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S57 ImportantInternationalGroupsorganisations1 (Upscpdf - Com) PDF
S57 ImportantInternationalGroupsorganisations1 (Upscpdf - Com) PDF
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Important International
Groups & organisations
By Dr. Roman Saini
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:
1. United Nations
2. Organs of UN
3. Specialized agencies of UN
4. SAARC
5. BBIN
6. BCIM
7. BIMSTEC
8. MEKONG GANGA
9. SASEC
10. IORA
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:
11. NSG
12. MTCR
13. Hague Code of Conduct
14. Wassenaar Agreement
15. Australian Group
16. Nuclear weapon ban Treaty
17. Pelindaba Treaty
18. CTBT
19. OIC
20. SCO
21. GCC
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:
22. India-Africa forum summit
23. RIMES
24. UNCLOS
25. ITLOS
26. ISA
27. Council of Europe
28. Arctic Council
29. India’s law on Antarctica
30. Refugee Convention 1951
31. Vienna convention on Diplomatic relations
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Topics to be discussed
Political and Strategic Organisations & Groups:
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Topics to be discussed
Economics and Trade related Organisations & Groups:
Topics to be discussed
Economics and Trade related Organisations & Groups:
12. EBRD
13. EU
14. European Economic Union
15. OECD
16. G7 & G20
17. FATF
18. TPP
19. APEC
20. MERCOSUR
21. NAFTA
22. TTIP
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Topics to be discussed
Miscellaneous
1. Raisina Dialogue
2. Shangri-La Dialogue
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● The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the
General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council,
and other bodies and committees.
● By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the
Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of
agreement and solve problems together.
● The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General.
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General Assembly
● All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly,
making it the only UN body with universal representation.
● Each year, in September, the full UN membership meets in the General
Assembly Hall in New York for the annual General Assembly session, and
general debate, which many heads of state attend and address.
● Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security,
admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds
majority of the General Assembly.
● Decisions on other questions are by simple majority.
● The General Assembly, each year, elects a GA President to serve a one-year
term of office.
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Security Council
● The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the
maintenance of international peace and security.
● It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members). Each
Member has one vote.
● Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council
decisions.
● The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression.
● It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and
recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.
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● In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even
authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and
security.
● The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every
month.
Economic and Social Council
● The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and
environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.
● It serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its
specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields,
supervising subsidiary and expert bodies.
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Trusteeship Council
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UN Specialized Agencies
● The UN specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working
with the United Nations.
● All were brought into relationship with the UN through negotiated
agreements. Some existed before the First World War.
● Some were associated with the League of Nations. Others were
created almost simultaneously with the UN.
● Others were created by the UN to meet emerging needs.
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FAO
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IFAD
● The International Fund for Agricultural Development, since it was
created in 1977, has focused exclusively on:
○ rural poverty reduction,
○ working with poor rural populations in developing countries to
eliminate poverty,
○ hunger and malnutrition;
○ raise their productivity and incomes; and
○ improve the quality of their lives.
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ILO
● The International Labor Organization promotes international labor rights by:
○ formulating international standards on the freedom to associate,
○ Collective bargaining,
○ the abolition of forced labor, and
○ equality of opportunity and treatment.
IMF
● The International Monetary Fund fosters economic growth and employment
by providing temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance
of payments adjustment and technical assistance.
● The IMF currently has $28 billion in outstanding loans to 74 nations.
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IMO
ITU
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UNESCO
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UNWTO
WMO
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WHO
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Zangger Committee
● The Zangger Committee, also known as the Nuclear Exporters Committee is
a result of Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) which
entered into force in 1970.
○ (a) maintains and updates a list of equipment that may only be exported if
safeguards are applied to the recipient facility (called the "Trigger List"
because such exports trigger the requirement for safeguards); and
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Australian Group
● The Australia Group is an informal group to help member countries
identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to
contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.
● It has 43 members including the European Commission, all 28
member states of the European Union, Ukraine, and Argentina.
● Members of the group maintain export controls on a uniform list of 54
compounds, including several that are not prohibited for export under
the Chemical Weapons Convention, but can be used in the
manufacture of chemical weapons.
● Members meet every year in Paris. India is a member of this group.
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Wassenaar Arrangement
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Pelindaba Treaty
● The African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty, also known as the Treaty of
Pelindaba which is named after South Africa's main Nuclear Research
Centre.
● It aims to establish a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa. It also prohibits
any attack against nuclear installations in the zone by parties of the treaty.
● The Treaty requires all parties to apply full-scope International Atomic Energy
Agency(IAEA) safeguards to all their peaceful nuclear activities.
● South Sudan is not a signatory to this treaty.
● Other Nuclear Free zone Treaties- Antarctica, Tlatelolco (Latin American and
Caribbean), Rarotonga (South Pacific), Bangkok (ASEAN).
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UNCLOS
● The convention gives a clear definition on Internal Waters,
Territorial Waters, Archipelagic Waters, Contiguous Zone,
Exclusive Economic Zone, and Continental Shelf.
● According to UNCLOS, Landlocked states are given a right of
access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through
transit states.
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Council of Europe
● The Council of Europe is an international organisation whose stated
aim is to uphold human rights, democracy, and rule of law in Europe
and promote European culture.
● Some of the outside EU members in Council of Europe are
Russia, Iceland, Switzerland, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia. Japan,
Canada, U.S, Mexico, Israel.
● No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the
Council of Europe.
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Arctic council
● The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum for
○ promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic
States,
○ Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on
common Arctic issues,
○ in particular on issues of sustainable development and environmental
protection in the Arctic.
● The Ottawa Declaration lists the following countries as Members of the
Arctic Council - Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States.
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Arctic council
● In addition, six organizations representing Arctic indigenous peoples
have status as Permanent Participants.
● The Observer status in the Arctic Council is open to Non-Arctic States.
Observers primarily contribute through their engagement in the
Council at the level of Working Groups.
● India, China, Japan, France etc are observers in it
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Refugee Convention-1951
● The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951
Refugee Convention, is a UN’s multilateral treaty that defines who is a
refugee, and sets out the rights of individuals who are granted asylum
and clearly lists the responsibilities of nations that grant asylum.
● The Convention also sets out which people do not qualify as refugees, such
as war criminals, Terrorists.
● The Convention also provides for some visa-free travel for holders of travel
documents issued under the convention.
● The core principle is non-refoulement, which asserts that a refugee should not
be returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or
freedom.
● India is not a member to this convention
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● India is a member to this agreement & Israel has not ratified this treaty.
● while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan)
have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.
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● 98% of the global population live under the protection of the Convention
● The organisation was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize "for its
extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons"
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World Bank
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World Bank
● And the founding of the International Development Association in
1960 put greater emphasis on the poorest countries, part of a steady
shift toward the eradication of poverty becoming the Bank Group’s
primary goal.
● The subsequent launch of the International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency further rounded out the Bank Group’s ability to connect global
financial resources to the needs of developing countries.
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Lending
Capacity Development
● The IMF works with governments around the world to modernize their
economic policies and institutions, and train their people.
● This helps countries strengthen their economy, improve growth and create
jobs.
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Functions of WTO:
● Administering WTO trade agreements
● Forum for trade negotiations
● Handling trade disputes
● Monitoring national trade policies
● Technical assistance and training for developing countries
● Cooperation with other international organizations
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Summary:
● ASEAN= Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam.
● RCEP= ASEAN + 6 ( People's Republic of China, Japan, South
Korea, Australia, New Zealand and India).
● EAS= (ASEAN+ 6) + USA + Russia.
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BRICS
● BRICS is an association of five major emerging national economies:
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
● All members of BRICS are leading developing or newly industrialized
countries, but they are distinguished by their large, sometimes
fast-growing economies and their ability to weild significant influence on
regional affairs.
● All five members of BRICS are also members of G20.
● Since 2009, the BRICS nations have been meeting annually at formal
summits.
● Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on
the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.
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BRICS
● Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre
submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications
between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.
● Xiamen Declaration of BRICS forum was recently adopted in its 9th summit.
● It explicitly called out several Pakistan-based terror organisations and
expressed concern on the security situation in the Afghanistan-Pakistan
region.
● Beijing Declaration on Education was adopted in the 5th Meeting of BRICS
Ministers of Education held in Beijing, China.
● The declaration calls for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4
(SDG4)-Education 2030.
● SDG4 ― Ensure inclusive and equitable, quality education and promote
life-long learning opportunities for allǁ.
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G7 & G20
G7
G20
European Union
● The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member
states that are located primarily in Europe.
● Even after the BREXIT, for the time being, the United Kingdom remains a full
member of the EU and rights and obligations continue to fully apply in and to
the UK.
● The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and
introduced the concept of European citizenship.
● The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty
of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.
● The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised
system of laws that apply in all member states.
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European Union
● A monetary union has been established within union but lacks
common Fiscal union. EU is composed of 28 member states but only
19 EU member states use the Euro as currency (Eurozone).
● The Lisbon Treaty now contains a clause under Article 50, providing
for a member to leave the EU.
● United Kingdom enacted the result of a membership referendum in
June 2016 and is currently negotiating its withdrawal.
● The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world. EU has a
common foreign and security policy, thus developing a
coordinated external relations and defence.
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Development (OECD)
● OECD is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35
member countries, founded to stimulate economic progress and world
trade.
● OECD nations are committed to democracy and the market economy.
● It provides a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking
answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate
domestic and international policies of its members.
● It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft
law"—non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding
treaties.
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● APEC is a forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free
trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
● The criterion for membership is that the member is a separate economy,
rather than a state and the result of it is the inclusion of Taiwan
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Miscellaneous
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Raisina Dialogue
● It is India‘s flagship conference of Geopolitics and geo-economics
held annually in New Delhi.
● It is organized by Ministry of External Affairs in partnership with
Observer Research Foundation, an independent think tank in
India.
● The conference is committed to address the most challenging issues
facing the global community.
● The first inaugural session was held in March 2016 with the theme
“Asia:Regional and Global Connectivity ”
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Raisina Dialogue
● Theme of the 2019 Dialogue is "A World Reorder: New Geometries;
Fluid Partnerships; Uncertain Outcomes”
● This discussions will seek to address issues arising from ongoing
global transitions and changes to the world order, triggered by unique
leaders, innovative partnerships and new technologies
● The inaugural address was delivered by Prime Minister of Norway H E
Ms Erna Solberg.
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Shangri La Dialogue
● IISS Asia Security Summit: The Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) is a "Track
One" inter-governmental security forum held annually by an
independent think tank, the International Institute for Strategic Studies
(IISS) which is attended by defense ministers, permanent heads of ministries
and military chiefs of 28 Asia-Pacific states.
● The forum gets its name from the Shangri-La Hotel in Singapore where it
has been held since 2002.
● The IISS Shangri-La Dialogue is regarded as the Asia's premier defence
summit. It’s a unique meeting where ministers debate the region’s most
pressing security challenges, engage in important bilateral talks and come up
with fresh solutions together.
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● Since its launch in 2002 the Dialogue has built confidence and fostered
practical security cooperation, by facilitating easy communication and fruitful
contact among the region’s most important defence and security
policymakers.
● Each year’s agenda is intentionally wide-ranging, reflecting the many defence
and security challenges facing a large and diverse region.
● Past speakers have included prime ministers and senior ministers from China,
India, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Australia and other regional powers, as well as
the United States. Since its launch in 2002, the Dialogue has become a venue
for proposing and advancing initiatives on important security issues.
● The 2019 summit will take place on 31 May to 2 June.
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Thank You
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