CHARTERED INSTITUTE

"FRANCISCO J. MEJIA”

SUBJECT:
English

PROFESSOR:
Linda Melendez

TOPIC:
History of the Computer

MEMBERS:
Oscar Armando Osorio
Stiven Noé Caballero
Karla Patricia Tovar

COURSE:
II OF BACH. COMPUTER TECHNICIAN

SECTION:
"3"

DATE:
Olanchito, Yoro, February 14, 2013
INTRODUCTION

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

The computers are not born in recent years, in fact the man has always sought to have
devices that will help you make quick and accurate calculations. Since the advent of
calculators binary until today, there are very few human activities that are not linked in
some way to the electronic machines.

Thus we can define the computer as an electronic device capable of receiving a set of
instructions and execute them by performing calculations on numerical data or by
compiling and correlating other information to obtain another set of data or information in
response.

Computer science, by its rapid growth and expansion, has been rapidly transforming
modern societies, but the general public knows only superficially. What is important to
enter the amazing world of computing, lose the fear is that strange screen keyboard that
complex and those mysterious discs so you can understand the practical, useful and easy
it is to have them as our ally in the day to day of our lives.

GENERAL PURPOSE:

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

1) Learn about the history of the computer and its evolution.

2) To present the history of computing and name the different types of computers were
invented and the contribution of the pioneers of computing.

3) Know how computers help us in everyday life.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Study the different stages that the computer has had and the benefits this has brought
to society.

2. Know the different operating systems and how they have evolved and facilitating their
performance to each user.

3. Knowing the evolution of hardware and current comfort.

JUSTIFICATION

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Users of a handheld device (Handheld) need not use Linux, need to make a phone call,
find an address, see a movie, record a data or edit a document at FOUND in transit. In
fact, the best implementations or implementations of Linux environment on handheld
devices do not notify the end user of the underlying Linux operating system your device
uses. Linux PDA platform achieves this goal by combining seemingly best middleware and
applications, in an easy and intuitive.

The computers are not born in recent years, in fact the man has always sought to have
devices that will help you make quick and accurate calculations. Since the advent of
calculators binary until today, there are very few human activities that are not linked in
some way to the electronic machines. Thus we can define the computer as an electronic
device capable of receiving a set of instructions and execute them by performing
calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other information to obtain
another set of data or information in response

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

 HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

  The abacus to the punched card
The abacus, perhaps was the first mechanical device existed accounting. It has been
estimated that originated at least 5000 years ago and its effectiveness has stood the test
of time.

The Pascaline, The painter and inventor Leonardo Da I beat (1452-1519) sketched ideas
for a mechanical adding. A century and a half later, the French philosopher and
mathematician Pascal Balice (1623-1662) finally invented and built the first mechanical
adding. Pascaline was called and worked as gear based machinery and wheels.

MADNESS Babbage, Charles Babbage (1793-1871), professor of English visionary and

Cambridge, could accelerate development of the computers if he and his inventive mind
had been born 100 years later. He said the state of computer hardware by inventing the
"difference engine", able to calculate mathematical tables. In 1834, while working at the
progress of the Babbage difference engine conceived the idea of an "Analytical Engine".

The first card perforated fabric Loom, invented in 1801 by Joseph-Marie Jackard French
(1753-1834), still used today, is controlled by punched cards. Jackard loom operates as
follows: the cards are punched strategically Tarje and arranged in certain sequence to
indicate a particular fabric design.
Hollerit Herman (1860-1929) The U.S. Census Bureau did not complete the 1880 census
until 1888. The address of the office had already concluded that the census every ten
years it would take more than 10 years to complete. The census statistics commissioned
Herman Hollerit to apply its experience in punch cards and carry out the 1890 census.

With the processing of punched cards and punch card tabulator Hollerit, the census was
completed in just three years and the office to be saved about $ 5,000,000. Thus began
the automated data processing. Hollerit not take the idea of punched cards Jackard's
invention, but the "snapshot drilling" Some of the time railways were issuing tickets with
physical descriptions of the passenger, the drivers were holes in tickets describing the hair
color, eyes and nose shape of the passenger. Hollerith That gave the idea to take the
picture perforated every person who would tabulate.
 
Hollertih founded the Tabulating Machine Company and sold its products worldwide. The
demand for their machines extended even hastaRusia. The first census conducted in
Russia in 1897, was registered with the Hollerith tabulator.
First Computers

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

Analog computers began to be built in the early twentieth century. Early model calculations
performed by rotating shafts and gears. With these machines were evaluated numerical
approximations of equations as too difficult to be solved by other means.

ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
During World War II (1939-1945), a team of scientists and mathematicians working at
Bletchley Park, north London, created what is considered the first fully electronic digital
computer: the Colossus. By December 1943 the Colossus, 1500 válvulaso incorporating
vacuum tubes, was already operational. It was used by the team led by Alan Turing to
decode encrypted radio messages from the Germans.

THE ENIAC
The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred
multiplications per minute, but his program was connected to the processor and should be
modified manually. Built a successor to the ENIAC with a storage program that was based
on the concepts of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann.
Instructions are stored within a call memory, freeing the computer speed limitations of
paper tape reader during implementation and help remedy problems without having to re-
connect to the computer.
In the late 1950s the use of computers transistor marked the advent of smaller logic
elements, quick and versatile than machines with valves allowed. As transistors use much
less

Energy and have a longer life, its development was the emergence of more sophisticated
machines, which were called computers or second generation. The components are made
smaller and the spaces between them, thus making the system that was cheaper.

ICS
In the late 1960s came the integrated circuit (IC), which enabled the production of multiple
transistors on a single silicon substrate in which the interconnecting cables were soldiers.
The integrated circuit allowed a further reduction in price, size and error rates. The
microprocessor has become a reality in the mid-1970s, with the introduction of circuit large
scale integration (LSI stands for Large Scale Integrated) and, later, with the circuit on a
larger scale integration (VLSI, acronym for Very Large Scale Integrated), with several
thousand soldiers interconnected transistors on a single silicon substrate.

PIONEERS OF COMPUTING

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 Atanasoff and Berry An old patent for a device that many people believed it was
the first electronic digital computer was overturned in 1973 by order of a federal
court, and officially was credited to John V. Atanasoff as the inventor of the
electronic digital computer to. Dr. Atanasoff, a professor at Iowa State University,
developed the first electronic digital computer between the years of 1937-1942. He
called his invention the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, or just ABC (Atanasoff Berry
Com puter). A graduate student, Clifford Berry, was a useful aid in the construction
of the ABC computer.

 Some authors believe that there is not one person that can be attributed with
having invented the computer, but it was the effort needs to many people. But in
the old building of Physics of the University of Iowa shows a p lac with the following
caption: "The first electronic digital computer automatic operation in the world, was
built in this building
1939 by John Vincent Atanasoff, mathematician and physicist at the College of the
University, who conceived the idea, and Clifford Edward Berry, a graduate student
in physics. "

 Mauchly and Eckert, after several conversations with Dr. Atanasoff, read notes
describing the principles of ABC computer and see it in person, Dr. John W.
Collaborated with J.Presper Mauchly Eckert, Jr. to develop a machine that plows
calcul trajectory tables for the U.S. Army. The final product, a fully operational
electronic computer on a large scale, was completed in 1946 and was called
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) o Numeric Integrator or
electronic calculator.
The ENIAC applications built for World War II, was completed in 30 months by a
team of scientists working under watch. The ENIAC, a thousand times faster than
its predecessors electromechanical, broke as a major breakthrough in computer
technology.

It weighed 30 tons and occupied a space of 450 square meters, filled fourth of 6
mx 12 m and had 18,000 bulbs, had to manually programmed by connecting it to 3
boards containing over 6000 switches. Enter a new program was a very tedious
process that took days or even weeks. Unlike today's computers operating on a
binary system (0.1) the ENIAC operated with one decimal (0,1,2 .. 9) The ENIAC
required a large amount of electricity. Legend has it that the ENIAC was built at the
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia down lights whenever activated. The
imposing scale and numerous general applications ENIAC marked the beginning of
the first generation of computers.

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

 In 1945, John von Neumann, who had worked with Eckert and Mauchly at the
University of Pennsylvania, published an article about the program storage. The
stored program concept allowed the reading of a program within the memory of the
computer, and then executing its instructions without having to write them back.
The first computer to use that concept was called EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer-ie aut omática computer electronic discrete variable),
developed by Von Neumann, Eckert and Mauchly.
 Stored programs gave computers tremendous flexibility and reliability, making
them faster and less subject to error than mechanical programs. A computer
program stored capacity could be used for applications arias v loading and
executing the appropriate program.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

 (1951 to 1958) The first generation computers used bulbs to process information.
Operators entering data and programs in special code via punch cards. The internal
storage is achieved with a quick mind revolving drum, on which a read / write magnetic
marks placed. These computers were much larger bulbs and calorque generated more
contemporary models.

 Eckert and Mauchly contributed to the development of the 1st generation computers form
a private Cia build UNIVAC I, the Census Committee used to assess 1950. IBM had a
monopoly on data processing equipment based on punched cards and was having a boom
in products such as meat slicers, food scales, clocks and other items, but had failed the c
ONTRACT for Census 1950.

 He began to build electronic computers and your first post was with the IBM 701 in 1953.
After a slow start but the IBM 701 exciting conviertió in a commercially viable product.
However sources in 1954 IBM introduced the model 650, which is the reason that IBM is
now enjoying much of the computer market. The administration of IBM took a big risk and
estimated unaventa of 50 computers. This number was greater than the number of
computers at that time in the U.S. In fact the installed IBM 1000 computers.

SECOND GENERATION
 (1959-1964) Limited support Transistor The invention of the transistor made possible a
new generation of computers, faster, smaller and with less need for ventilation. However,

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

the cost was still a significant portion of a company's budget. The computers of the second
generation networks also magnetic cores used in place of rotary drums for primary
storage. These small rings containing cores of magnetic material, linked together in the
pod which could be stored data and instructions.

Computer programs also improved. The COBOL developed during the 1st generation was
already available commercially. Programs written for one computer could be transferred to
another with minimal effort. Writing a program no longer required to fully understand the
computer hardware. The 2nd Generation computers were substantially smaller and faster
than the bulbs, and were used for new applications, such as reservation systems for
airlines, air traffic control and general purpose simulations.

 Companies began to apply computers to record storage tasks such as inventory

management, payroll and accounting. Navy E.U. used computers on the Second
Generation to create the first flight simulator (Whirlwind I). Honeywell placed as the first
competitor in the second generation of computers. Burroughs, Univac, NCR, CDC,
Honeywell, IBM's largest competitors in the 60s were known as the BUNCH group
(acronym).
THIRD GENERATION
 (1964-1971) integrated circuits Multiprogramming Support senior team Minicomputer The
third generation computers emerged with the development of integrated circuits (silicon
chips) which are placed in thousands of electronic components, miniature integration.
Computers became smaller again, faster, gave off less heat and were more energy
efficient. Before the advent of integrated circuits, computers were designed for math or
business, but not both.

 Integrated circuits enabled computer makers increase flexib ility of programs and
standardize their models. The IBM 360 one of the first commercial computers used
integrated circuits that could perform both numerical analysis and processing or file
management. Customers could scale their systems IBM 360 to larger models and could
still run their current programs. The computers work so fast that provided the ability to run
more than one program simultaneously (multiprogramming).

 For example, the computer could be calculating payroll and accepting orders at the same
time. Minicomputers, With the introduction of the IBM 360 model captured 70% of the
market to avoid competing directly with IBM Digital Equipment Corporation DEC redirected
its efforts toward small computers. Much less expensive to purchase than the operating ry
large computers, minicomputers were developed during the second generation but
reached its peak between 1960 and 70.

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

 THE FOURTH GENERATION
 (1971 to date)
• Microprocessor
• Memory Chips.
• Microminiaturization
 Two improvements in computer technology marks the beginning of the fourth generation
replacement with magnetic core memories, for the silicon chip and placing many more
components in Chic: microminiaturi tion product of circuits electronics. The small size of
microprocessor chips made possible the creation of personal computers. (PC)
technologies Today LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (very large scale integration)
allow hundreds of thousands of electronic components in a clip store. Using VLSI, a
manufacturer can make a small computer with a computer to rival the first generation to
occupy an entire room.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS:
• Supercomputers
• Mainframe
• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers or PC's
 Supercomputers:
A supercomputer is the most powerful type of computer and faster than exists at any given
time. These machines are designed to process huge amounts of information in a short
time and are dedicated to a specific task. Likewise are the most expensive, their prices
reach 30 million and more, and have a special temperature control.
 Mainframe:
 The mainframes are also known as mainframes. Mainframes are large, fast and
expensive systems that are capable of controlling hundreds of users simultaneously, and
hundreds of input and output devices. Mainframes have a cost ranging from $ 350.000 up
to several million dollars.
 Somehow mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support
more simultaneous programs. BUT the sup ercomputadoras can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe. In the past, Mainframes full quarters occupied or even entire
floors of a building, today, a mainframe is like a row of filing cabinets in any room with
raised floor, this to hide the hundreds of peripheral cables, and temperature must be
controlled.

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

 MICROCOMPUTERS:
Microcomputers or Personal Computers (PCs) originated with the creation of
microprocessors. A microprocessor is "a computer in a chic", ie a separate integrated
circuit. The PC's are computers for personal use and are relatively inexpensive and are
currently in offices, schools and homes.

CONCLUSIONS

The computer is an electronic machine capable of ordering process and choose an

outcome with information.

PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR

At present, given the complexity of today's world, with immense knowledge management
and information specific to this age of technological growth is essential to have a tool to
manage information efficiently and flexibility, this tool is the computer. The computers have
several tools to perform various actions such as word processing documents that create,
edit and preview before printing the same if that is the need, also has worksheets that
allow calculation operations type repetitive or not, also create payroll balances, audits and
other operations resulting very useful tools in many areas of daily performance.

These tools need a platform on which to run. This is the role of the operating system of a
computing machine that lets you manage files, system calls, among other actions. Linux
being very efficient operating system becoming a very viable alternative to choosing a
particular operating system, as it combines the efficiency, speed and power of UNIX with
the ease of use of a graphical system such as MS Windows.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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 To help students learn about the history of computing, that each one knows the origin
and evolution of computing.

 To facilitate teachers teaching in schools, and deepen what is an operating system, its
functions and features.

 It is practiced more in the workshop area, so that each student can learn more about the
history of computing

 Apply exhibitions for the student to learn more about the progress of the computation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.monografias.com/trabajos15/historia-computador/historia-computador.

www.google.com

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es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computadora

www.rincondelvago.com

www.buenastareas.com

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 FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS

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 SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

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 THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS

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 FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

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 FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

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PRESENTADO POR: STIVEN CABALLERO, OSCAR OSORIO, KARLA TOVAR
 MICROPROCESSOR

HDD

POWER
SOURCE

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 MEMORY RAM

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 MOTHERBOARD

DVD PLAYER

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