After studying this chapter, students

should be able to know;

 performing the calculation

necessary to calculate the areas
parcel of land
 the method to calculate area
to calculate using trapezoidal and
Simpson’s rule
 to calculate coordinate
 AREA AND VOLUME…

Area are required for description of size of

land for;

 Determination of value
 Utilization possibilities – what can be used
for?
 Zoning regulations – e.g. Residential,
industrial, agriculture
 Determination area and volume for;

 Engineering work – cutting and filling.

 Mining – stock pile.
 Estimate of cost.
 Architectural design for construction work.
 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS ARE
DEPENDS ON;

 Accuracy of the field work.

 Accuracy of plotting, when calculations are
made from scaled measurements.
 Method of calculation adopted.
 METHOD OF DETERMINATION
AREA

• By graph – counting squares

• By mechanical – planimeter

• By formula
AREA BY FORMULA

Irregular Figures
Regular Figures

•Give and take

r Area = Πr² •Counting squares – by graph
•Trapezoidal rules
•Simpson’s rules
Area = ½ (a +b) h

Area =½ a b sin C

Area = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)]½ where s=(a+b+c)/2

IRREGULAR FIGURES

•Give and take

•Counting squares – by graph

•Trapezoidal rules
•Simpson’s rules
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
SIMPSON’S RULE
AREA BY COORDINATES
AREA BY COORDINATES
AREA BY COORDINATES
VOLUME

By cross section

By contours
By spot heights
By SPOT HEIGHTS
MASS HAUL DIAGRAM
 DETAIL SURVEYS

 Detail survey is the survey that provides

information of x,y, and z of detail points on the
earth surface whether natural or artificial
features. The detail can be divided into two, hard
detail which is related to hard objects such as
culverts, buildings, lamp posts, roads etc. Soft
detail can be classified as all objects that related
to water such as pond area, rivers, drainages etc.
 SETTING OUT
 Setting out is the process of transferring
information of x, y, z on the plan to the
ground using surveying instruments. The
accuracy of the measurement depends on
type of the work, for example, setting out of
dam need very high accuracy compared to
normal structure like buildings. Three
elements in setting out task;
 Ensure correct place – by horizontal control
 Ensure correct level – by vertical control
 Ensure correct vertical alignment – by plumb
line
INSTRUMENTS USED IN SETTING OUT

 Linear measurement – steel tape, EDM, total

station
 Angular measurement – theodolite, total
station
 Level measurement – spirit level, water level,
visible laser
 Vertical alignment – plumb bob, optical
plummet, diagonal eye-piece, rotating laser,
optical plumbing device
 3 STAGES IN SETTING OUT

i. Identify point or line on plan and the same

point or line on the ground – forming base
line.
ii. Calculate information from the base line or
reference point to the point to be set. The
information either bearing and distances or
x, y coordinates – forming subsidiary line.
iii. Transferring process using surveying
instruments – locate the line or points.
METHODS OF SETTING OUT
Total station + accessories
 By polar coordinates – bearing and
distances
 By rectangular coordinates – x, y, z

Theodolite + accessories
 By polar coordinates – bearing and
distances
 By line ties
 By off set
 By intersection
 SETTING OUT PROCEDURE

i. From final design plan, identify point on the

plan and the same point on the ground.
ii. Do the pre computation to determine
bearing and distance.
iii. Set up instrument at the reference point and
level.
iv. Target back station or bearing and set.
v. Observe and measure the point need to be
set.
vi. Transfer the instrument to another point and
check.