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Causative agent: Aedes aegypti

Mode of transmission: Dengue fever is transmitted to humans through the bites of infective
female Aedes mosquitoes. When a patient suffering from dengue fever is bitten by a vector
mosquito, the mosquito is infected and it may spread the disease by biting other people.

Effects: High fever with nausea with vomiting, headache, joint pains, body ache and severe pain
in the eyes.

Treatment: There is no specific medicine to treat dengue infection. Use pain relievers with
acetaminophen and avoid medicines with aspirin, which could worsen bleeding.

2. Poverty significantly reduces people's capabilities making it more difficult to avoid poverty
related diseases. The majority of diseases and related mortality in poor countries is due to
preventable, treatable diseases for which medicines and treatment regimes are readily available.
Poverty is in many cases the single dominating factor in higher rates of prevalence of these
diseases. Poor hygiene, ignorance in health-related education, non-availability of safe drinking
water, inadequate nutrition and indoor pollution are factors exacerbated by poverty.

Lifestyle diseases are defined as diseases linked with the way people live their life. This is
commonly caused by alcohol, drug and smoking abuse as well as lack of physical activity and
unhealthy eating. Diseases that impact on our lifestyle are heart disease, stroke, obesity and type
II diabetes. The diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more
industrialized and people live longer can include Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis,
asthma, cancer etc.

3. HIV attacks and destroys a type of white blood cell: the CD4 cell, also called the T-cell. Its job is
to fight disease. But HIV uses proteins in the cell to make a copy of itself and then kills the cell.
This can go on for 10 years or more without you having any symptoms.

AIDS is the later stage of HIV infection. When your immune system has a very low level of CD4
cells, you can't fight off things that most people wouldn't get sick from. People with HIV are said to
have AIDS when they get certain infections or cancers, called AIDS-defining illnesses, or when
their CD4 count in a blood test is less than 200.

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5. There are four kinds of dengue virus that are mainly spread by Aedes aegypti mosquito that
originated in Africa and now is widespread in Asia, the Pacific islands, and South America.
Since 1970, more than 100 countries have experienced dengue fever outbreaks and nearly 40%
of the world population is at risk to dengue fever, where most of them come from tropical and
sub tropical areas such as Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean (except Cuba and Cayman
Islands), and other Pacific countries. Venezuela reports the most cases of dengue and dengue
hemorrhagic fever. In 2010, Latin America alone reported a sum of 1.5 million cases. In only 7
weeks in 2013, in Brazil some 205,000 cases of dengue were reported. In Peru, nearly 400 cases
have been reported until March 2013 of which two of them were fatal.

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8. It’s so hard to develop a vaccine for HIV because it’s different from other types of viruses.
HIV doesn’t fit typical vaccine approaches in several ways:

I. The immune systems of almost all people are “blind” to HIV. The immune system, which
fights disease, doesn’t respond to the HIV virus. It produces HIV antibodies, but they only slow
the disease — they don’t stop it.
II. Vaccines protect against disease, not infection. HIV is an infection until it progresses to
stage 3, or AIDS. With most infections, vaccines buy the body more time to clear the infection
on its own before disease occurs. However, HIV has a long dormant period before it progresses
to AIDS. During this period, the virus hides itself in the DNA of the person with the virus. The
body can’t find and destroy all of the hidden copies of the virus to cure itself. So, a vaccine to
buy more time won’t work with HIV.
III. Most vaccines are tested thoroughly on animal models. This helps ensure that they’re
likely to be safe and effective before they’re tried on humans. However, no good animal model
for HIV is available. Any testing that has been done on animals has not shown how humans
would react to the tested vaccine.
IV. The HIV virus mutates quickly. A vaccine targets a virus in a particular form. If the virus
changes, the vaccine may not work on it anymore. HIV mutates quickly, so it’s hard to create a
vaccine to work against it.

9. The most common risk factors for cancer include aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation
exposure, chemicals and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family
history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or being overweight.

10. Ability to spread at distance: Malignant tumors may spread to other parts of the body using
the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. Malignant tumors may also invade nearby tissues and
send out fingers into them, while benign tumors don't. Benign tumors only grow in the place
where they started.
Recurrence: Benign tumors are easier to remove by surgery as they have clearer boundaries,
and as a result, they are less likely to recur. If they do recur, it is only at the original site.
Malignant tumors may have spread. As a result, they are more likely to recur and may recur in
other sites, such as breast cancer recurring in the lungs or bones.

11. Genetics - Type 2 diabetes can be hereditary. That doesn’t mean that if your mother or
father has (or had) type 2 diabetes, you’re guaranteed to develop it; instead, it means that you
have a greater chance of developing type 2.
Lifestyle -Lifestyle choices are also important. You can have a genetic mutation that may make
you susceptible to type 2, but if you take good care of your body, you may not develop diabetes.
Eat well, watch your cholesterol, and stays physically fit. A person who is overweight and
inactive is much more likely to develop type 2 diabetes because certain lifestyle choices greatly
influence how well your body uses insulin.
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14. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main
purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the
conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some
carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes.

15. The end-products of fatty acid metabolism are carbon dioxide, water and ATP. However,
complete combustion of fatty acids to these products also requires glucose, otherwise ketones are
produced.
16. Recombinant DNA refers to any DNA that has been created artificially from two or more
sources. One method of using recombinant DNA to produce gene products such as insulin is to
make plasmids. Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA that can be inserted into bacteria
without insertion into the regular DNA chromosome. Plasmids often have locations that can be
cut so that a gene of interest can be inserted. For example, the creation of insulin requires a
plasmid that has had the human insulin gene inserted. This process makes insulin using
recombinant DNA much safer for people with allergies to pig or cow products, which are the
typical sources for insulin.