DANGUECAN, JAMAICA M.

BSN 1-Y1-12
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY EXERCISE

Circulatory System

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Heart and Blood Vessels)

HEART
GIO: to learn and understand the structure and function of the heart

SIO:

1. Discuss the heart as to its:

a. Location -  
 It lies in the front and middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your
breastbone. It Snugly enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial section of
the thoracic cavity, the heart is flanked on each side by the lungs Its pointed apex is
directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of
the fifth intercostal space.
b. walls of the heart-

 The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the
myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium. The epicardium is the innermost
layer of the pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall. Lubricating serous
fluid is produced by the serous pericardial membranes and collects in the pericardial
cavity between these serous layers. This fluid allows the heart to beat easily in a
relatively frictionless environment as the serous pericardial layers slide smoothly
across each other. The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle
twisted and whorled into ring like arrangements. It is the layer that actually contracts.
The endocardium is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart
chambers. It is continuous with the linings of the blood vessels leaving and entering
the heart.
c. different chambers – mention the features found
 The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right
ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left
atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
2. Describe how the heart beats on its own
 The atria and ventricles work together, alternately contracting and relaxing to make
the heart beat and pump blood. The electrical system of your heart is the power source
that makes this possible. Your heartbeat is triggered by electrical impulses that travel
down a special pathway through your heart.
d. trace the flow of blood from the SVC & IVC up to the arch of aorta

- use colored pencil to represent deoxygenated & oxygenated blood

F. Draw a normal ECG tracing & Label

BLOOD VESSELS

GIO: To know what blood vessels are and how they transport

Blood throughout the body.

SIO:

1. Discuss the different features of the different types of blood vessels.

 Blood vessels flow blood throughout the body. Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
Veins return blood back toward the heart. Capillaries surround body cells and tissues to deliver
and absorb oxygen, nutrients, and other substances.
2. Explain how exchange of nutrients and waste products occur between food and tissue cells &
interstitial fluid occur.
 Capillaries are tiny vessels that branch out from arterioles to form networks around body cells.
In the lungs, capillaries absorb oxygen from inhaled air into the bloodstream and release carbon
dioxide for exhalation. Elsewhere in the body, oxygen and other nutrients diffuse from blood in
the capillaries to the tissues they supply. The capillaries absorb carbon dioxide and other waste
products from the tissues and then flow the deoxygenated blood into the veins.
3. Define pulse.
 A travelling pressure that cause an alternating expansion and recoil of the elastic arteries

Enumerate all the pulse areas in the body.

 Superficial temporal artery
 Facial artery
 Common carotid artery
 Brachial artery
 Radial artery
 Femoral artery
 Popliteal artery
 Posterior tibial artery
 Dorsalis pedis artery
Define blood pressure and how it is measured.

 Blood pressure is the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels, and
it is the force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats. Unless stated
otherwise, the term blood pressure in this discussion is understood to mean the pressure within
the large systemic arteries near the heart. Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called
a sphygmomanometer.
 The course of the brachial artery of the arm. The blood pressure cuff is wrapped snugly around
the arm just above the elbow and inflated until the cuff pressure exceeds the systolic blood
pressure. At this point, blood flow into the arm is stopped, and a brachial pulse cannot be felt or
heard. The pressure in the cuff is gradually reduced while the examiner listens (auscultates) for
sounds in the brachial artery with a stethoscope. The pressure read as the first soft tapping
sounds are heard (the first point at which a small amount of blood is spurting through the
constricted artery) is recorded as the systolic pressure. As the pressure is reduced still further,
the sounds become louder and more distinct; when the artery is no longer constricted and blood
flows freely, the sounds can no longer be heard. The pressure at which the sounds disappear is
recorded as the diastolic pressure.
IDENTIFY PARTS OF THE HEART/ BLOOD VESSELS

1. Superior Vena Cava

2. Right Atrium

3. Tricuspid Valve

4. Inferior Vena Cava

5. Pulmonary Valve

6. Right Ventricle

7. Aorta

8. Left Pulmonary Arteries

9. Left Atrium

10. Left Pulmonary Veins

11. Mitral Valve

12. Aortic Valve