L9 Photogrammetry PDF

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Definitions
i. Photogrammetry can be defined as

the art, science and technology of
obtaining reliable information about
physical objects and environment
through processes of recording,
measuring and interpreting of the
photographic images.
Introduction to Photogrammetry
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ii. Photogrammetry can be defined as the
science of making measurements from aerial
photographs to determine horizontal distance
and elevation of natural and artificial features on
the earth surface.
iii. Photgrammetry can be defined also as

method of determining the shapes, sizes and
positions of objects on the earth surface using
photographs
Photo gram metric
The word “Photogrammetry” is derived from

three (3) Greek words :-
 photos meaning “light”
 gramma meaning “that which is drawn or
written”
 metron meaning “to measure”
• The root words, therefore, originally signified

measuring graphically by means of light.
Metric Photogrammetry
It covered with an accurate measurement and

calculation to determined size , shape and
position of objects using photograph.
 Examples:- Terrestrial photogrammetry

 Aerial photogrammetry
Interpretative Photogrammetry
It covered the activities of identification,

introduction and detect any object or any
place based on 7 principles of object
recognition.
Examples:- Remote sensing
Photo gram metric
 Metric photogrammetric  Interpretative

photogrammetry
Either aerial or
terrestrial photograph. The main objectives to
Photograph taken in make objects
systematic manner by identification and
special camera from the classification based on
air or camera attached images on the
to theodolite. Controlled
photographs. 7 principles
by land survey and
images measured by of objects recognition are;
photogrammetric shape, size, pattern,
techniques. shadow, photographic
Economically and tone, topographic location
greater speed. and texture.
7 principles of object recognition
1} Shape – is the qualitative variable describing

the general form or outline of an object
which is useful for identification of objects,
e.g. circle, square, triangle
2} Size – is the dimension of an object which

related to the function of photographic scale,
e.g. big, small, huge, large
3} Photographic tone – objects of different color
have different qualities of light reflectance
shown on the photographs. In general, more
light reflected by bright objects, e.g. sandy area
reflect more light compare to grass field area.
4} Pattern – is a familiar characteristic of the

landscape to interpreters as the results
from the spatial arrangement of objects,e.g. oil
palm cultivation.
5} Shadows – shadows of an objects usually the

usefulness factor in identification of height of
the objects.
6} Topographic location – relative elevation by

different features.
7} Texture – the degree of coarseness or

smoothness of the images.
Photorammetric mapping
 Advantages
i. Cost saving, economical or cheap per hectare.

ii. Reduction in field work.
iii. Speed compilation, time minimal.
iv. Freedom from adverse weather and inaccessible
terrain conditions.
v. Provision of a constant record, accurate record.
vi. Flexibility, can be designed for any map scale.
vii. New technology, by softcopy or digital
photogrammetry.
Photorammetric mapping
 Disadvantages
i. If the terrain covered by vegetation, hard to process or

defines contours.
ii. Flat terrain, hard to define different height by contour.
iii. Identification of image, have to site for conformation.
iv. The hiding data for example hiding by leaves, highest
building or cloud.
v. High cost especially for small area.
Differences between photograph & map
Items Photographs Maps
Height Can see model the Contour and spot

model, no value. height with value.
Buildings Real plan image. Drawn by
symbols.
Roads Actual location and size. Symbols &
generalizations.
Trees True density. Area or point
symbols.
Cultivation Known by experts. Using symbols.
History of Photogrammetry
 Principally photogrammetry had been through in
long process to achieve nowadays technology.
 Its history can be divided to some main part.
 Year 350 B.C.

Aristotle had succeed found the way to
implement an image process as optic.
 Beginning of 18th century

Dr. Brook Taylor had declared his investigation
about “Linear Perspective”. Then J.H Lambert
suggest that the above princip is useful for map
preparation.
 1839
Louis Daguerve from Paris had succeed found
the technique of direct image process.
 1840
Arago who is geodesist in French Academy of
Science had shown the way to use a photograph
in Topography Measurement.
 1859
Colonel Aime Laussedat who working in French
Army Corps of Engineers had succeed produce
the map by using a photograph.
 The success of this technique had give him as

the “Father of Photogrammetry”.
 1861 -1894
The photography’s instrument and material had
been changed time by time. This included the
increament of camera ability and the film which
contribute to photogrammetry implementation.
 1909
Dr. Carl Pulfrich from Germany had started
made the research by using a pair of aerial
photo to form stereo vision. His work had
increased the technology of photogrammetry
devices.
 1913
The meet and construction of aeroplane by
“Wright Brother” had brought the big impact with
the positive development using aerial photo
 The first aerial photo for mapping application
had been made in year 1913.
 Today
The technology of photogrammetry is widely
used from aerial photo to remote sensing image.
The instrument also had been changed too fast:-
From optical’s to mechanical’s type.

From analog / conventional to analytical and
nowadays is more to digital or soft
photogrammetry.
Application of Photogrammetry
 Geology – Geologist and geophysicist apply

photogrammetry such as analysis of thermal
patterns on the earth’s surface, analysis of
“catastrophic” events, such as earthquakes,
floods and eruptions.
 Forestry – Aerial photographs are used as a

basis of timber cruises, “cover maps,” acreage
studies and fire control.
 Agriculture – Aerial photo are used for such
purposes as the study of soil types, soil
conservation, crop planting, crop diseases and
damage.
 Design and Construction – use in the design and

construction of dams, bridges, transmission lines
and etc.
 Planning of cities and highways – use for the

selection of new highway location
 Exploration – Aerial photography and
photogrammetry are among the most important
tools of modern exploration.
 Military intelligence – Probably the first practical

application of photogrammetry was in the field of
military reconnaissance.
 Medicine and Surgery – Precise stereoscopic

measurements on the human body, mainly by X-
ray photography are utilized in the treatment of
certain medical conditions.
Land Problems – Photogrammetry has a

wide application in the solution of cadastral
problems (e.g. tax)
 Miscellaneous – There are many other

applications of photogrammetry, such as in
the fields of crime detection, traffic studies,
oceanography, meteorological
observations, etc.
Photograph geometry
O Perspective centre
Perspective projection
Important Things in Photogrammetry
 Object – make sure all object (eq. building)

can be seen.
 Camera – make sure the lens is in good

condition.
 Film – can be retained from hot temperature

and absorb with water.
Photogrammetric terms
 Overlap, forward and
 Vertical photograph
side-lap
 Oblique/tilted
 Mosaic
photograph
 Photograph maps
 High/low oblique
 Perspective
 Exposure station
projection
 Air base
 Orthographic
 Photographic base projection
 Flying height  Major line
 Focal distance  Tilted axis
 Principal point  Tilted angle
 Nadir point  Photograph scale
 Iso-center point  Relief displacement
Information on aerial photograph
 Fiducial marks located at the

four corner and four sides of
the photograph use to
determine principal point.
 Altimeter, clock, bubble
during exposure.
 Focal length, camera type,
 Date of exposure.
 Photograph scale.
For aerial photograph to give true
plan?
 The ground must be horizontal.

 The camera must be vertical during
exposure.
 The camera lens and photographic material
should be as perfect as possible.
These ideal condition rarely satisfied. As a

result the aerial photograph is NOT a true
plan or map.
Vertical photograph
p,i,n
 The negative plane parallel a b
to the ground/MSL.
 The camera axis is
perpendicular to the ground.
O
CRITERIA
 Objects with square shape
on the ground appear square
on the photograph.
 Scale same for the whole
photograph.
 Image displacement bigger
at the edge of the
photograph. A B
P,I,N
Tilted photograph
p,i,n b
 The negative plane not a
parallel to the ground/MSL.
 The camera axis is not = tilted angle
perpendicular to the ground.
O
CRITERIA
 Objects with square shape
on the ground appear not
square on the photograph.
 Scale not same for the whole
photograph depends on
tilted direction.
 Image displacement
occurred on the whole of the A B
photograph. P,I,N
Photograph scale
 Photograph scale is the p,i,n

ratio between a b
measurement on the
photograph compare to
it’s original O
measurement on the
ground. Since the
photograph is the image
with the perspective
projection, the scale
only true for points with
same elevation and by
vertical photograph. A P,I,N B
Flight planning
The objective of flight planning is to plan the

mission accurately to provide photograph with
the most economic and efficient manner, no
delay and minimum error.
 The number of photographs are required, this
can be calculated by knowing how big is the
photo coverage going to be?. Photograph
scale, focal length of the camera, the flying
height and the exposure interval must be
considered. T = B/V , air base divided by
velocity of the aircraft.
 Number of photograph; N = Area/BW
Flight planning cont
 Block photography; normally the work carried out by

block or several strips. Number of strips must be
economically and the strips along the largest distance
of the block.
 Choice of aircraft, aircraft performance, range,
altitude, short take off and landing characteristics
must also considered.
 Map preparation and flight pack, base map selection
for flight mission must suitable.
photo scale > 1 :8000, maps 1 : 25000
photo scale < 1 : 8000, maps 1 : 50000
line numbering run from west to east or north to
south. Introduction to Photogrammetry

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PHOTOGRAMMETRY

i. Photogrammetry can be defined as

iii. Photgrammetry can be defined also as

The word “Photogrammetry” is derived from

• The root words, therefore, originally signified

It covered with an accurate measurement and

 Examples:- Terrestrial photogrammetry

It covered the activities of identification,

Examples:- Remote sensing

 Metric photogrammetric  Interpretative

1} Shape – is the qualitative variable describing

2} Size – is the dimension of an object which

4} Pattern – is a familiar characteristic of the

5} Shadows – shadows of an objects usually the

6} Topographic location – relative elevation by

7} Texture – the degree of coarseness or

i. Cost saving, economical or cheap per hectare.

i. If the terrain covered by vegetation, hard to process or

Items Photographs Maps

Height Can see model the Contour and spot

 Its history can be divided to some main part.

 Year 350 B.C.

 Beginning of 18th century

 The success of this technique had give him as

From optical’s to mechanical’s type.

 Geology – Geologist and geophysicist apply

 Forestry – Aerial photographs are used as a

 Design and Construction – use in the design and

 Planning of cities and highways – use for the

 Military intelligence – Probably the first practical

 Medicine and Surgery – Precise stereoscopic

Land Problems – Photogrammetry has a

 Miscellaneous – There are many other

 Object – make sure all object (eq. building)

 Camera – make sure the lens is in good

 Film – can be retained from hot temperature

 Fiducial marks located at the

 The ground must be horizontal.

These ideal condition rarely satisfied. As a

 Photograph scale is the p,i,n

The objective of flight planning is to plan the

 Block photography; normally the work carried out by

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