with:

a lower case letter, such as "b" for red
coat color.
 Dominant vs. Recessive
Angus Cattle

Which is which, you tell

me!
Genotype

Moving on to genotypes:
 The genetic makeup of an organism or
group of organisms with reference to a
single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex
of traits.
 This will be represented with Letters!

What are the categories of genotypes?

Phenotype

 This refers to the physical characteristic

of the animal.
 Notice both Phenotype and Physical
start with P!
 This is what we see in the animal, such as
color.

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 Homozygous = SAME
HOMOZYGOUS means that the gene on each
chromosome in the pair codes for the same
variation of the trait. For example:
 A cow that is homozygous for black coat
color could be indicated by a genotype
of "BB".
If she is red, her genotype must be "bb",
since red color is recessive (this only
occurs when there are no dominant
genes present).
 Heterozygous = Different

HETEROZYGOUS means that the two alleles at

a gene locus are different; each codes for
one of the variations of the trait.
For example:

 A cow that is heterozygous for black coat

color could be indicated by a genotype of
"Bb".
The black gene is the dominant one and is
displayed phenotypically (physically).
 Punnett Square! The fun part!

Now we move on to the Punnett Square:

This may be used to determine the percentage
of offspring that will show each variation of
the trait.

For example…
 Scenario: Monohybrid Cross

A black cow with the genotype "Bb" is

bred to a black bull with the genotype
"Bb".

What will be the percentage of calves

having each possible genotype?
The bull produces sperm carrying 50
percent "B" genes and 50 percent "b"
genes, the cow has the same percent of
eggs - 50 percent "b" and 50 percent "B"
genes.

So in the problem, each animal is

represented with Bb.
Here’s how we set it up...

B b

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Here’s how we set it up...

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

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Genotype

25 percent "BB"

25 percent "bb"
50 percent "Bb".
Phenotype

25 percent red

and 75 percent black
since "Bb" and "BB" have
the same phenotype.

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 Dihybrid Cross

This refers to crosses using two

separate traits. For example:
a. The polled trait "P" and black
coat color "B" will be used to
demonstrate the dihybrid cross.
b. Remember that GENES
DETERMINING THESE DIFFERENT
TRAITS ARE TRANSMITTED
INDEPENDENTLY.
 Use the Punnett Square

a. Let's say a cow has the genotype "BbPp" ("B" = black, "b"=
red, "P" = polled, and "p" = horned).
b. The bull has the genotype "BbPp" also

If we breed these two, what are

the genotypic percentages of the
offspring?
 Steps of Action
1) First, determine which genotypes
would be present in the eggs and
sperm as they will be the same for
both the cow and the bull.
2) "Bp", "BP", "bp", and "bP" are the
possible genotypes.
3) Next, draw a square and put the
genotypes for the cow down the side
of the square and the genotypes for
the bull across the top of the square
 Lets work this out...

Bp BP bp bP

Bp

BP

bp

bP
 We can determine the percentages of the various
genotypes by adding up similar genotypes.

What are all the possible

genotypes?
 "BBpp" = 1/16
 "bbPp" = 2/16 (1/8)
"BBPp" = 2/16 (1/8)
"BBPP" = 1/16
"Bbpp" = 2/16 (1/8)
 "BbPP" = 2/16 (1/8)
"BbPp" = 4/16 (1/4)
 "bbpp" = 1/16
"bbPP" = 1/16
What are the possible
phenotypes?
Black and polled = 9/16
Red and polled = 3/16
Red and horned = 1/16
Black and horned = 3/16
Sources

 California Ag Ed Tech Prep

 Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to
Animal Science