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L3 Leveling PDF
L3 Leveling PDF
Definition
Levelling is the process:-
• to determine the differences in the elevation between two or more
points or height of points such as the vertical distances between the
points.
• to determine of variation in altitude or level.
Levelling Staff
The levelling staff is used to measure distances
vertically above or below points.
1. The level
i. Before the level is removed from its box, the tripod should be set up in
firm position. The student should observe exactly how the level is held in
the box, so that after use they can return it to exactly the same position.
ii. After the instrument is taken from its box, its base should handle it when
it is not on the tripod.
iv. The level should never be left unattended unless it is a very protected
location,
LEVELLING
v. The student should protect their instruments as much as possible from
moisture, but if the level does get wet, they gently wipes everything dry
except the lens. The lens should never touch with everything other.
2. Levelling Screws
i. Do not apply too much pressure to the levelling screw, it cause injury to
the levels.
ii. When the level is taken indoors for storing or outdoors for use, its screws
and clamps should be loosed because severe temperature changes may
cause damage.
3. Levelling Staff
i. The staff should never drag on the ground and its metal base should
never allow striking rocks, pavement or other hard objects.
ii. It is because can cause errors due to the change in the length of the staff.
LEVELLING
Errors in Levelling
Errors in levelling can be determined in many ways. Below the source
of errors & how to prevent & to reduce the errors.
LEVELLING
If Ordnance Datum is
chosen it will be
necessary to start and end
the levelling operation at
an Ordnance benchmark
(OBM).
LEVELLING
These are points of
known height relative to
the datum used by the
Ordnance Survey (OS),
which is currently the
Mean Sea Level (MSL) at
Newlyn in Cornwall.
OBMs are found on
buildings, walls and other
permanent, solid features
throughout Great Britain.
(CP)
(CP)
(CP)
where:-
BS – back sight FS – fore sight
IS – intermediate sight CP – change point
LEVELLING
(b) the difference in elevation between the two points is large.
Before starting the work, a surveyor should check the adjustments of the
instrument and should ensure that it is in good order.
LEVELLING
When levelling is done in busy and noisy area, it becomes impossible for
the instrument man to give oral instructions to the surveyor holding the
staff.
Hand signals as listed in table & figure are very useful in such a case.
LEVELLING
LEVELLING
3. Booking and Reading the Level
The observations are recorded in a level book. There are two (2) methods
of booking and reducing the levels of the points from the observed staff
readings which are:-
(i) Collimation Method @ Height of Instrument Method
The elevation of the plane of collimation for the first setup of the level is
determined by adding backsight to the reduced level of a B.M.
LEVELLING
(ii) Rise and Fall Method
It consists of determining the difference of levels between the consecutive
points by comparing their staff readings.
The rise or fall is obtained by calculating the difference between the
consecutive staff readings.
A rise indicate BS > FS and a fall if BS < FS.
LEVELLING
Solution :-
(+)
(=)
(-)
(-) (=)
(-)
(=)
(+)
(=)
(=)
(-)
(=)
(=)
(+)
(-) (-) (=)
(=)
LEVELLING
Solution :-
(+ve) (-ve)
(-)
(=)
(-)
(=)
(-)
(=)
(-)
(=)
(-)
(=)
(-)
(=)
LEVELLING
EXERCISE
The following consercutive readings were taken with a level and a 4.0m
staff on a continously sloping ground at a common interval of 30m:
0.780, 1.535, 1.955, 2.430, 2.985, 3.480, 1.155,
1.960, 2.365, 3.640, 0.935, 1.045, 1.630 and 2.545.
The reduced level of the first point A was 180.750m. Rule out a page of
a level field book and enter the above readings.
Calculate the reduced levels of the points by:-
i) The collimation system
ii) The rise and fall system
Also calculate the gradient of the line joining the first and the last point.
Errors in Levelling
Permissible Error