alkaloidebi, maTi Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

daxasiaTeba, Seswavlis istoria, klasifikacia. alkaloidebi

ZiriTadad mcenareuli warmoSobis azotSemcveli organuli naerTebia.
aqvT fuZe Tviseba da axasiaTebT fiziologiuri aqtivoba. Alqali _ laT.
da Alqili _ arab. tutes niSnavs, xolo eidos _ berZn. msgavss. am SenaerTebs
saxeli miakuTvna farmacevtma v. meisnerma 1819 w. pirveli alkaloidi
morfini 1806 w miiRo germanelma farmacevtma sertiurnerma damaZinebeli
yayaCo anu xaSxaSisagan.
mcenareebSi alkaloidebis aRmoCenas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda,
radgan XVIII s-is damlevs fiqrobdnen, rom mcenareuli nivTierebebi ar
Seicaven azots da rom mcenare aproducirebs mxolod mJave an
neitraluri Tvisebebis SenaerTebs, maSin, rodesac cxovelebSi Cndeba
fuZe xasiaTis nivTierebebi.

alkaloidebi Tavis molekulaSi Seicavs H, C, O da aucileblad N,

iSviaTad S, Cl da Br. umartivesi alkaloidi naxSirbadis 10-mde atoms
Seicavs, yvelaze rTuli ki 50-ze mets. azotSemcveli martivi SenaerTebi
meTilamini, trimeTilamini da sxv. martivi aminebi, aseve aminomJavebi da
maTi gardaqmnis produqtebi marTalia fuZe xasiaTisaa, magram maT
alkaloidebad ar Tvlian, xolo proteinogenuri aminebi da betainebi
ganixilebian rogorc martivi azotSemcveli SenaerTebidan sakuTriv
alkaloidebSi gardamavalni da miekuTvnebian alkaloidebs.
XX s 80 wlebisaTvis cnobili alkaloidebis ricxvma 10 aTass
gadaaWarba, 3 aTasisaTvis dadgenili iyo struqtura; medicinisaTvis maT
fasdaudebel rolze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom dReisaTvis gamoyenebuli
samkurnalo saSualebebis nomenklaturaSi 10%-mdea alkaloidebidan
miRebuli preparatebi. amitom dedamiwis yvela kontinetze grZeldeba
maTi Semcveli mcenareebis Zieba. am mxriv metad perspeqtiulad miiCneven
udabnosa da naxevradudabnoebis floras, aseve sarevela mcenareebs.
axladgamoyofil alkaloids Cveulebriv aZleven trivialur
saxelwodebas. aq umetesad iyeneben Semcveli mcenaris gvaris an saxeobis
dasaxelebas da amateben sufiqss _ ~ini~. mag. kofeini _ Coffea arabica L.-
dan, atropini _ Atropa belladonna L.-dan, galantamini _ Galanthus woronowii
Lozinsk.-dan da sxv.
alkaloidebis mniSvneloba medicinisaTvis yvelaze marTebulad
XIX s gamoCenilma farmakoqimikosma e. Sackim Seafasa, rom
~alkaloidebis aRmoCenas mimdinare saukunis dasawyisSi medicinisaTvis
TiTqmis iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc rkinis aRmoCenas msoflio
kulturisaTvis~.
alkaloidebis Seswavlis istoria faqtobrivad iwyeba pirveli
alkaloidis morfinis gamoyofiT, magram mas win uswrebda rigi

1
gamokvlevebi. ase mag. 1792 w furkruam qinaqinis xis qerqidan miiRo
fisovani nivTiereba, romelic alkaloidebis jams warmoadgenda; 1797 w
bomem xaSxaSidan gamoyo kristaluri ~marili~, romelic teqnikuri
narkotini iyo; SemdegSi 1802 w denorma miiRo ~amfionis marili~ _ es
iyo narkotinis da morfinis narevi; 1804 w seguenma marTalia gamoyo da
Seiswavla morfinis fizikuri Tvisebebi, magram am SenaerTs saxeli ver
daarqva. mxolod sertiurnerma daagvirgvina es gamokvlevebi da amiT
daamtkica jer kidev XVI s paracelsis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom
mcenare Seicavs da misgan SesaZlebelia miviRoT e.w. `aqtiuri principi~
(e.i. biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi).
alkaloidebis gamoyofiT daiwyo axali era medicinasa da qimiaSi.
XIX-XX ss mijnaze mTeli msoflios farmacevtebma da qimikosebma
gamoyves rigi umniSvnelovanesi alkaloidi. maT Soris kofeini _ rungem
1819 w., qinini _ peletiem da kaventum 1820 w, risTvisac madlierma xalxma
parizSi maT Zegli daudga. imave wels maT miiRes striqnini da brucini;
nikotini gamoyves poseltma da reimanma 1829 w., atropini – meinma 1831 w
da mravali sxva.
1928 wels sakavSiro samecniero kvleviT qimiur-farmacevtul
institutSi (nixfi) akad. a. orexovis xelmZRvanelobiT Camoyalibda
alkaloidebis ganyofileba da amiT saTave daedo ssrk-is yvela
regionis, maT Soris kavkasiis floris Seswavlas. am skolis pirveli
alkaloidi iyo anabazini, romelic kaliumis permanganatiT daJangvis
gziT gadaiyvanes nikotinis mJavaSi da erTdroulad daamtkices, rom is
iseTive inseqticidia, rogorc nikotini. Semdegi didi monapovari iyo
platifilini (a. orexovi, r. konovalova, 1933 w.), salsolini,
salsolidini (a. orexovi, n. proskurina, 1933 w.) mogvianebiT galantamini
da misi jgufis alkaloidebi (n. proskurina, l. areSkina, 1947-52 ww).
aRsaniSnavia, rom unikaluri farmakologiuri aqtivobiT gamorCeuli
platifilini da galantamini miiRes p. masagetovis eqspediciis mier
saqarTveloSi Segrovebuli endemuri mcenareebis xarisSublasa da
TovlqveSasagan. momavalSi alkaloidebis kvlevis centrma moskovidan
taSkentSi gadainacvla. a. orexovis mowafeebis s. iunusovis da
TanamSromlebis mier uzbekeTis mecn. akademiis mcenareTa SenaerTebis
institutSi gamokvleuli iyo Sua aziis 4 aTasze meti mcenare, daadgines
300-ze meti alkaloidis struqtura da gamoavlines 100 cnobili
alkaloidis axali mcenareuli wyaro. xolo a. sadikovis
xelmZRvanelobiT uzbekeTis mecn. akademiis bioorganuli qimiis
institutSi gamoikvlies 3 aTasze meti mcenare, alkaloidebis Semcveli
aRmoCnda 300, romelTagan miRebuli individualuri SenaerTis
raodenobam 300 gadaaWarba.
sabWoTa mecnierebis mier gamoyofili da Seswavlilia
medicinisaTvis mniSvnelovani iseTi alkaloidebi, rogoricaa berberini,
paxikarpini, sferofizini, sekurinini, kolxamini, galantini, liqorini,

2
glaucini, Termofsini, kondelfini, brevikolini, aimalini, vinkamini,
senecifilini, eqinopsini da sxv.
saqarTvelSi alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebis Ziebas mecn.
akademiis farmako-qimiis institutSi Caeyara safuZveli 1932 w, sadac
alkaloidebis qimiis ganyofilebaSi (q. mujiri, v. vaCnaZe) gamokvleulia
2000 meti mcenare, gamoyofili da struqturulad dadgenilia 200
alkaloidi, maT Soris axalia 32.
alkaloidebis qimiis Seswavlas ukve moxseniebuli mecnierebis
garda didi Rvawli dades r. horvardma, t. henrim, s. sibatam, f. Santavim,
h. boitma, a. bankovskim, v. lazurevskim, a. kuzavkovma, v. malikovma da sxv.
alkaloidebis aRmoCenidan TiTqmis 200 w gavida, magram am SenaerTebis
mimarT yuradReba mainc ar neldeba.
alkaloidebis udidesi raodenoba, maTi agebulebis sxvadasxvaoba
da gamoyofili individebis garkveuli nawilis ara saTanado Seswavla
mecnierebs xels uSlis zusti klasifikaciis SemuSavebaSi. h. boitma
mogvawoda alkaloidebis metad dawvrilebiTi klasifikacia _ 59 jgufi.
sxvebi ufro amsxvileben struqturiT axlomdgom alkaloidebis
jgufebs, an gamoyofen calkeuli ojaxis an gvaris alkaloidebs. mag.
amarilisebrTa alkaloidebi, mariamsakmelas, xanWkolas alkaloidebi
da sxv. gvxvdeba miTiTeba specifiuri struqturis jgufebze _ mag.
tropanuli, tropolonuri, striqninis alkaloidebi da sxv.
yvelaze ufro aRiarebulia a. orexovis mier SemuSavebuli
klasifikacia, romelSic ZiriTad niSnad miCneulia alkaloidis
molekulaSi azotSemcveli heterociklis (indolis, qinolinis,
pirolidinis, purinis nawarmebi da sxv.) agebuleba, sul aseT 12 jgufs
(tips) ganixilavs. TviTeul jgufs Tavis mxriv yofen qv. jgufebad. ix.
TandarTuli sqema # ... da zogierTi alkaloidis CamonaTvali, romelTa
Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisadaa saxelmZRvaneloSi dalagebuli maTi
Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli.

alkaloidebis klasifikacia (a. p. orexoviT)

sqema. #...

1. jgufi acikluri alkaloidebi da alkaloidebi

gverdiT jaWvSi azotiT

OH CH3

CH NH CH3
sferofizini, kolxicini,
CH

kolxamini

3
 efedrini
2. jgufi pirolidinis da pirolizidinis

N
N platifilini,senecifilini
H
saracini,staqidrini, simfitini

3. jgufi piridinisa da piperidinis

N N
anabazini, lobelini,
H mimozini, nikotini,
piridini piperidini ricinini, koniini

4. jgufi alkaloidebi pirolidinis da

piperidinebis kondensirebuli rgolebiT

N-CH3 atropini, skopolamini,

hiosciamini, kokaini

5. jgufi qinolizidinis

N anagirini, citizini,
Termofsini,soforamini,
paxikarpini,sekurinini

6. jgufi qinolinis

4
 N qinaqini, qinidini,
cinqonini, eqinopsini

7. jgufi izoqinolinis

N
morfini, kodeini, papaverini, glaucini,
berberini, helidonini,
sangviritrini, gindarini,
galantamini, liqorini

8. jgufi indolis

brevikolini, ergotamini,
N
harmini, rezerpini, aimalini,
H
serpentini, vinkristini,
striqnini, fizostigmini

9. jgufi qinazolinis

N
peganini, vazicinoni

10. jgufi purinis

N N H

N N
kofeini, Teobromini, Teofilini

5
 11. jgufi diterpenis

H3C CH3 ZiriTadi ConCxi

(t. henriT)
CH3
CH3

H3C N
akonitini, meTilikakonitini,
kondelfini, zongorini

12. jgufi. steroiduli

H alkaloidebi
O N
E F
C D
O
A B
HO iervini

iervini, rubiiervini,
fsevdoiervini,
izorubiiervini,
solasodini,
tomatidini

N
F
E
O
C D

A B
solasodini
HO

fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi, kvlevis meTodebi. alkaloidebis

umetesoba magari kristaluri nivTierebebia, aqvT mware gemo, usunoa da
ufero. maTi agregatuli mdgomareoba damokidebulia molekulaSi

6
Jangbadis raodenobaze. uJangbado alkaloidebi aqroladi zeTiseburi
siTxeebia, zogjer axasiaTebT usiamovno suni, aseTebia: nikotini, koniini,
paqikarpini, peletierini, anabazini. zogierTi alkaloidi Seferilia, mag.
sangvinarini – narinjisferia, berberini _ yviTeli. rigi alkaloidiUui
– sxivebSi iZleva damaxasiaTebel fluorescencias. alkaloidebi
optikurad aqtiurebia. Tu polarizaciis sibrtyes marcxniv abruneben,
xasiaTdebian ufro maRali farmakologiuri aqtivobiT, vidre marjvniv
mbrunavi.
alkaloidebi mcenareSi moipoveba organuli mJavebis marilebis
saxiT, umetesad vaSlis, limonis, qarvis, xolo zogjer specifiuri
mJavebis marilebis formiT. mag. amfionSi _ mekonis mJavis marilebia,
SxamaSi – veratris mJavis, xarisSublaSi _ fumaris mJavis, tilWirSi _
akonitinis mJavis, qristesisxlaSi _ helidonis mJavis, qinaqinis xeSi _
qinaqina mTrimlavi mJavis marilebis saxiT. Zalze iSviaTad alkaloidebi
SeiZleba Segvxvdes fuZis, an mineraluri mJavebis marilebis saxiTac.
alkaloidebis preparatebis warmoebaSi iyeneben iseT mJavebs,
romelTanac substancia kargad dakristaldeba, wyalSi gaixsneba da
ekonomiurad momgebiania. aseTi SeiZleba iyos rogorc mineraluri ise
organuli mJava. aRniSnulis Sesabamisad farmacevtuli mrewveloba
uSvebs preparatebs: Chininum hydrochloricum, Atropinum sulfas, strychninum nitricum,
Coffeinum natrio-benzoicum, Platyphyllinum hydrotartras da sxv.
alkaloidi fuZeebi, rogorc wesi wyalSi ar ixsneba, garda
ramodenime SemTxvevisa. mag. efedrini ixsneba 1 : 36, kodeini 1 : 150, kofeini
1 : 80. wyalSi ixsneba agreTve ergometrini. alkaloidebi fuZis saxiT
kargad ixsneba organul gamxsnelebSi: eTerSi, diqloreTanSi,
qloroformSi; alkaloidebis marilebi, piriqiT wyalSi xsnadia da ar
ixsneba organul gamxsnelebSi (Tumca papaverinis hidroqloridi ixsneba
qloroformSi). yvela alkaloidis saerTo gamxsnelia spirti.
alkaloidebis gansxvavebuli xsnadoba mxedvelobaSi miiReba maTi
gamoyofis da miRebuli gamonawvlilebis gasufTavebisas.
mcenareul nedleulSi alkaloidebis aRmosaCenad mimarTaven
daleqvis reaqciebs, romlebic damyarebulia Tvisebaze rig SenaerTebTan
warmoqmnan martivi an kompleqsuri marilebi. ZiriTadad esenia mZime
metalebis kompleqsuri iodidebi (sindiyis, kadmiumis iodidTan _
maieris, vagneris da buSardis, dragendorfis reaqciebi); kompleqsuri
mJavebi (fosfor-molibdenis, fosfor-volframis); pikrinis mJavasTan,
taninTan da sxv. reaqciebs atareben 1-5% mJave gamonawvlilebze.
alkaloidebis aRmoCenasa da analizSi did rols asrulebs
qromatografia qaRaldze da sorbentis Txel fenaze, instrumentuli
fizikur-qimiuri ui-, iw-, bmr-speqtroskopiebi, gravimetruli da
moculobiTi, titraciis meTodebi. luminescenturi analizis da
izotopebis farTod gamoyenebam axali SesaZleblobebi gadaSala
alkaloidebis kvlevaSi. maTi raodenobiTi gansazRvrisaTvis bevri

7
meTodia mowodebuli, medicinisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani individebi-
saTvis ki SemuSavebulia kvlevis specialuri meTodebi. mag. kofeinis da
purinuli sxva alkaloidebis aRmosaCenad _ mureqsidis sinji,
kolxicinis da tropolonuri sxva alkaloidebisaTvis oberlin-
ceizelis reaqcia, tropanuli alkaloidebisaTvis _ vitali-morenis
reaqcia da sxv.
mcenareuli nedleulidan alkaloidebis gamoyofis meTodebi or
princips emyareba _ maT gamowvlilaven SemJavebuli wyliT da Semdeg
asufTaveben, an nedleuls Seasveleben fuZe agentebiT, alkaloidebs
gadaiyvanen fuZe mdgomareobaSi da wvlilaven Tvisebebis da
teqnologiis gaTvaliswinebiT polaruli an arapolaruli
gamxsnelebiT.
samrewvelo masStabiT medicinaSi gamosayeneblad iReben 100-ze met
alkaloids. rogorc x. n. aripovi (1977 w) miuTiTebs amis da miuxedavad
ar gagvaCnia maTi teqnologiuri klasifikacia, rac imiT aixsneba, rom
saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoba miRebis meTodebis korelacias
struqturul Sedgenilobasa da TvisebebTan. am niSniT is alkaloidebis
teqnologias usadagebs 3 jgufs: esaa Zlieri fuZeebi (PH 8-9). maT
qloroformidan wyliT wvlilaven an buferuli xsnariT (PH 7). isini
umetesad fenoluri da meoTxeuli aminuri alkaloidebia, romlebic
kargad sorbirdebian molekulur da ioncvliT sorbentebze, magram
Znelad eluirdebian. aseTebia berberini, morfini, tubokurarini,
sekurinini, anabazini, kokaini, sferofizini, sparteini, ergometrini,
arekolini, muskarini da sxv.; neitraluri _ pH – 4-7 mqone alkaloidebi
saSualo siZlieris fuZeebia. qloroformidan kargad gadadian buferul
xsnarSi da wyliani xsnaridan (Setutianebis Semdeg) qloroformSi.
axasiaTebT kargi sorbcia da desorbcia. aseTebia efedrini, kodeini,
vinkamini, rezerpini, skopolamini, striqnini, nikotini, hiosciamini,
atropini, lobelini, galantamini, aquamidini, ezerini, emetini, ioximbini;
alkaloidebi dabali_pH 1-3 susti fuZeebia qloroformidan wyliT ar
iwvlilebian. nelad an TiTqmis ar eluirdebian qloroformidan
buferuli xsnarebiT da H2SO4 10% xsnariTac ki. Znelad sorbirdebian da
TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoyvebian eluatis pirvelive fraqcias. aseTi
fuZeebia kolxicini, kofeini, papaverini, narkotini, solasodini, Tebaini,
Teofilini. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare alkaloidebis miRebis teqnolo-
giuri sqema man ase Camoayaliba:

8
 biogenezi, gavrceleba da biologiuri roli mcenarisaTvis.
alkaloidebi Tavisi SedgenilobiT biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebaTa
araerTgvarovani klasia, amitom utyuaria, rom maT ar SeiZleba hqondeT
biosinTezis erTiani gza. XX s dasawyisSi piktem gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom maT warmoqmnaSi monawileoben aminomJavebi, rom aminojgufebsa da
aldehidur jgufebs Soris urTierTqmedebiT warmoiqmneba aldehidoami-
nebi. alkaloidebsa da aminomJavebs Soris SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb
hipoTeza wamoayena triermac da cdilobda maTi warmoSoba CaerTo
saerTo aminomJavur cvlaSi. ramodenime wlis Semdeg t. robinsonma
daadastura da Seavso es Teoriuli varaudebi imiT, rom eqsperimentiT
ganaxorciela aminomJavebidan alkaloidebis sinTezi, amave dros
daamtkica ramodenime alkaloidis struqtura. am sferoSi didi
monapovaria Sepfis mier in vitro ganxorcielebuli alkaloidebis sinTezi,
k. motesis, h. Suttes, m. lovkovas, o. tolkaCevis da sxv. SromebSi
ganzogadoebulia sxvadasxva jgufis alkaloidebis biosinTezisadmi
miZRvnili eqsperimentuli masala. dReisaTvis cnobilia, rom
gansxvavebuli struqturuli tipebis alkaloidebis biosinTezi da
metabolizmi araerTgvarovania, rom alkaloidebis struqturul
safuZvels Seadgens azotSemcveli heterociklebi da maTi gardaqmna
intaqtur mcenareSi rTuli bioqimiuri procesia. praqtikulad yvela
alkaloidis pirveladi winamorbedia proteinogenuri aminomJavebi da
maTi biosinTezi dakavSirebulia ZiriTadi cvlis procesebTan _ azotur
cvlasTan. cdebiT damtkicda, rom azotovani sasuqebis didi raodenobiT
Setana SesamCnevad aaqtiurebs alkaloidebis biosinTezs mcenareSi da
zrdis maT Semcvelobas. dayvavilebis Semdeg, rodesac mcenare wyvets
niadagidan azotis SeTvisebas, alkaloidebis raodenoba mkveTrad ecema,
zogjer mTlianad qreba.

9
 dReisaTvis Seswavlilia alkaloidebis N-heterociklis kavSiri
mis biogenetikur winamorbedTan. kerZod, pirolidinis, pirolizidinis,
tropanis da piridinis zogierTi nawarmis winamorbediaL-ornitini;
qinolizidinuri alkaloidebi ZiriTadad lupininis tipis oj. Fabaceae
saxeobebSi – warmoiqmneba lizinidan; izoqinoluri alkaloidebi _
Tirozinidan; indoluri, qinolinuri da zogierTi piridinuli da
piperidinuli _ L-triftofanidan; imidazoluri alkaloidebi pilokar-
pinis tipis _ histidinidan; glicinisa da asparaginis mJavebisagan _
purinuli alkaloidebi da sxv. ramodenime alkaloidis winamorbedia
nikotinis mJava, garda amisa gvxvdeba alkaloidebi izoprenoiduli
warmoSobis _ diterpenuli an steroiduli tipis, aseT SemTxvevaSi
alkaloidis biosinTezis gza iwyeba naxSirwylebidan da gaivlis
mevalonis mJavasa da geranilpirofosfatze. zemoT aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare r. hegnauerma alkaloidebi dahyo 3 jgufad: WeSmariti
alkaloidebi, protoalkaloidebi da fsevdoalkaloidebi. WeSmarit
alkaloidebs miakuTvna N-heterocikluri SenaerTebi, romlebic
biogenuri aminebidan warmoiqmnen, eseni ki Tavis mxriv gaCndnen
proteinogenuri aminebis dekarboqsilirebiT. protoalkaloidebs ar
axasiaTebT N-heterociklebi da rogorc wesi warmoadgenen mcenareul
aminebs. fsevdoalkaloidebis ConCxis safuZvelia ara aminomJavebi,
aramed sxva SenaerTebi. maT ekuTvnis terpenuli da steroiduli
alkaloidebi. bunebrivia rom rigma avtorma gaiziara ra aRniSnuli,
SemogvTavaza WeSmariti alkaloidebis klasifikacia maTi
winamorbedebis aminomJavebis safuZvelzec. amrigad, mcenareebSi
mimdinare biosinTezis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas upirveles yovlisa
mizanSewonilia daveyrdnoT maTi struqturis saerTo elementebze da
pirvel rigSi aminomJavebze. garda amisa, kvlevis obieqtia alkaloidebis
biosinTezis mimdinareoba sxva biologiurad aqtiur SenaerTebis
producirebis WrilSi.
alkaloidebSi niSandoblivi winamorbedebis Seyvanam savsebiT
daadastura, rom umetesad isini aminomJavebisagan sinTezirdebian.
amJamad Seswavlilia zogierTi konkretuli alkaloidis biogenezi.
mag. dadgenilia, rom Cais buCqSi kofeinis winamorbedia meTilaminis
tipis monoaminebi. dadgenilia aseve korelacia mcenareSi alkaloidebis
producirebasa da organuli mJavebis Semcvelobas Soris. alkaloidebi
umetesad sinTezirdeba udabnosa da naxevradudabnos mcenareebSi,
romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve organuli mJavebis maRali
Semcveloba. mag. durRenSi alkaloidebis raodenobis 2-12% arsebobisas
(mSral nedleulze gadaangariSebiT) mJaunmJavas 15% dadginda.
garkveuli kanonzomierebaa alkaloidebis da organuli mJavebis
sinTezsa da jamur raodenobas Soris mcenaris ontogenezis procesSic.
ase mag. erTic da meorec didi raodenobiTaa axalgazrda mozard
qsovilebSi da qreba Teslebis damwifebis momentisaTvis.

10
 alkaloidebis biosinTezis mimdinareoba dReisaTvis sakmaodaa
garkveuli, magram igi moicavs metad rTul procesebs, esaa
dekarboqsilireba, aminomJavebisa da diaminebis JangviTi dezaminireba,
pirveladi meTilireba, transmeTilireba, aminomJavebis da aminebis tipis
alifaturi SenaerTebis ciklizacia heterociklur struqturamde,
dabolos kondensaciis reaqcia, amitom TviTeuli am etapis, gardamavali
procesebis da metabolizmis yvela momenti jer kidev araa
srulyofilad Seswavlili da kvlevis masStabebi dRiTidRe farTovdeba.
alkaloidebi nivTierebaTa cvlis specifikuri produqtebia,
romlebic orexovis TqmiT ar arian universalurad gavrcelebuli da
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod zogierTi mcenarisaTvis. mak neeris (1931)
gansazRvriT dedamiwaze gavrcelebuli alkaloidebis Semcveli
mcenareebi Seadgenen floris saerTo raodenobis 23% da maT Soris
balaxovani saxeobebi 3-jer metia merqnian mcenareebze. isini upiratesad
damaxasiaTebelia farulTeslianebisaTvis, magram gvxvdeba
SiSvelTeslianebSic. gamonaklisis saxiT aris SvitebSi, gvimrebSi,
mRierebSi, likopodiumSi da sxv. dabalsafexurze mdgom saxeobebSi.
mogvianebiT gamoyves mikroorganizmebidan, mwerebisa da cxovelebisagan.
alkaloidebi aseve iSviaTia efemerebSi. xolo efemeroidul mcenareebSi,
romelTac axasiaTebT mravalwlovani miwisqveda sistema ufro xSiria.

alkaloidebis tipiuri producenti ojaxebia: Solanaceae, Fabaceae,

Papaveraceae, Rubiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae, Liliaceae,
Amaryllidaceae, Loganiaceae, Punicaceae, Nymphaeaceae da sxv.
filogenetikurad axlos mdgomi saxeobebi, gvarebi, ojaxebi,
rogorc wesi, Seicaven struqturulad monaTesave alkaloidebs da amiT
qmnian bunebriv tipebs. mag. izoqinolinis tipis alkaloidebi e.w.
amarilisisebrTa alkaloidebi biosinTezirdeba oj. Amaryllidaceae 9
gvaris Galanthus, Narcissus, Leucojum, Ungernia, Crinum, Pancratium, Hypeastrum,
Hymenocallis warmomadgenlebSi, esaa galantamini, liqorini, tacetini da
sxv. amasTan erTad am dominanti alkaloidebis Tanafardoba cvalebadia.
asevea oj. Solanaceae 7 monaTesave gvarSi, sadac tropanuli alkaloidebi
grovdeba. magram am WeSmariti kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisebicaa. mag.
purinuli alkaloidebi da konkretulad kofeini napovnia botanikurad
sruliad gansxvavebul da daSorebul ojaxebSi da gvarebSi: Coffea oj.
Rubiaceae; Thea _ Theaceae; Paulinia _ Sapindaceae; Cola, Theobroma _ Sterculiaceae,
romlebic sxvadasxva materikis qveynebSi izrdeba. igive magaliTi
SeiZleba moviyvanoT alkaloid efedrinis da gansakuTrebiT berberinis
gavrcelebidan. es ukanaskneli dadgenilia 6 ojaxis 16 gvaris
warmomadgenelSi.
Cveulebriv mcenareSi alkaloidebis procentuli Semcveloba araa
didi da umetesad 1-3% arsebobisas ukve iTvleba alkaloidebiT mdidar
saxeobad. ufro metic, maT lencofas foTlebi 0, 05% Seicavs da
medicinisaTvis is metad mniSvnelovani mcenarea. Zalze maRalia

11
alkaloidebis raodenoba qinaqinis xis seleqciur jiSebSi (16-20%), aseve
maRalia stefaniaSi _ 6-8%, tilWirSi 3-4%. aris mosazreba, rom
alkaloidebiT simdidre saxeobis individualuri Tvisebaa da misi
genetikuri niSania. rogorc wesi, mcenareSi ramodenime an bevri
alkaloidia. mag. SxamaSi 35, gvelis suroSi 60, rauvolfiaSi 25, qinaqinis
xeSi 30, xolo kaTarantusSi ukanaskneli monacemebiT alkaloidebis
raodenoba 70 aRwevs. alkaloidebis jamSi Cveulebriv dominirebs 1-3
alkaloidi, Tanac isini maRali farmakologiuri aqtivobisaa, danarCeni
ki minimaluri raodenobiTaa, warmoadgenen Tanmxleb nivTierebebs da
xSirad medicinisaTvis usargebloa. mag. amfionSi, alkaloidebis jamSi
dominantia morfini 3-23% (sax. farmakopeis mixedviT ara nakleb 11%),
kodeini 1%, papaverini 1% da narkotini 5%. krinumis alkaloidebis jamis
mimarT liqorini 50%, ipekos alkaloidebis jamis mimarT emetini 70%,
stefanias alkaloidebSi ki gindarinze modis 30% da sxv. Cveulebriv
mcenareSi moipoveba erTi tipis alkaloidebi, zogjer ki erTdroulad
grovdeba sxvadasxva SenaerTebis nawarmebi. mag. qristesisxlas balaxis
alkaloidebis Sedgeniloba Zalze rTulia da Tavisi struqturiT
miekuTvnebian izoqinolinis nawarm sxvadasxva qvejgufs: mag. helidonini,
heleritrini, sangvinarini _ benzofenantridinis nawarmia, protopini,
alokriptopini _ protopinis, xolo berberini, koptizini _
protoberberinis. kidev ufro gansxvavebulia xaSxaSis alkaloidebi,
romlebic arian morfinis, papaverinis, protoberberinis, protopinis,
rozacinis da hidrokotarninis qvejgufebis. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erTi
mcenaris sxvadasxva organoSi gvxvdeba erTidaigive, an gansxvavebuli
Senebis alkaloidebi. gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa tilWiri, romelSic
tipiuri akonituri (izoprenoiduli) alkaloidebis paralelurad
aRmoCenilia efedrini (fenilalkilaminis nawarmi) da sparteini
(qinolizidinis nawarmi).
alkaloidebi warmoadgenen meoradi sinTezis nivTierebebs, magram
es imas ar niSnavs, rom Cndebian marto daberebul nawilebSi,
metabolurad inertulebia da gadanayrebs warmoadgenen, rogorc adre
fiqrobdnen. piriqiT maTi biosinTezi xorcieldeba maRali metaboluri
aqtivobis qsovilebSi e.i. im nawilebSi, romlebic mocemul etapze
mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia momavali Taobis Sesaqmnelad. mag.
dadgenilia, rom lemas fesvebSi formirdeba tropanuli alkaloidebis
cikluri sistema da Semdeg transportirdeba foTlebSi, sadac ganicdis
mniSvnelovan modifikacias. a. Smuki alkaloidebis warmoSobaSi did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs fesvur sistemas. is Tvlis, rom miwis qveda
nawilebis fiziologiuri roli ar DSemoifargleba mcenaris wylisa da
mineraluri sakvebi nivTierebebis miwidan momaragebaSi, rom fesvebSi
erTdroulad gamomuSadeba Taviseburi nivTierebani, romelTa gareSec
foTlebSi ar SeiZleba warmoebdes nikotinis an atropinis sinTezi da
SesaZlebelia bevri sxva alkaoidisac. amgvari sxva bevri faqtobrivi
masalis arsebobis miuxedavad, imis mtkiceba, rom fesvebisa da
foTlebisagan isini Semdeg gadainacvleben sxva organoSi, mainc

12
usafuZvloa. araa gamoricxuli, rom TeslebSi alkaloidebi SeiZleba
gaCndes damoukideblad, foTlebSi maTi daSlis fonze.
alkaloidebi grovdeba ZiriTadad 4 tipis qsovilebSi: esaa 1.
aqtiurad mozardi nawilebi; 2. epidrmaluri da hiperdermaluri
qsovilebi; 3. gamtari konebis garsebi; 4. lateqsebis milebi. alkaloidebi
lokalizebulia ujredis wvenSi gaxsnili saxiT.
alkaloidebi grovdeba mcenaris sxvadasxva organoSi. mag. ucunas
bolqvebSi, ipekos fesvebSi, Termofsis balaxSi, sekurinegas ylortebSi,
Cais foTlebSi, xaSxaSis nayofebSi, lemas TeslebSi, stefanias
gorglebSi. marTalia mcenareSi alkaloidebis lokalizaciis sakiTxi
sakmaodaa Seswavlili, magram maTi gadaadgilebis gzebis dadgena mainc
Znelia.
alkaloidebi Tavisi struqturiT, gavrcelebiT mcenareTa
samyaroSi, farmakologiuri aqtivobiT metad mravalferovania, amitom
dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani Sexeduleba maT warmoqmnasa da rolze
mcenarisaTvis, am sakiTxze arsebuli uamravi hipoTezidan SevexebiT
ZiriTads:
1. alkaloidebi icaven mcenares mavneblebisagan, cxovelebisa da
frinvelebisagan (klotrio, 1900 da tunmani, 1914). magram xSirad
alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi, romlebic saSiSia adamianisaTvis,
uvnebelia cxovelisTvis. mag. uZlieresi Sxamis koniinis Semcvel
mcenares, maToTs, miirTmeven mwyerebi, striqninis Semcvel Teslebs _
Citebi, atropinis nedleuls _ Smagas da nikotinisas _ Tambaqos ki
kurdRlebi, aseve toqsiuri alkaloidi veratriniT mdidar mcenare
Sxamas Seeqceva saqoneli, zogierTi mweri da mavneblebi.
2. alkaloidebi arian mcenareTa cxovelqmedebis gadanayrebi,
fekalebi (pikte, 1905), maTi winamorbedia cilebi, miiRebian azotovani
SenaerTebis daSliT da gvevlinebian nivTierebaTa regresiuli cvlis
saboloo produqtebad. am SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria rogor SeiZleba aseTi
rTuli da srulyofili struqturis SenaerTebi iyos uvargisi narCenebi,
Tanac ar gamoZevdes organizmidan.
3. alkaloidebi mcenarisaTvis samarago, sakvebi masalaa (n. ivanovi
da a. kuzmenko, 1932-40) isini rCebian organizmSi da gamoiyenebian mcenaris
ganviTarebis procesSi, es hipoTeza eyrdnoba fiziologiur cdebs da
faqtebi metyveleben zogierTi alkaloidis gamoyenebaze cilovani
nivTierebebis warmoqmnaSi. ivanovis mosazrebiT `sasargeblo samaragos~
da `gadanayrebis~ cneba mcenarisaTvis is araa, rac cxovelisaTvis.
mcenareSi fekalebi kvlav SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. maTi utilizacia
xdeba rogorc azotovani produqtebisa~. Tu alkaloidebi samarago
nivTierebebia, maSin ratom araa TeslebSi? alkaloidebi Cndeba
mogvianebiT, Teslebidan mcenaris aRmocenebis Semdeg an paralelurad.
aqedan gamomdianre zogierTi mkvlevari am hipoTezas saeWvod xdis.

13
 4. alkaloidebi arian mcenareuli hormonebi da bioqimiuri
katalizatorebi, romlebic mcenareSi mimdinare biosinTezis procesis
(Tu am etapis) aucilebeli nivTierebebia (CiamiCiani da ravena, 1917).
sadReisod aRniSnuli hipoTezis saxecvlil da gamdidrebul
formulirebebs yvelaze meti swavluli gvTavazobs:
zogierTi iziarebs Sexedulebas, rom alkaloidebi mcenareSi
biosinTezis da zrdis mastimulirebeli SenaerTebia (flerovi, 1947).
sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom alkaloidebi gvevlinebian sensibilizatorebad
e.i. iseT qimiur jgufad, romelic aZlierebs mcenareuli ujredis da
qsovilebis mgrZnobelobas speqtris garkveuli sxivebisadmi e.i.
exmarebian mcenareebs mzis sxivebis STanTqmaSi da amiT xels uwyoben
reproduqciuli organoebis gaCenas da ganviTarebas. amis magaliTad
mohyavT kolxicini, romelsac iyeneben seleqciaSi poliploiduri
formebis gamosayvanad.
mecnierebis, gansakuTrebiT s. iunusovis (1948) SexedulebiT
alkaloidebi arian Jangbadis gadamtanebi da is xorcieldeba
alkaloidebis N-oqsiduri formiT. mag. xarisSublaSi aSkaraa
alkaloid-fuZeebis da maTi N-oqsidebis garkveuli korelacia.
garda ganxiluli hipoTezebisa arsebobs mosazreba, rom azotiT
kvebisas alkaloidebi TamaSoben buferis rols, aseve, rom alkaloidebi
xels uwyoben mcenaris gamojanmrTelebas da sxv. amrigad, mainc
gaugebaria, ratom sinTezirdeba alkaloidebi mxolod zogierT
mcenareSi, rom ~sxvadasxvaoba maT qimiur bunebaSi, aseve mcenaris da
misi organoebis TaviseburebebSi, ar iZleva SesaZleblobas vivaraudoT
maTi warmoSobis erTnairo gza~ (a. kuzmenko). v. sokolovi ajamebs ra
hipoTezebs mcenareSi alkaloidebis rolis Sesaxeb, askvnis rom yvela
hipoTezaSi aris simarTlis nawili, meores mxriv Tu mcenares mivudgebiT
rogorc erTian organizms, iq alkaloidebi SeiZleba iyos zedmetic
samaragoc, damcvelic da zrdis mastimulirebelic.
dagrovebis dinamika mcenaris ontogenezis WrilSi da masze garemo
faqtorebis zegavlena. mcenareSi alkaloidebis warmoqmnis da
dagrovebis dinamika metad cvalebadia, amasTan erTad yvela
saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavisi kanonzomiereba. s. iunusoviT maTi
raodenobiTi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebi grZeldeba mcenaris vegetaciis
mTel periodSi. mcenareSi mimdinare procesebis codna aucilebelia
Teoriuli da gansakuTrebiT praqtikuli TvalTaxedviT, radgan
uzrunvelyofs medicinisaTvis saWiro nedleulis damzadebis da
gadamuSavebis swor organizacias.
alkaloidebis Semcvelobis meryeobas adgili Aaqvs mcenaris
ganviTarebis erTi da igive etapze da dRis ganmavlobaSic. mag. Smagas
foTlebSi alkaloidebis raodenoba metia yvavilobis dasawyisSi, vidre
masiuri yvavilobisas. sadReRamiso meryeoba, rogorc wesi, raodenobiTi
xasiaTisaa. mag. dadgenilia lencofas foTlebSi alkaloidebis

14
SesamCnevi zrda dRis ganmavlobaSi, xolo lobelias foTlebSi piriqiT
_ RamiT. Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom amfionis misaRebad xaSxaSis
nayofze umjobesia naserebi gakeTdes RamiT, rodesac alkaloidebis
raodenoba bevrad metia, vidre diliT. cnobilia, rom xaSxaSis Teslebsa
da aRmonacenSi alkaloidebi praqtikulad ar moipoevba. 2 kvirian
aRmonacenSi Cndeba narkotini, xolo 2 Tvis iuvenilur mcenareSi ukve
emateba morfini, kodeini da papaverini, mcenaris yvavilobisas ki_
narceini da Tebaini, xolo nayofebis rZisebr simwifis fazaSi _ amfionSi
ukve 25-mde alkaloidia e.i. adgili aqvs Tvisobriv cvlilebebsac. d.
muraviovas gamokvleviT farTofoTola xarisSublas fesurebSi
alkaloidebis umciresi raodenoba yvavilobis fazaSia (1,4-1,7% jami, 1,3-
1,5% saracini). amis Semdeg alkaloidebis raodenoba matulobs da
maqsimums aRwevs miwiszeda nawilis gaxmobisas (2,1-3,1% jami, 1,9-2,7%
saracini). mcenareSi alkaloidebis Semcvelobaze moqmedebs misi asakic.
mag. alkaloidebiT mdidaria 6-12 wlis qinaqinis xis qerqi, xolo beber
qerqSi SedarebiT naklebia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac vegetaciis
procesSi alkaloidebis SemadgenlobaSi cvlilebebi monaTesave
alkaloidebis sazRvrebSi gvxvdeba. mag. mcenare Smirnovia turcestana Bge-Si
gazafxulze warmoebs smirnovininis dekarboqsilireba da gardaiqmneba
smirnovinad, xolo gazafxulis bolos, hidrolizis Sedegad
sferofizinSi gadadis.
mcenareSi alkaloidebis dagrovebaze moqmedebs ara marto am
individis biologia da misi ganviTarebis faza, aramed geografiul-
ekologiuri pirobebi, aseve damzadebis, gadamuSavebis, Srobis da
Senaxvis Taviseburebebi. amasTan erTad yvela CamoTvlili moqmedebs
mcenareSi mimdinare metabolizmis procesebze.
SemCneulia, rom SveciaSi mozardi tilWiri Seicavs alkaloidebis
mcire raodenobas an saerTod ar Seicavs maT, maSin rodesac indo-
CineTis provinciebSi mozardi Zlier Sxamiania. efedra Sua aziaSi
maRalalkaloiduria, evropis dasavleTSi ki kargavs maT. kargadaa
Seswavlili simaRlis moqmedeba maTze. mag. qinaqinis xeSi metia
alkaloidebi rac ufro zRvis donidan maRla izrdeba, optimaluria
1500-2000 m simaRleze, ufro zeviT ki klebulobs. xarisSubla adis zRvis
donidan 2500 m-mde, masSi alkaloidebis maqsimumia, Tu is izrdeba 1800-
2000 m-mde. alkaloidebis dagrovebaze zegavlenas axdens niadagis
xasiaTi, wylis reJimi, radiaciis intensivoba da mravali sxva. qviSnar
niadagSi mozard rixteris mlaSobaSi alkaloidebi 1%, xolo TixnarSi
mozardSi_kvalis saxiTaa. Tbili amindi xels uwyobs alkaloidebis
dagrovebas, sicive piriqiT Trgunavs maT. yinvam ki SeiZleba damRupvelad
imoqmedos. maTze zemoqmedebas axdens sinamec, naleqebis raodenoba.
dadgenilia, rom naleqebis Warbi gamoyofa aqveiTebs amfionSi morfinis
Semcvelobas da Tu xaSxaSi mohyavT mourwyav niadagze, iq bevrad
ukeTesia amfionis xarisxi, vidre sarwyav adgilebze kultivirebulSi.
saintereso monacemebi mohyavs g. buzuks qristesisxlas alkaloidebze

15
Srobis pirobebis zegavlenis sakiTxze. man daadgina rom Srobis
temperaturuli reJimi moqmedebs helidoninisa da homohelidoninis
Semcvelobaze, rom 800 nedleulis Srobisas metia pirveli alkaloidi,
xolo homohelidonini sWarbobs 400-ze Srobisas.
saerTod unda vimsjeloT garemo faqtorebis zegavlenaze
kompleqsSi da ara erTi faqtoris gavlenaze mcenareSi alkaloidebis
cvalebadobaze (s. zoltnickaia, 1958).
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. Tanamedrove medicinis samkurnalo
saSualebebis 1/10 alkaloidebis preparatebia. alkaloidebi xasiaTdebian
biologiuri aqtivobis farTo speqtriT. zogs axasiaTebs specifikuri
moqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT aqtiurebia centraluri nervuli sistemis
sxvadasxva xasiaTis paTologiebisas. alkaloidebis preparatebs iyeneben
gul-sisxlZarRvTa, kuW-nawlavis, nervuli daavadebebis dros, Tvalis
praqtikaSi, meanobaSi da sxv. ukanasknel periodSi perspeqtiul
mimarTulebadaa miCneuli kvlevebi maTi simsivnis sawinaaRmdego
moqmedebis sferoSi. alkaloidebis Semcveli yvela nedleuli da
preparati Zliermoqmedi an Sxamiania, amitom ganixilebian rogorc A da
B siis nomenklatura da sifrTxiliT gamoyenebas saWiroeben,
gamonaklisia mxolod purinis jgufis alkaloidebi (kofeini,
Teobromini, Teofilini). rogorc maRalefeqtur samkurnalo
saSualebebs, alkaloidebs ar moeZebnebaT analogebi, upirveles yovlisa
imitom rom ar axlavT gverdiTi movlenebi, ar axasiaTebT kumulacia
organizmSi, alkaloidebis preparatebi swrafadmoqmedia, rac metad
mniSvnelovania gul-sisxlZarRvTa da spazmuri movlenebisas.
alkaloidebis gamoyenebas samedicino praqtikaSi yovelwliurad aqvs
zrdis tendencia, amave dros xSir SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aniWeben
TviT mcenareul nedleuls da natiur alkaloidebs, radgan sinTezuri
gziT miRebuli qimiuri analogebi moqmedebis meqanizmiT yovelTvis araa
eqvivalenturi.
garda samkurnalo Tvisebebisa, alkaloidebi sainteresoa rogorc
kontaqturi inseqticidebi, rigi mavneblebis sawinaaRmdegod. didia
purinis nawarmi alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebis gamoyeneba, rogorc
Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtebisa (Cai, yava, Sokoladi, kakao, koka da sxv.),
romlebic gvaZleven Seucvlel sasamelebs da amzadeben matonizirebeli
moqmedebis mraval sakvebs.

16
 acikluri alkaloidebis da gverdiT
jaWvSi azotiani alkaloidebis Semcveli
mcenareebi da nedleuli

cxenismuxlas balaxi _ Herba Ephedrae

mcenare. cxenismuxla, efedra _ Ephedra equisetina Bunge., oj.

efedrasebrni _ Ephedraceae, orsaxliani buCqia 1- 1,5 m sqeli gaxevebuli
Rero da totebiT, romlebic dafarulia nacrisferi qerqiT. yovel
gazafxulze maTgan amoiyris zeviT aSverili 20-30 sm sigrZis
mopirispired ganlagebuli wkeplisebri norCi ylortebi. muxlTSoris
manZili 1,5-3 sm-ia. muxlebSi foTlebi Cxosebraa ganwyobili,
reducirebulia uferul 1-2 mm sigrZis sifrifana vaginad, romlebic
fuZesTan Sezrdilia. yvavilebi erTsqesiania, Sekrebili wvril TavTa-
vebad. mtvrianiani yvaviledi yunwiania, Sedgeba Sezrdili
mtvrianebisagan da garsSemortymulia qerqlisebri TanayvaviliT, 2-3
yvavili Sekrebilia TavTavad. sanayofe yvavilebi martoulia, Sedgeba
Teslkvirtisagan, romelsac Semoxveuli aqvs jvaredinad ganlagebuli
qerqli. Teslkvirti dafarulia ori safarveliT; gareTa safarveli
zeviT farTodaa gaSlili, SigniTa_zeviT wagrZelebulia Rruiani,
nasvretidan milisebr amoSverili_qmnis e.w. mikropilarul mils.
yvavilebs axlavs 2-3 wyvili mopirispire Tanayvavili. nayofianobisas is
sqeldeba da warmoqmnis wvnian sferosebr, wiTel kenkra girCs. yvavilobs
V-VI, nayofianobs VI-VIII.
ukanasknel xanebSi daSvebulia oficinaluri saxeobis
paralelurad masTan axlosmdgomi saxeobis maRali efedras Ephedra
procera F. et M. damzadebac. igi saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli.
Zlier datotvili buCqia, zogjer 2 m-mde simaRlis; ylortebi
wvrilwaxnagovania sruliad gluvi. mamrobiTi TavTavebi xSirad
Sejgufulia sferosebr, TiTqmis mjdomare yvaviledebad da totebis
gayolebazea ganlagebuli. Tanayvavilebi (qerqlebi) momrgvaloa,
mxolod ZirSi 1/3-iT Sezrdili; mtvrianebi warmodgenilia 6-8 samtvriT
da maTi sveti SeumCnevladaa amoSverili. butkoiani yvavilebi xasiaTdeba
2-3 wyvili TanayvaviliT. am saxeobis kenkra girCi mowiTalo-yviTelia,
erTTesliani.
cxenismuxla qserofituli mcenarea, izrdeba Sua aziis mTian
zonaSi, adis zRvis donidan 1800 m-mde, centr. da das. tian-Sanze, pamiro-
alaiSi. misi nazardebi faraven asobiT heqtars. meore saxeoba maRali
efedra saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mSral qvian da kldovan
ferdobebze, damlaSebul, gaSiSvlebul adgilebSi mTis qveda da Sua

17
sartyelSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mTiuleTSi, mesxeTSi. saerTo gavrcelebis
arealia xmelTaSuazRvis mxare, mcire azia, aRmosavleT azia.
nedleuli. balaxis damzadeba iwyeba adre gazafxulze da mTeli
weli grZeldeba, garda ivnisisa, rodesac gasuli wlis zeda da qveda
ylortebi Camocviva. mcenares aWrian gauxevebel totebs, aSroben
bunebriv pirobebSi an saSrob karadebSi araumetes 450 C. imave nazardebze
nedleulis ganmeorebiTi damzadeba dasaSvebia 3-5 wlis Semdeg.
mza nedleuli warmoadgens mTlian an nawilobriv dawvrilmanebul
ylortebs. maTi sigrZe ar unda aRematebodes 25 sm, sisqe 3 mm, muxlebTan
gadanatexi gamerqnebulia, faSari gulguliT; mopirispire
producirebuli foTlebi sifrifana dakbilul qerqlebs warmoadgenen.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. efedras balaxSi alkaloidebis raodenoba
3, 2% aRwevs, standartis mixedviT ki unda iyos aranakleb 1, 6%. L-
efedrinis garda Seicavs D-fsevdoefedrins, L, N-meTilefedrins,
norefedrins. alkaloidebi efedrini (marcxnivmbrunavi) da
fsevdoefedrini (marjvnivmbrunavi) optikuri izomerebia. aqedan efedrini
warmoiSoba fenilalaninisagan da warmoadgens fenilalkilaminis
nawarms. amave saxeobaSi mTrimlavi nivTierebebi 10%-ia. saqarTveloSi
mozard maRali efedras mwvane masaSi alkaloidebi 1, 8%. alkaloidebis
jamSi efedrinze modis 60%. garda amisa, dadgenilia kateqinebis mTliani
kompleqsi, flavonoidebidan rutini, organuli mJavebi _ qarvis, vaSlis,
limonis, mJaunmJavasa da benzois; bevria polisaqaridebi da Tavisufali
monosaqaridebi.

CH CH CH 3 CH CH CH 3
OH NH OH N(CH 3)2

CH 3

efedrini N- meTilefedrini

CH CH CH 3
OH NH 2

norefedrini

18
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba. mzaddeba preparatebi efedrinis
hidroqloridi, defedrini (fsevdoefedrinis hidroqloridi) da
aerozoli efatini. defedrini farmakologiurad naklebad aqtiuria,
magram nakleb toqsikuricaa (2-3-jer). mis wyarod rekomendebulia E.
procera. preparatebs iyeneben bronquli asTmis, WinWris ciebis, hipotoniis
da rinitis dros. SehyavT ineqciis saxiT 1-5% xsnari kanqveS, venasa da
kunTebSi.
efedrini farmakologiuri moqmedebiT axlosaa adrenalinTan. is
narkotikebis antagonistia, xmaroben agreTve Tvalis praqtikaSi, rogorc
gugis gamafarToebel saSualebas da adgilobriv sisxlZarRvTa
Semaviwroebels. efedrini Sedis preparatebis solutanis da
Teofedrinis SemadgenlobaSi.
mcenareuli nedleulidan efedrinis miReba ver akmayofilebs masze
gazrdil moTxovnilebas, amitom iReben sinTezurad.

wiwakas nayofi _ Fructus Capsici

mcenare. erTwliani wiwaka _ Capsicum annuum L., oj.

ZaRlyurZenasebrni_Solanaceae. bunebrivad mozardi naxevradbuCqi
mcenarea. Rero waxnagovani, SiSveli an Sebusvili. foTlebi kvercxisebri
an elifsuri formis, 12 sm sigrZis, wamaxvilebuli, kidemTliani,
grZelyunwiani. yvavilebi martouli, wyvili an konebad. gvirgvini
TavTavisebri, TeTridan-iisferamde. nayofi mravalTesliani.
wiwaka kulturaSi erTwliania, 30-60 sm simaRlis. Rero mwvane.
yvavilebi msxvilia, foTlebis ubeebSi an ganStoebebis adgilas
ganlagebuli. gvirgvini furclebSezrdili, TavTavisebri, nayofi
wiTeli naklebadwvniani, kenkra. yvavilobs VII-XI.
velurad gvxvdeba meqsikasa da gvatemalaSi, iqvea kulturaSic.
wiTeli wiwaka aRmoaCines espanelebma 1493 w amerikaSi q. kolumbis meore
mogzaurobis dros. 1542 w gaCnda evropis qveynebSi ~espanuri wiwakas~
saxeliT. Semdeg daiwyes gamoyeneba samedicino mizniT. mcenaris didi
plantaciebia bulgareTSi, ungreTSi, indoeTSi. gamoyvanilia misi
ramodenime jiSi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba nayofis
sididiT, formiT, feriT da rac mTavaria met-naklebi sicxariT. samedi-
cino mizniT mxolod cxare jiSebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic ucxoeTis
afTiaqebSi ~pili-pilis~ saxeliTaa. tkbili jiSebi iwodebian ~paprikad~.
samedicino mniSvneloba aqvs axlomdgom saxeobas grZel wiwakas _
Capsicum longum D.C., romelic kulturaSia.

19
 nedleuli. nayofebs amzadeben damwifebisTanave. aSroben mzeze an
specialur saSrom karadebSi. nayofebi konusisebri formisaa, priala,
wiTeli Txeli kaniT. sigrZiT 8-12 sm-ia. siganeSi _ fuZesTan 4 sm.
nayofebze SerCenilia brtyeli xuTkbiliani mura-mwvane jami, romelic
fuZesTan gafarToebulia da nayofis yunwSi gadadis. nayofi Rruiania,
arasruli orbudiani, qveviT gadatixruli da mravalricxovan
Teslebiani. Tesli brtyelia, Tirkmlisebri formis, odnav xorkliani
zedapiriT. nayofi Zlier mwarea (simwaris maCvenebeli 1 : 1 900 000, rasac
aneitralebs kaliumis permanganatis xsnari).
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. nayofi Seicavs alkaloid kapsaicins 1,5%,
romelic decilenis mJavis vanililamids warmoadgens. nayofis cxare
gemos da gamaRizianebel Tvisebas kapsaicini ganapirobebs. igi aRmoaCines
1875 w. lokalizaciis adgilia e.w. sekretoruli laqebi, anu jirkvlovan-
gamomyofi ujredebi, romlebic, nayofis kutikulis qveSaa ganlagebuli.
nayofis garsi Seicavs karotinoidebs, vitaminebs C, P, eTerovan zeTs
1,5%, TeslebSi ki cximovan zeTs 10%. aris monacemebi glikoalkaloid
solaninis da kumarin skopoletinis Semcvelobaze.
wiwakas nayofebze muSaoba (damzadeba, dawvrilmaneba, preparatebis
warmoeba) iwvevs lorwovani garsis Zlier gaRizianebas, amitom
sifrTxilea saWiro.
CH3
H3CO CH2 NH CO(CH2)4 CH
CH CH

CH3
HO

kapsaicini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. mzaddeba wiwakas nayeni, romelic

madismomgvreli da saWmlis monelebis xelisSemwyobi saSualebaa.
garedan xmarebisas aRizianebs kans da ayuCebs tkivils nevralgiis,
radikulitis, miozitis, lumbagos da iSiazis dros. Sedis sacxebis
kapsitrinis, espolis, nikofleqsis SedgenilobaSi. mzaddeba wiwakis
ramodenime linimenti da emplastro. wiwakas axasiaTebs baqteriociduli
moqmedeba.

20
 ucunas nedli tuberbolqvi

Bulbotuber Colchici recens

mcenare. lamazi ucuna _ Colchicum speciosum Stev., oj. SroSanasebrni

_ Liliaceae, mravalwlovani tuberbolqviani mcenarea, gansakuTrebuli
Tavisi biologiiT. nayofi foTolTan erTad formirdeba adre
gazafxulze. zafxulze mosvenebis stadiaSia _ miwis zeda nawili kvdeba,
xolo misi msxvili tuberbolqvebi niadagSia gauCinarebuli.
Semodgomaze amodis patara sayvavile isari iisferi didroni gvirgvinis
furclebiT.
ucunas tuberbolqvi msxvilia, 3-5 sm sigrZis da 2-3,5 sm siganis.
foTlebi ricxviT 4-5, elifsuri, amodis meore wlis gazafxulze. Rero
ar aqvs, yvavili 1-4, yvavilafris foTlebis gadanaRuni 4-6,5 sm sigrZisaa,
yvavilsafris xaxa jirkvlovania, svetebi sqelia wverSi moxrili,
mtvrianebze grZeli. mcenare yvavilobs VIII-X, nayofianobs VI-VII.
izrdeba subalpur maRalbalaxeulobaSi, tyis velobebze, adis
zRvis donidan 3000 m-mde, qmnis masivebs samegreloSi, imereTSi,
afxazeTSi, svaneTSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi. saerTo gavrcelebis arealia
imier-kavkasia, mcire azia, irani.
Zveli berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT kolxeTSi, medeas mamis _
mefe aietis sabrZanebelSi _ zRaprul baRSi xarobda uCveulo mcenare
kolxikoni _ ucuna. igi jer kidev Cvens wT. aR-mde dawvrilebiT aRwera
gamoCenilma berZenma dastaqarma dioskoridma.

Colchicum liparochiadys G. Woron. (=C. Woronowii Baker) _ lamaz ucunas

Tvlian ekologiur tyis rasad (zogi sistematikosi ki damoukidebel
saxeobad miiCnevs). igi tipiuria mxolod afxazeTisaTvis. misi
tuberbolqvi da foTlebi ufro masiuria, yvavilebi ki SedarebiT patara.
tuberbolqvis safari muqi yavisferia, priala.
nedleuli. ucunas tuberbolqvebs Semodgomaze amoTxrian,
asufTaveben miwisagan, darCenili foTlebis xalTisagan da nedl
mdgomareobaSive abareben qarxanas gadasamuSaveblad. tuberbolqvi
mogrZo an TiTqmis sferosebria, Semoxveulia mixakisferi sifrifana an
tyavisebri qveda mkvdari foTlebiT. ganmeorebiTi damzadeba imave
teritoriaze dasaSvebia 4-5 wlis Semdeg. gemos gasinjva dauSvebelia,
uZlieresi Sxamia! nedleulis Senaxvis vada 3 Tvea, bolqvebi advilad
fuWdeba. siname ar normirdeba.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. ucunas tuberbolqvi, aseve mTliani mcenare
Seicavs tropolonur alkaloidebs. maTi raodenoba tuberbolqvebSi
0,25%, foTlebSi 0,2-0,6%, TeslebSi 1,2%. ZiriTadi alkaloidebia
kolxicini da kolxamini. maTTan erTad moipoveba 3-demeTil-kolxicini,

21
3-demeTildemekolcini, N-formil-dezacetilkolxicini, kolxicerini,
speciozini da sxv. moipoveba agreTve glikoalkaloidi_kolxikozidi,
romelic demeTilkolxicinis glikozidia; gogirdSemcveli fuZeebi _
Tiokolxicini C22H27O4NS2; Saqrebi, fitosterini da flavonoidebi,
romlebic apigeninis da luteolinis glikozidebia.
alkaloidebis saerTo raodenoba maqsimums aRwevs foTlebis
formirebis dasawyisSi, xolo kolxamini meryeobs 0, 01-0, 072% farglebSi
da is alkaloidebis jamSi dominantobs foTlebis da nayofebis sruli
formirebisas. dadgenilia, rom TeslebSi alkaloidebi lokalizebulia
garsis mesame fenaSi da endospermSi.

igive jgufis alkaloidebiT mdidaria evropuli saxeoba Colchicum

autumnale L. _ Semodgomis saTovlia. pirvelad kolxicini am saxeobidan
gamoyves peletiem da kaventum 1820 w. aseve mniSvnelovani nedleulia
CvenSi mozardi saxeobebic. farmakognoziis kaTedraze Cex mecnier f.
SantavisTan erTad Crdilis saTovliasagan_Colchicum umbrosum Stev. da
monaTesave mcenaris_sambutkoiani enZelasagan_Merendera trigyna (Ad.) Woron.
pirveladaa gamoyofili kolxicini, -demekolxicini, -demekolxicini,
N-formil-N-dezacetilkolxicini, 2-demekolcini da 3-demekolcini.
dadgenilia 2 aratropolonuri nivTiereba. amrigad es saxeobebic
perspeqtiulia medicinisaTvis.

H3CO H3CO

NHCOCH3 NHCH3
H3CO H3CO
H3CO H3CO
O O
OCH3 OCH3

kolxicini demekolcini (kolxamini)

H3CO H3CO

NHCOCH3 NHCH3
HO HO
H3CO H3CO
O O
OCH3 OCH3

3-demeTilkolxicini 3- demeTildemekolcini

22
 H3CO
RO
NHCHO
H3CO NHCOCH3
H3CO
H3CO
O H3CO
O
OCH3 R= D-Glc
OCH3

N-formil-dezacetil- kolxikozidi
kolxicini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. kolxicini da kolxamini karioplasturi

Sxamebia. kolxaminis bazaze mzaddeba omainis malamo, romelic
xmarebaSia kanis kibos dros, xolo tabletebis saxiT qronikuli
leikozis, saylapavis da kuWis kibos SemTxvevaSi. kolxicinis gamoyeneba
medicinaSi Zlier SezRuduli iyo Sxamianobis gamo (10-14-jer ufro
toqsikuria kolxaminze). is metad efeqturi aRmoCnda perioduli daavade-
bisas, romelic somxeTSi endemur xasiaTs atarebs da kolxiciniT
mkurnalobis Sedegebi gamaognebeli aRmoCnda _ Semcirda Setevebis
sixSire da simZlavre. kolxicini rogorc mutagenuri saSualeba
gamoiyeneba seleqciaSi poliploiduri jiSebis gamosayvanad. adre
kolxicinis salicilati gamoiyeneboda revmatizmis da nikrisis qaris
dros.

pirolidinis da pirolizidinis nawarmi

alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi da
nedleuli

brtyelfoTola xarisSublas balaxi

Herba Senecionis platyphylloides

mcenare. brtyelfoTola xarisSubla_ Senecio platyphylloides Somm. et

Lev., (=Adenostyles platyphylloides(Somn. et Lev.)Czer. = A. rhombifolia (Adam) M. Pimen)
oj. rTulyvavilovanni _ Asteraceae (Compositae), mravalwlovani balaxia
75-170 sm simaRlis. Rero erTi, swormdgomi, neknebiani, zeda nawilSi
datotvili da mokled Sebusvili. Reros zeda foTlebi mjdomarea
lancetisebri formis da kidemTliani. Sua foTlebis firfita samkuTxa-
Tirkmlisebria mokleyunwiani. es ukanaskneli fuZesTan farTofrTiania,
aqvs Reromxvevi sxvadasxva zomis ~yurebi~. fesvTanuri foTlebi ufro
msxvilia 20 sm sigrZis da 40 sm siganis, Tirkmlisebr-gulisebri, kide
araswor kbilakebiani, grZelyunwiani da wveroSi wamaxvilebuli.

23
yvaviledi msxvilia farisebri sagvela. kalaTebi mravali _ 10-15
yvaviliani, farTo Zabrisebri. saburvelis foTolakebi mwvanea,
Cveulebriv 8. yvela yvavili milisebria, gvirgvini yviTeli 4 kbiliani.
nayofi mogrZo mura-mwvane Tesluraa, 3-4(5) mm sigrZis. fesura msxvilia,
horizontaluri, misgan gamodis mravalricxovani vertikalurad
mimarTuli fesvebi. mcenare yvavilobx VI-VIII, nayofi mwifdeba IX.
brtyelfoTola xarisSublas bunebrivi resursebi ZiriTadad
dislocirebulia saqarTveloSi tyis zolis gayolebiT, izrdeba zRvis
donidan 1600-2500 m da dominirebs maRalbalaxeul fitocenozebSi. es
saxeoba pirvelad gamoavlina p.s. masagetovis eqspediciam amierkavkasiis
maRalmTian punqt bakurianSi, Semdeg ipoves Crd. kavkasiaSic da aRiares
kavkasiis endemad. mcenaris didi masivebia mcire kavkasiis, mesxeTis,
TrialeTis, SavSeTis, raWis qedebze, Tanac mcenare mdidaria
platifiliniT, xolo afxazeTsa da svaneTis maragebi nakleb
rentabeluria alkaloidebis dabali Semcvelobis gamo. mcenaris
miwisqveda nawilebis barbarosulma damzadebam metad Seamcira maragebi
bakurianSi, zekarisa da goderZis uReltexilze, baxmaroze, avadxaraSi.
nedleulis bazis gafarToebis mizniT iReben zomebs mcenaris
Semosatanad kulturaSi. amave dros maRalalkaloiduri populaciebis
SesanarCuneblad Seiqmna aRkveTilebi gomis-mTasa da baxmaroze.
nedleuli. medicinaSi gamosayeneblad adre mzaddeboda fesura
fesvebiT. masiurma eqspluataciam mkveTrad Seamcira maragebi da 1975
wlidan mkacrad aikrZala. misi damzadeba amJamad nebadarTulia mxolod
balaxis Segroveba. ganmeorebiTi damzadeba SesaZlebelia 2 wlis Semdeg.
balaxs Wrian qveda foTlebis doneze _ miwidan 10-15 sm daSorebiT,
mcenaris yvavilobis fazidan nayofianobis dawyebamde. igi swrafad
fuWdeba da dRis wesrigSia Srobis problema, amitom rekomendebulia
warmoebisaTvis nedli balaxis Cabareba. masSi platifilinis raodenoba
reglamentis Tanaxmad ar unda iyos 0,1% naklebi. xolo gaSrobis
saWiroebisas balaxs winaswar daWrian 3 sm sigrZis nawilebad, rac
uzrunvelyofs 55-600 C erTnairad gaSrobas. mSral balaxSi plati-
filinis Semcveloba aranakleb 0, 2%.
nedleuli warmoadgens SefoTlili Reroebis naWrebs fesvTanuri
foTlebiT da yvavilebiT. feri Ria-mwvanea, qveviTa nawilis _ iisferi,
Sebusvili da sigrZiv neknebiani. kalaTebi wvrili, yvavilebi milisebri,
yviTeli, nazi bususebis qoCriT. suni susti, Taviseburi, gemo ar isinjeba
_ Sxamiania!
gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, specialuri nebarTviT Tu warmoebs
miwisqveda nawilebis damzadeba, mas iwyeben mcenaris yvavilobidan da
agrZeleben balaxis daWknobamde. niadagidan amoRebis Semdeg
asufTaveben, aWrian Reros da foTlebs, ris Semdeg aSroben haerze Txel
fenad gaSlili saxiT, an mimarTaven Tbur Srobas 45-500 C-ze.

24
 qimiuri Sedgeniloba. miwiszeda nawilSi alkaloidebis
Semcveloba 0,6-3% farglebSia, fesurebSi 2-5%. alkaloidebis jamidan
platifilinze modis 30%-mde, meore alkaloidi _ senecifilini ki ufro
metia. alkaloidebis ZiriTadi raodenoba mcenaris yvela organoSi
daJanguli N-oqsiduri formiTaa: N-oqsi-platifilini da N-oqsi-
senecifilini. daJanguli da aRdgenili alkaloidebis Sefardeba
kanonzomierad icvleba. oqsiduri formis umetesi raodenoba balaxSi
aris mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis stadiaSi adreul fazaSi, Semdeg
TandaTanobiT klebulobs. vegetaciis bolos da zamTris mosvenebis
stadiaSi fesurasa da fesvebSi alkaloidebi mTlianad aRdgenili
formiTaa da mcenaridan samedicino mizniT iReben platifilinisa da
senecifilinis saxiT. platifilini warmoadgens platinecinis da
senecinis mJavis rTul eTers, senecifilini ki retronecinis da spirt
senecifilinis rTuli eTeria

CH 3 CH
CH 3 CH 3

O C C CH 2 CH C C O

O OH
O
CH 2

platifilini

CH3 CH
CH2 CH3

O C C CH2 C C C O

O OH
O
CH2

senecifilini

alkaloidebis Seswavla da gamoyofa daiwyo a.p. orexovma 1935 w,

xolo platifilinis struqtura daadgina f.a. konovalovam 1948 w.
platifilinis pirveli farmakologiuri gamokvleva Caatara g.s.
gviSianma, mas mohyva SromaTa mTeli seria, moqmedebis yovelmxrivi
Seswavla da Canergva medicinaSi.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. balaxidan iReben platifilinis
hidrotartrats tabletebis da 0,2% xsnaris saxiT ampulebSi. igi Sedis
agreTve ~palufinis~ da ~tepafilinis~ tabletebSi. platifilini

25
amJRavnebs qolinolizur moqmedebas, axlosaa atropinTan da ukeT
gadaitaneba. moqmedebs rogorc spazmolizuri da Tvalis gugis
gamafarTovebeli saSualeba. uniSnaven bronquli asTmis, kuWis da
Tormetgoja nawlavis wylulis, muclis Rrus gluvi kunTebis, aseve
naRvlis buStis da Tirkmelebis spazmisas. mowamvlisas avadmyofs
aReniSneba igive niSnebi, rac atropinis SemTxvevaSi (c.n.s. aRgzneba,
guliscemis gaxSireba, Tvalis gugis gafarToeba, piris simSrale).
platifilinis preparatebs inaxaven kargad Tavdaxurul WurWelSi, sia
A. maRali toqsiurobis gamo senecifilini ar gamoiyeneba samedicino
praqtikaSi, magram mis bazaze 50-iani wlebidan awarmoeben d-kurarinis
msgavsi preparatis _ diplacinis sinTezs, romelic kunTebis relaqsants
warmoadgens.

rombisebrfoTola xarisSublas balaxi

Herba Senecionis rombifolii

mcenare. rombisebrfoTola xarisSubla _ Senecio rombifolia (Willd.) Sch.

Bip., oj. rTulyvavilovanni _ Asteraceae (Compositae), es saxeobac
mravalwlovan balaxs warmoadgens. botanikosTa nawili mas ganixilavs,
rogorc brtyelfoTola xarisSublas qvesaxeobas. misgan gansxvavdeba
rigi garegani niSnebiT: Rero wvrilia, SiSveli, 120 sm-mde simaRlis,
zeviT nawilobriv gaRunuli, neknebis gareSe da dafaruli lega
nafifqiT. Reros foTlebis yunwebis fuZesTan `yurebi~ ar viTardeba.
kalaTebi wvrilia 5-7 yvaviliani, cilindruli an viwro Zabrisebri.
saburveli 2 mm siganisaa da 5 mm sigZis, Teslurebi sigrZiT 3 mm, fesura
TiTqmis orjer pataraa _ wvrili da 1-2 sm sisqis. mcenaris yvaviloba
iwyeba mogvianebiT.
rombisebrfoTola xarisSubla warmoadgens kavkasiis endems. did
masivebs ar qmnis, izrdeba patara jgufebad mTis Sua da subalpur
sartyelSi, uyvars daCrdiluli tyeebi. gavrcelebulia afxazeTsa da
samx. das. saqarTveloSi: kodoris xeoba, zekaris gadasasvleli, gomis
mTa, xolo Crd. kavkasiaSi _ ZiriTadad krasnodaris mxareSi. amJamad
bunebrivi nedleulis baza Zlier SezRudulia, ufro metic _ Seeqmna
swrafad da mTlianad ganadgurebis saSiSoeba, Setanilia saqarTvelos
~wiTel wignSi~.
nedleuli. miwisqveda nawilebis dacvis mizniT rekomendebulia
mxolod balaxis damzadeba aqtiuri vegetaciis periodSi, zafxulis
TveebSi, xolo kultivirebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia orive
nedleulis eqspluatacia. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mcenaris
butonizaciis fazaSi reproduqciis potenciali daqveiTebulia,
nayofianobis damTavrebis Semdeg fesurebSi saracinis raodenoba

26
matulobs da mcenaris aRdgenac uzrunvelyofilia, radgan Teslebi
aRmocendeba.
moTxovnebi balaxis da fesvebis damzadebisa da xarisxis mimarT
iseTivea, rogorc brtyelfoTola xarisSublas mimarT. saracinis
Semcveloba miwiszeda nawilSi unda iyos aranakleb 0, 4%, fesurebSi ki
aranakleb 0, 6%.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. balaxSi alkaloidebis raodenoba saSualod
1,8 %, fesurebSi 2,2%. dominanti alkalidia saracini, mas Tan axlavs
senecifilini da am alkaloidebis N-oqsidebi. balaxis alkaloidebis
jamSi saracinze modis 71%, senecifilinze 29%, fesurebSi ki Sesabamisad
75% da 25%. am mcenaridan saracini gamoyves 1959 w, struqturulad
daadgines a.v. danilovam da d.d. kuzavkovma. saracini warmoadgens
aminospirt platinecinis da erTfuZiani mJavebis _ saracinisa da
angelikis rTul eTers.

H3C CH C CH3
HOH2 C C CH CH3

C CH2 O C
O

O O
N

saracini

gvari Senecio_saxeobebSi garda pirolizidinuri alkaloidebisa

aRmoCenilia sesqviterpenuli laqtonebi, eTerovani zeTi, flavonoidebi,
saponinebi, vitaminebi_C da karotinoidebi, fumarisa da qlorogenis
mJavebi.

gvari Senecio saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia 25 saxeobiT, romelTa

umetesoba endemia. maTi Rrma Seswavla alkaloidebis bazis gafarToebis
mizniT metad aqtualuria.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. praqtikul medicinaSi gamosayeneblad
nebadarTuli iyo saracinis hidrotartrati 0, 01 g tabletebis saxiT.
igi platifilinze 2-3-jer Zlieri spazmolizuri saSualebaa. amave dros
mniSvnelovnad nakleb toqsikuria. mas uniSnavdnen kuWisa da Tormetgoja
nawlavis wylulis, bronquli asTmis, qolecistitis, saSarde gzebis
anTebis da spasturi kolitis dros.
xarisSublas saxeobebi gamoiyeneba homeopaTiaSi.

27
 pirolidinis da piperidinis kondensirebulrgolebiani
alkaloidebis Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

Smagas foToli, balaxi, fesvi

Folia, Herba, Radix Belladonnaee

mcenare. beladona _ Atropa belladonna L. Smaga, kavkasiuri beladona _

Atropa caucasica Kreyer., oj. ZaRlyurZenasebrni _ Solanaceae, 1-3 m simaRlis
mravalwlovani balaxovani mcenareebia, TiTo an ramodenime sqeli,
wvniani ReroTi. Rero sworadmdgomia, fuZesTan martivi, zeviT ki
datotvili, uxvfoTliani. foTlebi morigeobiTi, magram wyvilad
daaxloebuli, Tanac erTi foToli mniSvnelovnad didia meoreze.
msxvili foTlebi kvercxiseburia wawvetebuli, kidemTliani, yunwSi
Seviwroebuli. wvrili foTlebi kvercxiseburi formis. yvavilebi
aqtinomorfuli, erTeuli an or-ori, foTlebis iRliebSi ganwyobili.
yvavilebis yunwebi dakidebuli. jami 5-nakvTiania, zarisebri, nakvTebi
kvercxisebr-wawvetebuli. gvirgvini milisebr-zarisebria, mokle
gadanaRuniT, naoWebiani, momrgvalo nakvTebiT, iisferi Ria yviTeli
miliT. mtvriana 5, araTanabari zomis, maTi Zafebi dagrexilia, zeda
nawilSi SiSveli, qveviT Sebusvili, samtvreebi moyviTaloa, naskvi zedaa,
sveti Zafisebria, 2-nakvTiani dingiT. nayofi 2-budiani, iisfer-Savi feris,
priala zedapiriani, wvniani, kenkra, alublis zomis. Tesli
mravalricxovani wvrili Tirkmlisebr-kvercxisebri. fesura sqelia,
datotvili. fesvebi mravali. orive saxeoba yvavilobs V-VII, nayofianobs
VI-dan.
saxeobebis erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia: beladonas
Reroebi nafifqis gareSea, zeda nawilSi uxv jirkvlovan-bewvebiani,
gvirgvini iisferia. kavkasiur beladonas ki Rero SiSveli aqvs,
nacrisferi nafifqiT. yvavilebi ufro didi, gvirgvinis furclebic ufro
muqi-iisferia.
beladona evropuli saxeobaa maragebis da arealebis Semcirebis
tendenciiT. izrdeba zRvis donidan 200-1000 m simaRleze, umetesad
wiflnarSi, an tyis pirebze, mdeloebze erTeuli an mcire nazardebis
saxiT: karpatebSi, das. ukrainaSi, yirimSi, Crd. kavkasiaSi. kavkasiuri
beladona izrdeba mTis Sua sartyelis tyeebSi, daCrdilul adgilebSi,
tyis pirebze xSirad qmnis rayas. gavrcelebulia afxazeTSi, svaneTSi,
raWa-leCxumSi, imereTSi, samegreloSi, aWaraSi, qarTlSi, mesxeTSi, gare
kaxeTSi, mTiuleTSi, TrialeTSi. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT ki
azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi da imierkavkasiaSi. orive saxeoba ARIS ~wiTel
wignSi~, miRebulia zomebi maTi kulturaSi farTod SemotanisaTvis,
aseve nakrZalebSi da aRkveTilebSi dacvisaTvis.
nedleuli. beladonas dazogvis da gadarCenis mizniT veluri
mcenareebis damzadeba praqtikulad aRar swarmoebs. misi moSeneba,

28
gansakuTRebiT ki erTwliani kulturis saxiT bevr regionSia
SesaZlebeli, magram maRali mosavlisaTvis saWiroa sakmaod Tbili da
nestiani klimati. plantaciebze foTlebs amzadeben vegetaciis periodSi
5-jer. xolo Teslebis warmoqmnis dasawyisSi mcenares mTlianad Wrian
niadagidan 10-15 sm simaRleze. TviTeuli plantaciis eqspluatacia
SesaZlebelia 3-5 weli. balaxis bolo gadabelvis Semdeg, Semodgomaze
amoTxrian fesvebsac da Srobis gsaadvileblad daWrian sigZeze.
foTlebs da balaxs Wrian, Semdeg aSroben haerze an saSrob
karadebSi 400 C-ze, nedleulis mwvane feris da alkaloidebis
SesanarCuneblad umjobesia Tburi Sroba. fesvebi ki SeiZleba gaSres
haerze.
medicinaSi iyeneben mcenaris foTlebs mTliani da daWrili saxiT,
balaxs, fesvebs ki_ daWrils.
foTlebi kvercxisebr-elifsuria, 20 sm sigrZis da 10 sm siganis,
Txeli, mtvrevadi, mura-mwvane, mokleyunwiani, usuno, gemos ar usinjaven.
dawvrilmanebuli foTlebi warmoadgens sxvadasxva formis naWrebs,
gamavals 7 mm diametris nasvretebian sacerSi. mSrali foTlebi Zlier
higroskopulia, amitom inaxaven kargad Tavdaxurul qilebSi, mSral
SenobaSi.
balaxi Sedgeba 4-5 sm daWrili cilindruli Reroebis, foTlebis,
yvavilebis da nayofebisagan. Reroebi garedan Ria-mwvanea, gadanaWerze
moTeTro, faSari gulguliT.
fesvebi 10-20 sm sigrZis da 0, 6-2 sm siganis cilindruli an sigrZiv
daWrili, garedan Ria nacrisfer-mura, gadanatexze moyviTalo-
marcvlovani, usuno naWrebia. zogjer SeigrZnoba Tambaqos suni. gemos
ar usinjaven _ Sxamiania!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. orive mcenaris yvela nawili Seicavs
tropanul alkaloidebs. foTlebSi 0, 05-0, 75%, ReroebSi 0,36-0,49%,
nayofebSi 0, 038%, fesvebSi 0, 5-0, 9%. mTavari alkaloidia hiosciamini,
mas Tan axlavs (-) – hiosciamini, (-)–hioscini, hiosciamini N-oqsidis
formiT, belaradini, skopolamini, atropini, nikotinis kvali. garda
alkaloidebisa foTlebSi dadgenilia flavonoidebi, fenolkarbonis
mJavebi da maTi nawarmebi, sterinebi.

atropini qimiurad warmoadgens d, l - tropis mJavis da aminospirt

tropinis rTul eTers. igi optikurad uaqtivoa: Sedgeba aqtiuri
marcxnivmbrunavi (hiosciamini) da naklebadaqtiuri marjvnivmbrunavi
izomerisagan. masTan SedarebiT hiosciamini orjer ufro aqtiuria da
natiuri saxiT moipoveba mcenareSi, xolo alkaloidebis qimiuri
gamoyofisas igi ZiriTadad gardaiqmneba racemiul formad _ atropinad.

29
 H2
H2C CH C O H C6 H5
N-CH3 C O C C
CH2OH
H2C CH C
H2

hiosciamini (atropini)

H H2
C CH C O H C6 H5
O N-CH3 C O C C
CH2OH
C CH C
H H2

skopolamini (atrosCini)

atropini pirvelad gamoyo meinma 1831 w Smagas fesvebidan.

sax. farmakopeis moTxovniT foTlebSi alkaloidebis raodenoba
hiosciaminze gadaangariSebiT ar unda iyos 0, 3% naklebi. arsebuli Nntd
balaxSi alkaloidebis Semcveloba unda iyos igive, xolo fesvebSi 0,
5%. saqarTveloSi mozardi Smagas foTlebisaTvis dadgenilia
alkaloidebis_0, 5%.
sul axlaxan beladonas Teslebidan gamoyves spirostanoluri
glikozidebis jami da masSi identificirebulia 2-glikozidi –
atropozidi E da atropozidi F.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. Smagas foTlebis, balaxis, fesvebis
alkaloidebs da maT preparatebs axasiaTebT qolinolizuri
(spazmolizuri) moqmedeba. iyeneben kuWis da Tormetgoja nawlavis
wylulis, qolecistitis, naRvlis buStSi kenWebis, saSarde gzebis da
nawlavebis spazmis, bronquli asTmis, bradikardiis dros. atropini
iwvevs Tvalis gugis gafarToebas, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
anesTeziologiaSi. amcirebs bronquli, kuWis, sanerwyve da saofle
jirkvlebis sekrecias. amzadeben atropinis sulfats, mcenarisagan
nayens, eqstraqts, romlebic mravali preparatis SedgenilobaSia.
fesvebis alkaloidebis jami Sedis beloidis, belataminalis
tabletebSi da preparat solutanSi. Smagas farTod iyeneben homeopaTiur
praqtikaSi. preparatebs inaxaven B-siiT.
Smagas alkaloidebiT mowamvlisas adgili aqvs fsiqiur aRgznebas;
mousvenrobas, halucinaciebs, krunCxvebs. gansakuTrebiT xSiria bavSvebis
mowamvlis SemTxvevebi Smagas nayofebiT, romlebic alublis msgavsia.
das. saqarTveloSi izrdeba Wiafera _ Phytolacca americana L. da skopolia
_ Scopolia carniolica Jacq. maTi balaxi da fesurebi Smagas gavs da Sxamiania!

30
 lemas foToli _ Folium Stramonii

uvnebeli lemas Tesli _ Semen Daturae innoxiae

mcenare. lema_Datura stramonium L., uvnebeli lema, induri lema _ D.

innoxia Mill., oj. ZaRlyurZenasebrni _ Solanaceae.
lema erTwlovani balaxovani mcenarea, swormdgomi 120 sm-mde
simaRlis ReroTi. Rero SiSvelia, orTiTasebr datotvili; foTlebi
didia, qveda 20 sm sigrZis, kvercxisebri formis, wawvetebuli, zeda
mxareze muqi mwvane, qvedaze _ SedarebiT Ria, foTlis yunwebi da
ZarRvebi dafarulia bususebiT. yvavilebi didia, martouli, ganwyobilia
Reros ganStoebebSi. gvirgvini TeTria, Zabrisebri, naoWiani, 5-6 nakvTiani
wawvetebuli gadanaRuniT, gvirgvinis mili 6-7 sm sigrZisaa, jamze orjer
grZeli. jami milisebria, 5-kbiliani, 5-waxnagovani. mtvriana 5, samtvreebi
gaswvriv ixsnebian. nayofi kvercxisebri an TiTqmis sferuli formis
kolofia, magari eklebiT mofenili, momwifebisas ixsneba 4 sagduliT.
Tesli mravalia, Savi feris. mcenare yvavilobs VI-X, nayofianobs VII-
dan.

meore saxeoba _ uvnebeli lema (innoxius – laT. uvnebels niSnavs)

erTwlovani balaxia, Rero swormdgomi 150 sm simaRlis, Zlier
datotvili. foTlebi da mTeli mcenare mofenilia mokle da rbili
monacrisfro bewviT. foTlebi kvercxisebri an mogrZo kvercxisebri
formisaa, araTanabrad amokveTili ZiriT, foTlis firfita amokveTil-
dakbilulia, an kidemTliani, 3-10 sm sigrZis. gvirgvini Zabrisebria,
TeTri feris, 15(20) sm sigrZis, sustad gamoxatuli 10 wamaxvilebuli
kbiliT. jami milisebria, 5 kbiliani; mtvriana 5, nayofi kolofi (3) 4-6
sm diametris, mofenilia xSiri blagvi, nemsisebri eklebiT, Teslebi
mravali, yviTeli feris. mcenare yvavilobs VI-X, nayofianobs VIII-XI.
lema sarevela mcenarea, izrdeba mTis qveda sartylamde. gzis
pirebze, bostnebSi, ruderalur adgilebSi afxazeTSi, leCxumSi, aWaraSi,
qarTlSi, kaxeTSi. xSiria azerbaijanSic. saerTo gavrceleba: evropa, Sua
da mcire azia, afrika, Crd. da samx. amerika. metad xelsayrelia
kultivireba.
uvnebeli lema tropikebis mcenarea, samSobloa meqsika.
kulturaSia msoflios bevr qveyanaSi: samx. CineTSi, egvipteSi, nigeriaSi,
aSS (florida) da sxv. CvenTan aSeneben erTwlovani kulturis saxiT.
kargad itans rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos klimats.
nedleuli. samkurnalo nedleulad iyeneben lemas foTlebs da
uvnebeli lemas Teslebs. foTlebs agroveben velurad mozardi mcenaris
yvavilobis dasawyisidan yinvebis dadgomamde, xolo kultivirebuli
mcenaridan jer iReben qveda iarusis foTlebs, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT

31
zeda foTlebs. mcenaris vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia
foTlebis 3-4-jer mokrefa. aSroben dauyovnebliv haerze an 45-500 C-ze.
uvnebeli lemas dasamzadeblad zafxulis ganmavlobaSi 2-3-jer
SerCeviT krefen nayofebs gamuqebis daswyisSi, magram jer kidev
daumwifebels. am periodSi skopolaminis raodenoba maqsimaluria. nedl
nayofebs Wrian da axarisxeben, Teslebs aSroben calke saSrob karadebSi
40-500 C-ze, mzeze an sxvenze da asufTaveben minarevebisagan.
lemas mTliani an nawilobriv dawvrilmanebuli foTlebi
kvercxiseburi formisaa, SiSveli, wveroSi wamaxvilebuli, fuZesTan
xSirad soliseburi, kideebze araTanabradamokveTil-kbilebiani, yunwebi
cilindruli. daZarRva frTisebri, ZarRvebis gayolebiT foTlis qveda
mxareze SeimCneva susti Sebusva. foTlebis sigrZe 25 sm-mde, sigane 20 sm-
mde. suni susti, specifiuri, gemos ar usinjaven.
uvnebeli lemas Teslebi nacrisfer-muradan moyviTalo-yavisferia,
Tirkmlisebri formis, 5-6 mm sigrZis da 3-4 mm siganis, nawilobriv
SeWyletili, xorkliani zedapiriT. suni susti, Taviseburi, gemos ar
usinjaven. zogjer skopolaminis misaReb nedleuls warmoadgens agreTve
daWrili nayofebic, romelic mTlianobaSi nacrisfer-mwvanea.
yvela saxis nedleuli Sxamiania, amitom maTze muSaobisas saWiroa
usafrTxoebis zomebis dacva. inaxeba B-siiT.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. lema _ mTeli mcenare Seicavs alkaloidebs
foTlebSi 0, 2-0, 6%. sax. farmakopeis moTxovniT maTi raodenoba
hiosciaminze gadaangariSebiT unda iyos aranakleb 0, 25%. dominanti
alkaloidebia hiosciamini da skopolamini, Tanmxlebia hioscini,
atropini, norskopolamini, noratropini, aposkopolamini, apatropini.
garda amisa, Seicavs karotins, flavonoidebs, steroidebs:
vitastramonolids, vitaferins, 4  -hidroqsi – vitanolids,
daturalaqtonebs A da B, eTerovan zeTs, fenolkarbonis mJavebs da maT
nawarmebs, mTrimlav nivTierebebs. mcenaris fesvebidan gamoyofili da
identificirebulia alkaloidebi (0,1-0, 6%) tropanis jgufis, garda
hiosciaminisa da atropinisa 13, xolo Teslebidan (0, 04-0, 8%) _ 12
SenaerTi.
uvnebeli lemas yvela nawili Seicavs igive tropanis jgufis
alkaloidebs, nayofebSi maTi raodenoba 0,76-0,83%, TeslebSi 0,83%.
ZiriTadi alkaloidi skopolaminia (50% alkaloidebis jamis mimarT),
sul gamoyofilia da struqturulad dagenili 13 alkaloidi.
hiosciaminis, atropinis da skopolaminis potenciur wyarod
Tvlian agreTve saxeobebs: Datura fastulosa L., D. inermis Juss., romelTa
erTwliani sasicocxlo formis saxiT kultivireba jer qobuleTSi,
Semdeg ki Tbilisis midamoebSi warmatebiT ganxorcielda da
alkaloidebis producireba aRiniSna mcenareTa yvela nawilSi.

32
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba. lemas foTlebs da uvnebeli lemas Teslebs
(nayofebsac) iyeneben rogorc samrewvelo nedleuls skopolaminis da
atropinis misaRebad. skopolamini warmoadgens skopinis da tropis mJavis
rTul eTers. is qimiurad axlosaa ra atropinTan, mis msgavsad iwvevs
gluvi kunTebis modunebas, aganierebs Tvalis gugas, amcirebs saWmlis
momnelebeli da saofle jirkvlebis sekrecias. SeiZleba gamoiwvios
sedatiuri efeqti. zogjer iyeneben fsiqiatriul praqtikaSi, rogorc
damamSvidebels, xolo nevrologiaSi parkinsonizmis sawinaaRmdegod.
lemas foTlebisagan amzadeben asTmaTols, aseve garedan saxmarad
~lemas zeTs~, xolo uvnebeli lemas Teslebisagan preparat ~aerons~,
romelsac uniSnaven zRvis da haeris daavadebisas. homeopaTiaSi nedli
mcenaris esencias iyeneben krunCxvebis, enabluobis, epilefsiis,
maniakalur-depresiuli fsiqozisas.

lencofas foToli _ Folium Hyoscyami

mcenare. lencofa _ Hyoscyamus niger L., oj. ZaRlyurZenasebrni _

Solanaceae, orwlovani 30-80 sm simaRlis mcenarea. Rero swormdgomia,
datotvili, mofenilia jirkvlovani bewvebiT. zeda foTlebi
Reromxvevia, qveda yunwiani da fesvTanur rozets qmnis, frTisebr
amokveTil nakvTiania; jami zarisebria, 5-kbiliani, yvavilobisas 20-22 mm
sigrZis, nayofianobisas diddeba, magrdeba da qoTnis formas Rebulobs
_ Sua nawilis zemoT Seviwroebulia. yvavilebi iRliuria, grZel
xveulebad Sekrebili da didi zomis TanafoTlebi aqvs. gvirgvini farTo
Zabrisebri, Ria yviTeli, badisebri daZarRviT, 20-30 mm sigrZis, odnav
zigomorfulia. mtvriana 5, samtvreebi wagrZelebulia, qveda mxaerze
sigrZiv ixsneba. nayofi kolofia, moTavsebulia jamis qveda nawilSi,
ZirSi gafarToebulia, ixsneba xufiT. Tesli mravalia, yviTeli feris
da fiWisebri zedapiriT. fesvi RerZulia. mcenare yvavilobs VI-VII. mTeli
mcenare Sxamiania!
lencofa izrdeba ruderalur adgilebze, mindvrebSi, gzis
pirebze, bostnebsa da baRebSi _ afxazeTSi, imereTSi, qarTlSi, gare
kaxeTSi, mTiuleTSi. saerTo gavrceleba _ evropa, centr., Sua da aRm.
azia, Crd. afrika da Crd. amerika. nazardebs ar qmnis, izrdeba
sporadiulad, sarevela mcenarea.
nedleuli. mTliani an nawilobriv dawvrilmanebuli foTlebi
mogrZo-kvercxiseburia, frTisebrdanakvTuli an mTliani, araTanabrad
dakbiluli kideebiT. fesvTanuri foTlebi grZelyunwiania, orive
mxridan xSiri, grZeli, rbili bususebiT dafaruli, Reroseuli _
uyunwo, naklebad Sebusvili. bewvebi ZiriTadad foTlis kideebsa da
ZarRvebis areSia. foTlebis sigrZe 5-20 sm, sigane 3-10 sm. ZiriTadi ZarRvi

33
moTeTroa, fuZisken gafarToebuli. nedleuli nacrisfer mwvanea, suni
susti, Taviseburi, gemos ar usinjaven!
foTlebs agroveben mTeli zafxuli _ yvavilobis periodSi. maT
xeliT krefen an aWrian. aSroben dauyovnebliv sxvenze, haerze an saSrob
karadaSi 40-600 C, Txel fenad gaSlils. neli Sroba iwvevs foTlebis
gaSavebas da gafuWebas.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. lencofas yvela nawili Seicavs
alkaloidebs: foTlebSi 0,06-0,13%, fesvebSi 0,13-0,57%, ReroebSi 0,08-0,1%,
Teslebsa da nayofebSi 0,1-0,17%. samkurnalo nedleulia foTlebi, masSi
alkaloidebis raodenoba hiosciaminze gadaangariSebiT unda iyos
aranakleb 0,05%. mTavari alkaloidebia hiosciamini da skopolamini.
garda amisa, Seicavs skimianins, apoatropins, tropins, hioscins,
hioscinis N-oqsids, apohioscins, -beladonins, -beladonins, azotSem-
cvel naerTs _ qolins. sxva jgufis nivTierebebidan gamoyofilia
flavonoidebi: rutini, qvercitrini, hiperozidi, spireozidi. Teslebi
mdidaria cximovani zeTiT (25%), steroidebiT, fitiniT,
fosfolipidebiT.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. lencofas foTlebi warmoadgens atropinis
wyaros. aris spazmolituri saSualeba, Sedis asTmissawinaaRmdego da
tkivilgamayuCebel nakrebebSi, tabletebSi, miqsturebSi _ maT Soris
kapsinSi, salimentSi, aeronSi. amzadeben foTlebis nayens nuSis zeTze
(e.w. ~lencofas zeTi~) da iyeneben garedan _ dasazelad nevralgiis,
miozitis da revmatiuli arTritis dros.

kavkasiuri skopolias fesura

Rhizoma Scopoliae caucasicae

mcenare. kavkasiuri skopolia (karnioliis skopolia) _ Scopolia

caucasica Kolesn.(S. carniolica Jacq.), oj. ZaRlyurZenasebrni _ Solanaceae,
mravalwlovani 50-60 sm simaRlis balaxia, Rero erTi an ramodenimea,
swormdgomi, cilindruli, SiSveli an gabneuli bewvebiT mofenili. zeda
foTlebi grZelia, farTo da wverze momrgvalebuli, mTelkidiani da
SiSveli, xolo qveda Reroseuli foTlebi ufro mokle, viwro
Subisebri, blagvwveriani. yvavilebi aqtinomorfulia, martouli,
zarisebri formis da foTlebis iRliebSi grZel yunwebze dakidebuli;
jami sifrifana, 5-blagvi kbiliT, nayofianobisas is diddeba da mWidrod
ekvris nayofs, gvirgvini gafarToebulia, 5 mokle samkuTxa, blagvi
nakvTiT, garedan sosanis feris, Signidan moTeTro, ZirSi ki Ria
moyviTalo-mwvane. butko odnav aRemateba mtvrianebs, dingi sqelia,
gafarToebuli, naskvi orbudiania, mrgvali TeskvirtiT. nayofi kolofia,
sferosebri an kvercxisebr-wagrZelebuli, wverSi wamaxvilebuli,

34
simwifisas ixsneba xufiT. Tesli mravalia, 3 mm sigrZis, moyviTalo-
yavisferi. fesura msxvilia, mxoxavi horizontaluri, 12 sm sigrZis da 5
sm siganis. skopolia yvavilobs V-VI, nayofianobs VI-VII.
izrdeba mTis qveda da Sua sartyelSi, tenian farTofoTlovan,
iSviaTad ki wiwvovan tyeebSi, zRvis donidan 1000-1200 m simaRleze.
upiratesad Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi afxazeTSi, aWaraSi, aseve
imereTSi, mTiuleTSi. saqarTvelos gareT gavrcelebulia
imierkavkasiaSi. saerTo gavrceleba _ samx. aRm. da Sua evropa,
monRoleTi, CineTi, iaponia, indoeTi.
kavkasiuri skopolia zogjer gvxvdeba SmagasTan erTad.
nedleuli. samkurnalo nedleuls warmoadgens fesurebi, mas
amzadeben gazafxulze, nayofianobis dawyebamde. axladmoTxril
fesurebs asufTaveben fesvebisagan, Tu saWiroa miwis mosacileblad
recxaven civi wylis nakadiT. aSroben haerze, fardulebSi an saSrob
karadaSi. Srobis gasaadvileblad umjobesia msxvili fesurebis daWra
sigrZeze.
mcenaris nazardebis gadarCenis da SenarCunebis mizniT,
aucilebelia dasamzadebeli nakveTebis monacvleoba, erTidaigive
adgilze fesurebis Segrovebas awarmoeben 10-15 wlis intervaliT.
warmoebas zogjer abareben axladdamzadebul nedleuls. damzadebisa da
skopoliaze muSaobisas aucilebelia sifrTxile, mTeli mcenare
Sxamiania!
mza nedleuli warmoadgens mTel, an daWril fesuras, romelic
gaTavisuflebulia fesvebisa da sxva nawilebisagan. naWrebi ar unda iyos
3 sm naklebi sigrZis da siganeSi _ 1-2 sm. fesurebi garedan mura-
nacrisferia, gadanatexze Ria-nacrisferi, moxrili formis da
danaoWebuli. usunoa, gemos ar usinjaven!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. fesurebSi da fesvebSi alkaloidebis
raodenoba 0, 18-1, 02%. mTavari alkaloidebia skopolamini 0, 018-0, 32%
da hiosciamini 0, 12-0, 16%. Seicavs tropanuli jgufis sxva
alkaloidebsac, maT Soris kuskgigrins, tropins, hiosciaminis N-oqsids,
hioscinis N-oqsids, fsevdotropins, 3 - tigloiloqsitropans. alkalo-
idebs Seicavs miwiszeda nawilebic. mcenareSi dadgenilia naxSirwylebi,
kumarinebi: skopoletini, skopolini, fenolkarbonis mJavebi da maTi
nawarmebi, flavonoidebi.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. fesurebi warmoadgens skopolaminis da
hiosciaminis samrewvelo wyaros. amzadeben am alkaloidebis
mravalricxovan preparats, romelTac iyeneben spazmolitur da
qolinolitur saSualebebad. skopolaminis preparatebs upiratesad
uniSnaven nevrologiasa da fsiqiatriaSi. mcenares axasiaTebs

35
antibaqteriuli aqtivoba, popularulia veterinariasa da xalxur
medicinaSi. preparatebs inaxaven A- an B-siiT.

igive daniSnulebiT iyeneben skopolias saxeobebis S. tangutica Maxim.,

S. stramonifolia (Wall.) Sem., S. lurida Dun. da sxv. fesurebs da foTlebs,
romlebic ufro mdidaria tropanuli alkaloidebiT da gansakuTrebiT
alkaloidi hiosciaminiT.

qinolizidinis nawarmi alkaloidebis

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

Termofsis balaxi _ Herba Thermopsidis

mcenare. lancetisebri Termofsisi _ Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br., oj.

parkosanni _ Fabaceae (Leguminosae), mravalwlovani balaxia 30-50 sm
simaRlis, Reroebi mciredaa datotvili, dafarulia moTeTro bewvebiT,
romlebic mcenaris ayvavebamde dawolilia, xolo yvavilobis Semdeg
daSorebuli. foTlebi morigeobiTi, sammagrTuli, ori msxvili lanceta
TanafoTliT da 10 mm sigrZis yunwebiT. foTolakebi mogrZo elifsuria,
an farTo ukukvercxiseburi, 3-6 sm sigrZis, mTelkidiani, qveda mxridan
sqlad Sebusvili. yvaviledi _ msxvili kenwruli mtevania 6-17 sm sigrZis,
Semdgari 2-3 yvavilebis Cxosagan. jami 5-kbiliani, dawolili bewvebiT,
gvirgvini yviTeli 22-28 sm sigrZis, 5-furcliani. nayofi viwroxazuria 4-
7 sm sigrZis, Sebusuli, odnav rkalisebri parkia. aqvs kargad ganviTa-
rebuli Zlieri fesurebis da damatebiTi fesvebis sistema. fesvi grZelia
(2 m-mde). mcenare yvavilobs VI-VIII, nayofi mwifdeba VIII-IX.
lancetisebri Termofsisi izrdeba cimbirSi, baikalze, Sua aziaSi.
is stepebis, mlaSob qviani ferdobebis da qviSnari adgilebis binadaria.
kargad xarobs mdinareebis, fiWvis tyeebis da gzis pirebze. Sedis
naTesebSi da warmoadgens karantinul sarevelas. axasiaTebs kargi
regeneraciis unari, mocelvis Semdeg advilad amoiyris axal ylortebs.
nedleuli. balaxs amzadeben butonizaciis da yvavilobis
dasawyisSi. iRebenErogorc moyvavile, ise vegetaciur ylortebs. Wrian
namgliT an makratliT niadagidan 3-5 sm daSorebiT. aSroben mzeze, cud
amindSi ki sxvenze, fardulSi an saSrob karadaSi 50-600 C-ze.
mTliani an nawilobriv daqucmacebuli Reroebi foTlebiT,
butonebiT da yvavilebiTaa, nayofebi dasaSvebia 1%. Reroebi martivi an
datotvilia, daRaruli, mciredSebusuli. foTlebi samwiliani mokle
yunwiT da patara foTolakebiT. zevidan TiTqmis SiSveli, qveda mxridan
dafaruli dawolili bewvebiT. yvavilebi mtevania, gvirgvinis zeda
furceli momrgvalo gadanaRuniT, wverSi Rrma da viwro amonaWeriT. ori
gverdiTi furceli (frTebi) odnav moklea, qveda Sezrdili furclebi

36
(navi) ki frTebTan SedarebiT 1, 5-2-jer ganieria. Reroebis da foTlebis
feri nacrisfer-mwvane, yvavilebis _ yviTeli. suni susti. gemos ar
usinjaven _ Sxamiania!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. miwiszeda nawili mdidaria alkaloidebiT 0,
4-4%. sax. farmakopeis moTxovniT alkaloidebis raodenoba Termofsinze
gadaangariSebiT ar unda iyos 1, 5% naklebi. Tanmxlebi alkaloidebia
Termofsinis izomeri anagirini, aseve citizini (0,16-2%), paqikarpini, N-
meTilcitizini, Termofsamini, rombifolini, Termofsidini, (-) –
lupanini, argentini. alkaloidebis garda Seicavs flavonoidebs,
meTilkarbonis mJavebs da maT nawarmebs. alkaloidebi moipoveba
foTlebSic (1-3%), yvavilebSi (0, 8-2, 6%), nayofebSi (1,5%), TeslebSi (0, 6-
3%). am ukanasknels amzadeben alkaloidebis misaReb, ZiriTadad
citizinis wyarod. Termofsis balaxis garda alkaloid citizinis
wyaroa imave parkosanTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli oqrowvima_Cytisus laburnum
L.-is Teslebi.

N NH

N N

O O

Termofsini citizini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. Termofsis balaxi oficinaluri

amosaxvelebeli saSualebaa qronikuli bronqitis da zemo sasunTqi
gzebis anTebisas. did dozebSi amJRavnebs pirRebinebis Tvisebebs. iyeneben
gamonacemis, nayenis, mSrali eqstraqtis da tabletebis saxiT. citizinis
0,15% xsnari _ ~cititoni~ organizmSi Seyvanisas iwvevs sunTqvis centris
refleqtorul gaRizianebas, arteriuli wnevis momatebas. efeqturia
Sokis, kolafsis, sunTqvis SeCerebis SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT
axalSobilTa asfiqsiisas. citizini Sedis Tambaqos mowevis gadaCvevis
mizniT xmarebul preparat ~tabeqsis~ da ~lobesilis~ SedgenilobaSi.

soforas balaxi _ Herba Sophorae

mcenare. sqelnayofa sofora _ Sophora pachicarpa C.A.Mey. oj.

parkosanni _ Fabaceae (Leguminosae), mravalwlovani balaxia 30-60 sm
simaRlis. Reroebi datotvili, uxvad SefoTlili. foTlebi
morigeobiTi, arawyvilfrTisebri. foTolakebi mogrZo lanceta 15-20 mm
sigrZis, Sebusuli TeTri dawolili bewvebiT. yvavilebi
37
mravalricxovani, moyviTalo, farvanasebri, Sekrebili xSir TavTavisebr
mtevnebad. nayofebi _ sqeli, uxsnadi, mura, faSaradSebusuli, mokle,
sqeli, zeviT aSverili. Tesli 1-2, yavisferi, momrgvalo nawiburiT, odnav
priala zedapiriT. fesuri sistema Zlieria, miwaSi RrmadCasuli. mcenare
yvavilobs VI-VII. Sxamiani sarevelaa.
izrdeba Sua aziis da yazaxeTis udabnoebsa da mTiswinebze,
iSviaTad qmnis xSir nazardebs efemerebs Soris udabnoebis did
teritoriaze. ukanasknel xanebSi misi masivebi Canagdeba dakavebuli
teritoriebis aTvisebis Sedegad.
nedleuli. balaxs amzadeben mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi
mcenaris butonizaciis da yvavilobis fazaSi, an vegetaciis periodSi,
romelic grZeldeba nayofebis dacvenis Semdegac. dauSvebelia balaxis
da nayofebis erTad damzadeba, radgan maTi qimiuri Semcveloba da aqedan
gamodinare Terapiuli aqtivoba gansxvavebulia. balaxs Wrian namgliT
an daniT miwis zeviT 5-10 sm-ze, aSroben mzeze Txel fenad gaSlils.
nedleuli SefoTlili Reroebia butonebiT da yvavilebiT
sxvadasxva xarisxis ganviTarebiT. Reroebi 50 sm-mde, dafaruli
dawolili bewvebiT. foTlebi arawyvil-frTisebri, foTolakebi
elifsuri, orive mxridan bususebiT dafaruli. yvavilebi da butonebi
farvanasebri tipis, momwvano-yviTeli, an moyviTalo-TeTri. balaxis feri
Ria-mwvane, monacrisfro. suni Taviseburi. gemos ar usinjaven, radgan
Sxamiania.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. balaxi Seicavs alkaloidebs 2-6, 4%:
paqikarpins, sofokarpins, matrins (sofokarpidini), soforamins,
goebelins, sofobenzamins. gamoyofilia agreTve fuZe SenaerTi
daudgeneli struqturis. aseTive raodenobiTaa alkaloidebi foTlebSi,
yvavilebSi, xolo fesvebSi orjer naklebia. TeslebSi alkaloidebi 4%.
aq citizinis Semcveloba 0,15%. garda amisa balaxSi dadgenilia
flavonoidebi: kempferoli, qvercetini, genisteini; organuli mJavebi 4-
13%. mTavari alkaloidi paqikarpini (D-sparteini) gamoyves 1933 w. fuZe
saxiT. is warmoadgens ufero, sqel zeTisebr siTxes, polarizaciis
sibrtyes abrunebs marjvniv, haerze swrafad muqdeba da ifiseba (es
marcxnivmbrunavi sparteinis izomeria). paqikarpins iReben Termofsis
balaxidanac.

paqikarpini

38
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba. nedleulidan iReben preparats _
paqikarpinis hidroqlorids, romelic gamoiyeneba periferiul sisxlZar-
RvTa spazmisas, gangliolitis da miopaTiis dros. igi aumjobesebs
kunTebis funqcias. efeqturia mSobiarobis stimulirebisa da
mSobiarobis Semdgom periodSi sisxlis dakargvis Sesamcireblad.
inseqticiduri saSualebaa. preparats inaxaven B-siiT.

yviTeli dumfaras fesura _ Rhizoma Nupharis lutei

mcenare. yviTeli dumfara _ Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith, oj. dumfarasebrni

_ Nimphaeaceae, mravalwlovani wylis mcenarea foTlebi gulisebria an
mogrZo gulisebri, xasiaTdeba rkalisebr moxrili urTierTdaSorebuli
ZarRvebiT da ZirSi Rrma, viwro amonakveTiT. foTlebi ornairia: wyalSi
Cayursuli ufro mokle yunwiTaa, Txelia TiTqmis gamWvirvale,
talRisebri kidiT. wylis zeviT motivtive foTlebi ki sqelia TiTqmis
tyavisebri, xSiri rkalisebri ZarRvebiT. yvavilebi 4-5 sm diametris,
surnelovania, yviTeli feris, wylis zedapiridan amoweuli grZeli
yunwebiT. jamis foTlebi 5(6) momrgvalo, moRunuli, gvirgvinis
furclebi jamisaze mniSvnelovnad moklea, mravali, ukukvercxisebri,
zurgis mxareze Ria saneqtre fosoTi. nayofi xorcovani, kenkrismagvari,
mravalbudiani kolofia. fesvgamdgari mcenarea, msxvili horizontaluri
fesuriT. yvavilobs VII-IX.
yviTeli dumfara dRemde SemorCenili uZvelesi saxeobaa. izrdeba
tbebSi, mdore wylebsa da WaobebSi. saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad Savi zRvis
sanapiro zolSia. afxazeTSi, samegreloSi, imereTSi, aWaraSi. rogorc
dekoratiuli wylis mcenare gamoiyeneba mebaReoba-meyvavileobaSi,
aSeneben xelovnur tbebsa da auzebSi. saqarTveloSi gvari dumfara
mxolod am saxeobiTaa warmodgenili. misi maragebi Zalze Semcirebulia
da Setanilia saqarTevlos ~wiTel wignSi~, aucilebelia gamoiyos
aRkveTilebi.
nedleuli. samedicino mizniT amzadeben dumfaras fesuras
mcenaris yvaviloba-nayofianobis fazaSi. saukeTesoa is periodi,
rodesac wylis done klebulobs. fesurebs amoglejen an Tu wylis
napirTan axlos izrdeba _ qvevidan moWrian fesvebs. nedleuls
gaasufTaveben narCeni foTlebis yunwebisagan, moaclian miwas da Wrian
1-1,5 sm sididis naWrebad, aSroben mzeze, an CrdilSi. fesurebSi didi
tenis gamo Sroba grZeldeba 10-15 dRe. amitom amjobineben daWrili
fesurebis 2-3 dRis ganmavlobaSi daJRnobas da Semdeg saSrob karadaSi
600 C-ze gamoSrobas.
mza nedleuls etyoba samkuTxa-momrgvalo muqi naWdevebi
(foTlebis yunwebis kvali) da ufro wvrili momrgvalo jgufebad

39
ganlagebuli naWdevebi (moWril-moglejili fesvebis kvali). fesura
zevidan mura-nacrisferia, gadanaWerze an gadanatexze moyviTalo feris.
standartis Tanaxmad nedleulSi alkaloid nufleinis raodenoba
aranakleb 0, 2%.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. yviTeli dumfaras fesura Seicavs
qinolizidinis nawarm alkaloidebs, maT aerTianeben nufaridinebis
saxelis qveS. esaa nufarini, nufaridini, nufamini, dezoqsinufaridini,
nufarolutini, Tiobinufaridini, Tionuflutinis sulfoqsidi da
mravali sxv. biologiurad aqtiur sxva SenaerTebidan dadgenilia
mTrimlavi nivTierebebi, vitamini C da karotinoidebi,
fenolkarbonmJavebi, sterinebi. alkaloidebi moipoveba mcenaris sxva
nawilebSic. dominanti alkaloidia nufleini, romelic warmoadgens
nufaridinis dimers.
O

OH CH3

S
N
N

OH
CH3
O

nufleini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. fesuridan amzadeben alkaloidebis jamur

preparat lutenurins, romelic gamoiyeneba mwvave da qronikuli
triqomonadebisas, agreTve rogorc kontraceptuli saSualeba. fesura
aris zdrenkos miqsturis erTerTi komponenti. homeopaTiaSi iyeneben
impotenciisa da saSvilosnos dawevis dros, popularulia mravali
qveynis xalxur medicinaSi, urCeven anaciduri gastritis, aseve
spazmolitur, hipotenziur da anTebisswinaaRmdego saSualebad.

sekurinegas ylortebi _ Cormus Securinegae

mcenare. naxevradbuCqisebri sekurinega _ Securinega suffruticosa (Pall.)

Rehd, oj. rZianasebrni _ Euphorbiaceae, gaSlili buCqia an naxevradbuCqi 1,
5-3 m-mde simaRlis. foTlebi morigeobiTi, 7 sm-mde sigrZis, mTliani
elifsuri, elifsur-lanceta an ukukvercxisebri formis, qveviT odnav
Cazneqili. mTliani an dakbiluli kideebiT da patara tyavisebri Tanafo-
TliT. yunwi moklea, ylortebi wvrili. Zvel totebze qerqi nacrisfer-
muraa. yvavilebi erTsqesiania, foTlebis ubeebSi ganlagebuli, momwvano-
yviTeli an mwvane feris, martivi jamisebri yvavilsafriT. nayofi

40
sambudiani, momrgvalo-samnakvTiani kolofi 6 TesliT. yvavilobs VI-VII,
nayofianobs IX-X.
naxevradbuCqisebri sekurinega izrdeba mSral qvian ferdobebze,
tyispirebze, mziTganaTebul adgilebze sporadulad an qmnis patara
nazardebs cimbirSi, baikalis, xabarovskis, primories mxareSi. 200-ze meti
welia mohyavT botanikur baRebSi, Semdeg ki daiwyes samrewvelo planta-
ciebis gaSeneba. warmatebiT izrdeba da mravldeba aRm. saqarTveloSi.
amJamad mcenaris bunebrivi resursebi sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia.
nedleuli. samedicino mizniT amzadeben kultivirebuli mcenaris
ylortebs, gaxevebuli totebis gareSe ivnisidan-seqtembramde. aSroben
haerze an fardulebSi. xelovnuri gaTbobis pirobebSi ki saSrob
0
karadebSi 50-60 C-ze.
mSrali nedleuli warmoadgens ylortebs foTlebiT, kokrebiT,
yvavilebiT an nayofebiT. masSi sekurininis raodenoba farmakopeis
statiis moTxovniT ar unda iyos 0,1 % naklebi. inaxeba B-siiT, vargisia
4 weli.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. mcenaris yvela nawili Seicavs alkaloidebs,
ZiriTadad sekurinins, romelic striqninis farmakologiur analogs
warmoadgens. dadgenilia agreTve sufrutikonini, sufrutikolini,
sekurinoli _ A, B, C, alosekurinini da dihidrosekurinini. biologiurad
aqtiur sxva SenaerTebidan ylortebSi moipoveba flavonoidebidan:
rutini, kateqinebi, organuli mJavebi: Rvinis, limonis; aminomJavebi,
mTrimlavi nivTierebebi.
Tbilisis pirobebSi kultivirebuli sekurinegas foTlebSi
alkaloidebis Semcveloba 0, 41% aRmoCnda, yvavilebSi ki 0, 42%. e.i. am
mimarTulebiT kvlevebi perspeqtiulia.

sekurinini

alkaloidi sekurinini 1951 w gamoyo a. bankovskim da v. muraviovam,

xolo struqtura daadgines 1963 w iaponelma mecnierebma.

41
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba. amzadeben preparats_sekurininis nitrats
saineqcio 0, 1% xsnaris saxiT ampulebSi. is aRagznebs centralur
nervul sistemas, gansakuTrebiT aZlierebs zurgis tvinis refleqsur
aRgznebas. moqmedebs striqninis tipiT, mxolod ufro sustad. iyeneben
rogorc momamagrebel saSualebas nevrasteniis hipo- da asteniuri
formisas, damblis, sqesobrivi dauZlurebis dros, poliomielitis
gadatanis Semdgom periodSi. inaxeba A –siiT.

qinolinis nawarmi alkaloidebis

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

qinaqinis xis qerqi _ Cortex Chinae

mcenare. wiTelwvniani qinaqinis (cinxonas) xe _ Cinchona succirubra

Pavon., lejeris cinxona_C. Ledgeriana Moens ex Trimen., saafTiaqo cinxona_C.
officinalis L., oj. endrosebrni_Rubiaceae.
wiTelwvniani qinaqinis xe dekoratiuli maradmwvane xea 20-25 m
simaRlis. Rero sworia, Sua nawilidan datotvili, uxvad SefoTlili.
foTlebi mopirispire farTo elifsuri formis, tyavisebri, muqi-mwvane,
priala, kargad gamoxatuli wiTeli ZarRvebiT. yvavilebi milisebri,
xuTwevriani, TeTri an movardisfro-iisferi, surnelovani. sagvela
yvaviledebad Sekrebili, Reroebis da totebis wveroSi. nayofi
orbudiani, mSrali kolofi, mravali wvrili TesliT.
sxva saxeobebi ufro tanmorCili xeebia da gansxvavdebian
foTlebis formiT da yvavilebis feriT. lejeris cinxonas foTlebi
muqi mwvanea, xazur-lanceta, yvavilebi yviTeli an TeTri, wvrili; 15
wlis mcenare 10 m aRwevs. saafTiaqo cinxona kidev ufro patara xea,
yvavilebi sagvela yvaviledSi Sekrebili, Ria wiTeli.
qinaqinis xeebis gavrcelebis areali sakmaod SezRudulia.
ZiriTadad izrdeba andebis aRmosavleT ferdobebze, zRvis donidan 800-
1700 m simaRleze, sadac sinamis intensiuri kondensaciis zolia. maTi
samSobloa samx. amerikis qveynebi: peru, bolivia, venesuela, kolumbia,
ekvadori, sadac ar qmnian nazardebs da sporadulad arian sxva merqnian
mcenareTa Soris. adgilobrivi mcxovrebi indielebi qinaqinis xis qerqs
(qina-qinas) jer kidev evropelTa mosvlamde iyenebdnen ciebis dros.
evropelTaTvis qinaqinis xis malariis sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi cnobili
gaxda XVII s dasawyisSi, rodesac perus gubernatoris coli_anna de
osorio CinConi (mis pativsacemad daarqves xes Cinchona) gankurna mona
qalma malariisagan. aRniSnulis Semdeg daiwyo am samkurnalo xeebis
intensiuri eqsploatacia da ganadgurebis safrTxe Seuqmna. perudan

42
Teslebi faqtiurad moparviT gaitanes germanelma botanikosma paskarma
da Semdeg ingliselma vaWarma lejerma, riTac Caeyara safuZveli XIX s-
Si maT samrewvelo masStabiT kultivirebas indoneziaSi kunZul iavaze,
aseve indoeTSi, ceilonze, afrikaSi. am teritoriebze damzadebuli qerqi
akmayofilebs faqtiurad msoflio moTxovnebs qinaqinze. mecnierebma
aramarto SeZles am Zvirfasi kulturis aTviseba, aramed seleqciis
meTodebis gamoyenebiT gazardes qerqSi alkaloidebis Semcveloba 16%-
mde.
qinaqinis xe CvenTan Savi zRvis sanapiros Tbil da tenian
pirobebSic ki iyineba. jer kidev XIX s 80-ian wlebidan scades
ramodenimejer misi aklimatizacia, magram uSedegod. Tu rogor
mZvinvarebda Cvens qveyanaSi malaria da ra moTxovna iyo qinaqinze
metyvelebs is faqti, rom 1925 w saqarTvelos jandacvis komisariatma
mTavrobas warudgina malariasTan brZolis 5 wliani gegma, romlis
mixedviT msaxleobas im periodSi sWirdeboda 28 000 kg qinini. mecnier
farmacevtebma m.m. molodoJnikovma da m.k. momotma qobuleTis zonalur
sadgurSi introduqciisaTvis gamoiyenes axali mimarTuleba,
wiTelwvnian cinxonas Seucvales sacicocxlo forma da SeZles misi
moSeneba 2 wliani balaxovani kulturis saxiT. zafxulis bolos
mcenares amravlebdnen kalmebiT, saTburSi gadazamTrebis Semdeg,
gazafxulze gadahqondaT Ria gruntSi damCrdilavi mcenareebis qveS.
noembrisaTvis mcenare aRwevda 1, 5-2 m simaRles. mas amoTxridnen da
mTel mwvane masas iyenebdnen alkaloidebis jamis (2%) da preparat
~qinetis~ misaRebad (l. CxataraSvili).
nedleuli. amzadeben veluradmozardi da kultivirebuli xeebis
qerqs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi da aSroben haerze. plantaciebze
yovelwliurad atareben gamoxSirvas, xeebs Txrian da qerqs aclian
totebs, Reros da fesvebsac. 25 wlis asakSi plantaciebs mTlianad
anadgureben da qerqs agroveben.
nedleuls warmoadgens qerqi damzadebuli oficinaluris garda
gvari Cinchona-s sxva saxeobebis, rasebis da hibridebisagan, upiratesad
ki C. robusta Howard. da C. calisaya Wedd.
qerqi erT- an ormagad kidedaxveuli, Rarisebri naWrebia 20-60 sm
sigZis da 2-4 mm sisqis. garedan nacrisferi, korpSemoclili ki Ria-
zangela, danaoWebuli gaswvrivi da ganivi napralebiT. qerqis SigniTa
zedapiri gluvia, gaswvrivad boWkovani, wiTel-mura feris, axalgazrda
qerqs ki moyviTalo elferi dakravs. suni ar aqvs, gemo Zlier mware.
qerqis identifikaciisaTvis metad specifiuria graxes reaqcia _ mSrali
qerqis sinjaraSi gaxurebisas civ kedlebze efineba karmin-wiTeli kupri.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. qerqSi dadgenilia 25-meti alkaloidi,
mTavaria qinini (qinaqini) da misi marjvnivmbrunavi stereoizomeri
qinidini, aseve izomerebia cinqonini da cinqonidini. minoruli
alkaloidebia kupreini, hidroqinini, hidroqinidini, epiqinini, eqinidini.

43
yvela alkaloidi mcenareSi qinaqina mTrimlavi mJavas marilis saxiTaa.
alkaloidebi moipoveba qerqis parenqimul qsovilSi. alkaloidebis
garda qerqi Seicavs mTrimlav nivTierebebs, pirokateqinis jgufisas,
tetrahidroqsiantraqinonebs, fisebs, glikozid qinovins. alkaloidebis
jami da maTi Tanafardoba cvalebadia saxeobis, misi asakis, vegetaciis
fazis da zrdis pirobebis mixedviT. alkaloidebis Semcveloba yvelaze
metia lejeris cinqonaSi (20%-mde), Tanac qinaqinze modis naxevarze meti.
amitom ZiriTadad am saxeobidan iReben qinins da qinidins. galenur
preparatebs ki amzadeben wiTelwvniani cinqonas qerqidan (standartis
moTxovniT alkaloidebi unda iyos aranakleb 6, 5%). masSi TviT qininis
raodenobac dabalia. alkaloid qininis dasadgenad atareben taleoqinis
reaqcias (qerqis gamonawvlilze qloriani an bromiani wylis ramodenime
wveTis damatebiT siTxe gayviTldeba, masze amiakis xsnaris damatebiT ki
zurmuxtisfer mwvaned iRebeba, Semdeg gamoiyofa fisovani naleqi).
qininis aRmoCenis TariRad miCneulia 1820 w, rodesac frangma
mecnier-farmacevtebma peletiem da kaventum gamoyves qinaqinis xis
qerqidan. Tumca is 1818 w ukve miRebuli hqonda rus mecniers f. gizes.
misi struqtura daadgines 1907 w, xolo sinTezi ganaxorcieles 1944 w.

HO
N

H 3CO

N
E
qinaqini
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. qinaqinis xis qerqi da misi alkaloidebi
amJRavneben mravalmxriv moqmedebas. mTavaria qininis antiprotozouli
Tviseba. amave dros aqveiTebs gulis kunTis aRgznebas; amzadeben qininis
hidroqlorids, dihidroqlorids, sulfats. isini moqmedeben malariis
plazmodiebis yvela formaze. adre iyenebdnen mean-ginekologiaSi,
rogorc mSobiarobis mastimulirebels da sisxlis denis SemaCerebels.
monaxarSi da nayeni madismomgvreli da saWmlis monelebis
xelisSemwyobi saSualebebia. xangrZlivi gamoyeneba iwvevs smenis
daqveiTebas.
qinidinis sulfati ~saTavo~ antiariTmiuli preparatia, uniSnaven
taqikardiis da mocimcime ariTmiis mosaxsnelad. iReben agreTve
qinidinis prolongirebuli moqmedebis samkurnalo formebsac _ qinipeks
da ucxour preparatebs.
qinaqinis xis qerqi dgas homeopaTiis saTaveebTan, radgan
germanelma eqimma hanemanma misi Seswavlis safuZvelze SeimuSava
homeopaTiuri mkurnalobis ZiriTadi principi. ingliselebi adre
jariskacebs avaldebulebdnen daeliaT ~qinaqinis wyali~ (rogorc

44
toniki), aqedan gavrcelda Cveuleba, rom sadilis win dalion jini da
viski tonusis asamaRleblad.

izoqinolinis nawarmi alkaloidebis

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli.

yviTeli yayaCuras balaxi _ Herba Glaucii flavi

mcenare. yviTeli yayaCura _ Glaucium flavum Grantz, oj. yayaCosebrni

_ Papaveraceae, orwliani, 30-50 sm simaRlis dekoratiuli balaxia. Rero
sworia, mrgvali, datotvili. pirvel wels inviTarebs 15-35 sm sigrZis
yunwiani foTlebis rozets; foTlebi lirisebr-frTisebr-gankveTili,
xSiri bususebiT dafaruli; Reros foTlebi mravalricxovani
morigeobiTi, mjdomare sqeli, lega feris; yvavilebi erTeuli kenwruli
msxvili, 2-5 sm diametris; gvirgvinis furclebi limonisfer-yviTeli,
yviTeli an narinjisferi; nayofi 15-20 sm sigrZis, sigrZivi cru ZgidiT
da wvrili TeTri borcvebiT dafaruli, ixsneba 2 sagduliT. fesvebi
RerZovani 50-70 sm sigrZis, spiralurad gadagrexili; mTeli mcenare
Seicavs rZe-wvens. yvavilobs vegetaciis pirvel wels VI, meore wels V-
X, Teslebi mwifdeba VI-IX.
yviTeli yayaCura iSviaTi saxeobaa, gvxvdeba tamanis
naxevarkunZulidan md. Woroxis SesarTavamde Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi
qviSebze, kldian da RorRian ferdobebze. Setanilia ssrk `wiTel
wignSi~, maragebi qreba samedicino mizniT didi masStabiT damzadebis
gamo. samrewvelo plantaciebia krasnodaris mxareSi.
nedleuli. balaxs amzadeben vegetaciis pirvel da meore wels.
Reros amosvlis, butonizaciis an yvavilobis periodSi. aSroben haerze
an mimarTaven Tbur Srobas 50-600 C.
nedleuli SefoTlili Reroebi gauSleli da gaSlili yvavilebiT,
zogjer umwifari nayofebiTac. foTlebi legaa, dafaruli mokle
daxveuli bewvebiT. butonebi kvercxisebr-wagrZelebuli momwvano-mura
feris, yvavilebis gvirgvini 4 furcliania, yviTeli, nayofi cilindruli
kolofi. suni specifiuri.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. Seicavs alkaloidebs 4%-mde, maT Soris
mTavar alkaloid glaucinze modis 1-2%. balaxidan gamoyofilia 15
alkaloidi: izoboldini, peleritrini, sangvinarini, protopini,
izokoridini, helirubini, allokriptopini, korunini, magnoflorini da
sxv.

45
 H3CO O
H3CO N CH3
O O
+N
O CH3 x-
H3CO

H3CO

glaucini sangvinarini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. preparati glaucinis hidroqloridi

amJRavnebs xvelebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas. aqvs kodeinTan SedarebiT
upiratesoba moqmedebis xangrZlivobiT da efeqtiT, aseve ar Trgunavs
sunTqvis centrs, ar axasiaTebs miCveva. wamlis formaa garsiT dafaruli
tabletebi (0, 05 g). glaucini Sedis kombinirebuli preparatis
bronqolitinis SemadgenlobaSi. mas iyeneben mwvave da qronikuli
bronqitis da asTmis dros. inaxaven B-siiT.

kowaxuris foToli _ Folium Berberidis

kowaxuris fesvi _ Radix Berberidis

mcenare. Cveulebrivi kowaxuri_Berberis vulgaris L. oj. kowaxurisebrni

_ Berberidaceae, 3 m simaRlis datotvili qserofituli buCqia. norCi
totebi moyviTalo-muraferisaa, ufro xnieri nacrisferi da merqani
yviTeli aqvs. foTlebi ukukvercxisebri martivi, Txeli,kideebze
xerxkbila da wamwamiani. aqvs samad gayofili ekali, romelic foTlebis
ubeebSia moTavsebuli. yvavilebi yviTeli, erTeuli an Sekrebili
Tavdaqindrul mtevnisebr yvaviledad. nayofi mogrZo 10-12 mm sigrZis 2-3
Tesliani kenkraa. misi garenayofi simwifeSi kaSkaSa wiTelia, wvniani.
kowaxuri inviTarebs Zlier fesvTa sistemas. yvavilobs V-VI, nayofianobs
VII-IX.
Cveulebrivi kowaxuri izrdeba mTis Sua sartyelamde tyispirebsa
da mdinareTa napirebze, riyeze. gvxvdeba saqarTvelos yvela raionSi.
xSiria afxazeTSi, svaneTSi, raWa-leCxumSi, samegreloSi, kaxeTSi.
bevrgan Semotanilia kulturaSi.
nedleuli. medicinis miznebisaTvis krefen foTlebs mcenaris
butonizaciis da yvavilobis fazaSi, fesvebs ki adre gazafxulze an
Semodgomaze nayofebis aRebis Semdeg. orive nedleuls aSroben
SenobebSi, haerze an maSrob RumelSi 40-500 C. kowaxuris fesura da
fesvebi Tu 6 mm sqelia, gaSrobamde Wrian rogorc sigrZiv, ise ganze.
garecxva dauSvebelia. fesvebis damzadebisas aucilebelia rigiTobis
dacva _ imave adgilebSi mxolod 10 wlis Semdeg Txrian.

46
 Cveulebrivi kowaxuris foTlebi 4 sm sigrZisaa, zevidan muqi-mwvane,
qveda mxareze bevrad ufro Ria. orive mxares cvilis nafifqiT
dafaruli. fesvebi cilindruli, swori an moRunuli naWrebia 20 sm
sigrZis, gadanatexze uxeSboWkoiani da yviTeli.
oficinalur saxeobasTan axlosaa kavkasiis endemi qarTuli
kowaxuri _ Berberis iberica Stev. et Fisch. gaarCevT imiT, rom foTlebi
kidemTliania, totebi odnav wiboebiani, momuro-mowiTalo feris. nayofi
mogrZo-cilindruli, lega nafifqiT. igi gvxvdeba mxolod aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mcire jgufebis saxiT. Setanilia saqarTvelos ~wiTel
wignSi~.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. foTlebSi alkaloidebis Semcveloba unda
iyos aranakleb 0,15%, fesvebSi _ 0,4%. ZiriTadia yviTeli feris
alkaloidi berberini. Tanamgzavri alkaloidebia protoberberini,
palmitini, kolumbamini, iatroricini. izoqinolinuri alkaloidebis
garda, dadgenilia bisbenzilizoqinolinis jgufidan oqsiakanTini da
berbamini. foTlebSi moipoveba vitaminebi C, E, karotinoidebi. nayofebSi
da foTlebSi bevria organuli mJavebi, vitaminebi. aRniSnulisa da
sagemovno Tvisebebis gamo nayofebi gamoiyeneba kulinariaSi. berberini
mcenareSi gvxvdeba amoniuri da karbinoluri formiT.

N +
O

OCH 3

OCH 3

berberini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. berberinis hidrosulfati iwvevs

saSvilosnos Seviwroebas da sisxldenis Sewyvetas. amave dros,
aumjobebsebs gulis riTms da dabla swevs wnevas. preparats adre
amzadebdnen fesvebidan, 1952 w daiwyes foTlebis gamoyenebac. amJamad
rekomendebulia mxolod foTlebis eqspluatacia. saidanac iReben
agreTve nayens da gamonacems. igive daniSnulebis garda uniSnaven
RviZlis da sanaRvle gzebis daavadebebis dros.

47
 qristesisxlas balaxi _ Herba Chelidonii

mcenare. qristesisxla _ Chelidonium majus L. oj. yayaCosebrni _

Papaveraceae, mravalwlovani balaxia 30-100 sm simaRlis, Rero Rarebiania,
swori, zeda nawilSi datotvili, SiSveli an ramdenadme bewvebiani,
mTeli mcenare Seicavs narinjisfer rZe-wvens. foTlebi SiSveli an
gafantulbewvebiani, Cangisebr-frTisebr dakveTili, 5-7 ovaluri an
kvercxisebri, mravalkbila nakvTebiani. sayvavile Reroebi 10 sm
sigrZisaa, gamodis Reros zeda foTlebis iRliebidan. yvavilebi 3-8
Sekrebili kenwruli qolgisebr yvaviledad; gvirgvinis furclebi
kaSkaSa yviTelia, mogrZo ukukvercxisebri; kolofi Wotisebria, 2-5 sm
sigrZisa da 22 mm siganis. Teslebi Savi. mcenare yvavilobs IV-IX.
qristesisxla izrdeba ruderalur adgilebze. zRvis donidan tyis
zeda sartyelamde, upiratesad tyeebSi, buCqnarebSi, mdinaris napirebze,
baRebSi, mindvrebze, danagvianebul adgilebze, saqarTveloSi TiTqmis
yvelgan.
nedleuli. Sedgeba SefoTlili Reroebis, yvavilebis da
nayofebisagan, romlebic ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaSia. foTlebi
yunwiania an mjdomare. kokrebi ukukvercxiseburia ori Sebusvili jamis
foToliT, romlebic yvavilebis gaSlisas scviva. gvirgvini 4
ukukvercxisebri furclisagan Sedgeba, mtvriana mravalia, nayofi
mogrZoa, orsagduliani kolofi. wvril Teslebs aqvs xorcovani
moyviTalo TeTri danamati.
nedleuls Wrian yvavilobisas makratliT an namgliT, ise rom ar
Seyves Reros qveda gauxeSebuli nawili. balaxis damzadeba warmoebs
mxolod mSral amindSi. aSroben dauyovnebliv 50-600 temperaturaze
saSrob karadebSi, an sxvenze. Srobisas aucilebelia nedleulis
drodadro Sereva. qristesisxlas balaxi neli Srobisas Savdeba da
lpeba. mSral balaxs aqvs Taviseburi suni, gemos gasinjva dauSvebelia!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. qristesisxlas balaxi mdidaria
izoqinolinis nawarmi sxvadasxva qvejgufis alkaloidebiT. maTi
raodenoba balaxSi 2%-mdea. ZiriTadi alkaloidebia: helidonini,
heleritrini, sangvinarini, protopini, alokriptopini, koptizini,
berberini, helirubini, stilopini, dihidro-sangvinarini,
dihidroheleritrini da sxv. alkaloidebi ZiriTadad helidonis mJavas
marilebis, an Tavisufali saxiTaa mcenareSi. biologiurad aqtiur sxva
qimiuri jgufebidan Seicavs: vitaminebidan _ C, karotinoidebs. organuli
mJavebidan_limonis, qarvis, vaSlis; saponinebs, mTrimlav nivTierebebs,
flavonoidebs, eTerovan zeTs, umaRles alifatur spirtebs. mcenaris
rZe-wvenSi alkaloidebis garda lokalizebulia fisebi, cximovani zeTi.
sax. farmakopea XI moTxovniT qristesisxlas balaxSi alkaloidebis
raodenoba unda iyos helidoninze gadaangariSebiT aranakleb 0, 2%.

48
 HO O O

O
O
+
H3CO N
N
CH3
O CH 3
OCH3
O

d-helidonini heleritrini

O
CH3
N
O
O
O

protopini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. qristesisxlas balaxi aris

anTebissawinaaRmdego garegani saSualeba. xmaroben kanis tuberkulozis,
wiTeli mgluras sawinaaRmdegod, meWeWebis mosacileblad.
rekomendebulia xorxis papilomebis, swori nawlavis polipebis dros.
mcire dozebSi iReben SigniT RviZlis da naRvlis buStis daavadebebisas.
popularulia homeopaTiaSi. eqsperimentSi Seswavlilia calkeluli
alkalo-idis moqmedeba. helidonini morfinis msgavsad adunebs
centralur nerveul sistemas; homohelidonini adgilobrivi Zlieri
anesTeziuri saSualebaa; sangvinarini narkozuli moqmedebisaa,
protopini amcirebs vegetaciuri nervuli sistemis reaqtiulobas,
aZlierebs saSvilosnos kunTebis tonuss. aRniSnulis gamo
qristesisxlas ufro Rrmad Seswavla perspeqtiulia.

xaSxaSis kolofi (nayofi)_Capita (Fructus) Papaveris

amfioni _ Opium

mcenare. xaSxaSi, damaZinebeli yayaCo _ Papaver somniferum L., oj.

yayaCosebrni _ Papaveraceae, mcenaris eTiologia ukavSirdeba laTinurs
papa _ bavSvis fafa, ver – namdvili, somnifer _ Zilis momgvreli. xaSxaSi
erTwlovani 1-1,5 m simaRlis balaxia. Rero gluvi, datotvili da
uxvadSefoTlilia. foTlebi morigobiTi, SiSveli, wagrZelebuli, kide-
ebze ormagaddakbiluli, cvilis nafifqis gamo zedapiri momwvano-
mqrqalia. yvavilebi msxvili, erTeuli grZel yunwebze. erTi mcenare 1-10

49
yvavils inviTarebs. gvirgvini 4-furcliania, sxvadasxva feris (TeTri,
vardisferi, wiTeli, iisferi), fuZesTan muqi laqebiT. nayofi erTbudiani
kolofi 5 sm diametris, kvercxisebri an mrgvali. umwifari nayofi
mwvanea, wvniani, drekadi, simwifisas Calisfer-yviTeli da myife. Teslebi
mravalricxovani, wvrili, Tirkmllisebri formis da sxvadasxva
Seferilobis _ jiSebis Sesabamisad. nayofebi ixsneba da Teslebi
ifanteba, zogi ki uxsnadia. mcenare yvavilobs VI-VII, nayofi mwifdeba
VIII.
xaSxaSi velurad ar gvxvdeba, kulturaSia winareistoriuli
epoqidan. samrewvelo plantaciebia mcire aziis qveynebSi, iranSi,
avRaneTSi, siriaSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi. gamoyvanilia mravali jiSi da
rasa _ saamfione, sazeTe, dekoraciuli.
nedleuli. rZe-wvens, romelsac amfions uwodeben, amzadeben
nayofis teqnikuri simwifis stadiaSi. amisaTvis dRis meore naxevarSi
kolofebze akeTeben horizontalur an irib zedapirul naserebs, ise rom
gadakveTon mxolod rZis savali milebi, magram wveni nayofis SigniT ar
Caiqces. gaSrobis Semdeg mas nayofebidan mofxeken xis patara
specialuri niCbebiT. amfionis Segroveba erTidaigive kolofidan
SesaZlebelia samjer. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamosavali araumetes 0, 2 g-
ia. axladmiRebuli wveni naxevradsiTxovania, Seicavs 45-50% wyals.
~daumwifebel amfions~ iyenebdnen sxvadasva daniSnulebiT. adre
samedicino mizniT amzadebden TviT mwife kolofebs _ ~xaSxaSis
Tavakebs~, aSrobden, fqvavdnen da aZlevdnen briketebis formas. amJamad
praqtikaSia nedli amfionis gaSroba 50-600 C da Semdeg 1-2 kg-ian
briketebad dawnexva. yofil vilr-is alkaloidebis ganyofilebis mier
rekomendebuli iyo alkaloidebis misaRebad TviT xaSxaSis nayofebis
gamoyeneba (Seicavs 0,5-0,8%) da mowodebulia maTi gamoyofis,
gasufTavebis da dayofis meTodi.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. mTeli mcenare, garda Teslebisa, Seicavs
alkalidebs specialur rZis savalebSi. alkaloidebi metia umwifari
nayofebis rZe-wvenSi _ amfionSi, romelic organuli da araorganuli
nivTierebebis narevs warmoadgens. amfionSi dadgenilia 26-ze meti
alkaloidi, romlebsac ramodenime jgufad yofen, mTavaria morfinis
jgufi: morfini 12-16%, kodeini 1-3%, Tebaini 0,4-1%; benzoqinolinis
jgufi: papaverini 0,5 - 1,5%; ftalidizoqinolinuri jgufidan mTavaria
narkotini _ 10-18%. minoruli raodenobiTaa narceini, laudanini,
kriptopini, protopini, fsevdomorfini, neopini, qsantalini,
narkotolini, papaveramini da sxv. alkaloidebis raodenoba amfionSi
aRwevs 25%. masSi balasturi nivTierebebia cilebi, lorwo, gomizebi,
peqtinebi, kauCuki, triterpenebi, organuli mJavebi. xaSxaSis Teslebi
mdidaria cximovani zeTiT, romelSic mTavaria linolis da oleinis
mJavebis gliceridebi. varaudoben, rom rZis savalebSi natiuri saxiT
yvela alkaloidi ar moipoveba, zogi warmoiqmneba Tavakebis daservis
Semdeg siTxis daJangvis an fermentaciuli procesis Sedegad.

50
dadgenilia, rom TviT morfini sinTezirdeba mcenaris ganviTarebis 1-1,5
Tvis Semdeg da maqsimums aRwevs nayofebis teqnikuri simwifis stadiaSi.
xaSxaSSi yvela alkaloidi specifiuri _ mekonis mJavis marilebis
saxiTaa. standartis moTxovnis Tanaxmad haermSral amfionSi morfinis
Semcveloba unda iyos aranakleb 10%, xolo siname araumetes 8%.
maRalxarisxovani amfionis partiebs anzaveben morfiniT Raribi
partiebiT, an ureven rZis Saqars.

R1O H3 CO

N CH3 H3 CO N
O

R2O
H3 CO

OCH3

R1 R2
morfini H H papaverini kodeini CH3 H

Tebaini CH3 CH3

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. morfinis hidroqloridi travmuli da sxva

xasiaTis Zlieri tkivilebis gasayuCebeli saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT
operaciebisas. amave dros saZile da narkotikuli Tvisebebisaa. kodeinis
fosfati amcirebs xvelebis centris agznebadobas da iwvevs mis
daTrgunvas. papaverinis hidroqloridi spazmolituri saSualebaa da
gamoiyeneba hipertoniis, stenokardiis, qolecistitis, saSarde gzebis
Seviwoebis dros. efeqturia bronquli asTmis Setevebisas. ixmareba
agreTve alkaloidebis jamuri da galenuri preparatebi _ amfionis
mSrali eqstraqti, martivi nayeni. morfini da amfioni inaxeba sia A-Ti,
danarCeni preparatebi ki sia B-Ti.
homeopaTiaSi iyeneben amfions _ damaZinebeli yayaCodan, agreTve
sxva saxeobebs: P. dubium L. da P. rhoeas L.
amfionis da TviT morfinis ganmeorebiTi an mravaljeradi
gamoyeneba iwvevs miCvevas da misdami ltolvas _ ~morfinizms~. mas
mohyveba fsiqiuri da sxva xasiaTis darRvevebi, pirovnebis
TandaTanobiTi da bolos sruli degradacia, rac udidesi socialuri
ubedurebaa. miCveva axasiaTebs kodeinsac da alkaloidebis jamur
preparats _ omnoponis hidroqloridsac (masSi 50% morfinia).

galantaminis mcenareuli wyaroebi

51
 mcenare. voronovis TeTryvavila _ Galanthus woronowii A. Losin., oj.
amarilisisebrni _ Amaryllidaceae, erTlebliani patara bolqvovani
mcenarea, Rero 20-25 sm simaRlisaa, odnav waxnagovani; foToli oria,
Rariani, xazuri an farTo xazuri, 20 sm-mde sigrZis, xasiaTdeba boloSi
CaCiT da sigrZeze naoWebiT, Ria mwvanea, amodis sifrifana ufoTlo
vaginidan. sayvavile mokle Reroze mxolod erTi yvavilia. yvavili didia
da sasiamovno sunis. yvavilsafris gareTa foTlebi mogrZo
kvercxisebria, Cazneqili, SigniTa foTlebi brtyelia gulisebr-
solisebri; yvela foToli araa erTi zomis. yvavilsafris SigniTa
foTlebi gareTaze ufro moklea, qvemodan gadakveTili laqiT. samtvre
Subisebria, Tavwawvetili sadgisisebri. naskvi sambudiani kvercxisebr
mogrZo. nayofi kolofia, Tesli TeTri danamatiTaa. TeTryvavilas
bolqvi msxvilia. yvavilobs adre gazafxulze I-III.
voronovis TeTryvavila saqarTvelos endemia, izrdeba mTis qveda
sartyelis tyeebsa da buCqebSi, tyis pirebze afxazeTSi, imereTSi,
aWaraSi, qarTlSi. mimdinareobs kvlevebi mcenaris kulturaSi Semotanis
mizniT.
nedleuli. bolqvebs amzadeben mcenaris dayvavilebis Semdeg.
bolqvi kiliania, 3 sm-mde diametris. garedan dafarulia muqi feris
qerqliT. aqvs mravali grZeli wvrili fesvi. samedicino mizniT
rekomendebulia foTlebis gamoyenebac.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. mcenaris yvela nawili Seicavs fenantridinis
jgufis alkaloidebs. bolqvSi maTi raodenoba 0, 5-1, 5%. mcenare
Seiswavles da alkaloidebi gamoyves n. proskurinam da l. areSkinam
(1947-52). ZiriTadia galantamini, romelic alkaloidebis jamSi TiTqmis
naxevaria. Seicavs agreTve galantins 0, 2-0, 3%, liqorins 0, 1%,
galantidins, galantamidins, tacetins. dadgenilia mTrimlavi
nivTierebebis, glikozidebis, lorwos, saxameblis arseboba. fesvebSi
moipoveba galantini, galantamidini da liqorini.

H3CO HO
HO
N CH3
N
O

HO
O
O

galantamini liqorini

52
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba. TeTryvavilas bolqvebidan iReben
preparatebs galantaminis hidrobromids _ saineqciod da liqorinis
hidroqlorids _ tabletebis saxiT. galantamins iyeneben miasTeniis,
kunTebis distrofiis, polinevritis, poliomielitis gadatanis Semdeg
narCeni movlenebis da radikulitis dros. aseve iyeneben kuWnawalavis
da Sardis buStis atoniis dros. liqorini aris amosaxvelebeli saSu-
aleba filtvebis da bronqebis qronikuli da mwvave anTebis dros. did
dozebSi iwvevs pirRebinebas. preparats inaxaven A-siiT (antidotia
atropini).
galantaminis sxva mcenareuli wyaroebi. galantaminze moTxovna
imdenad didi iyo, rom voronovis TeTryvavilas bolqvebi veRar
akmayofilebda mas, Tanac nedleuls gaCanagebis saSiSroeba Seeqmna.
bulgareTSi daiwyes analogiuri preparatis _ ~nivalinis~ gamoSveba
axlomdgomi saxeobis Tovlis saTovlias _ Galanthus nivalis L. bolqvebidan.
galantaminis mdidar wyarod iTvleba saqarTvelos endemi _ G. Krasnowii
A. Grossh. amave amarilisebrTa ojaxidan TeTri cxeniskbila _ Leucojum
aestivum L. (yirimis da kavkasiis endemia), gvari krinis _ Crinum da gvari
nargizis _ Narcissus L. warmomadgenlebi. gansakuTrebiT perspeqtiulia
saqarTveloSi mozardi TeTryvavilas danarCeni saxeobebi, romelTa
mizanmimarTuli kvleva 1962 w-dan mimdinareobs farmakognoziis
kaTedraze.
TeTri cxeniskbila mravalwlovani bolqvovani mcenarea. bolqvi
TeTryvavilaze didi zomisaa, farTo kvercxiseburi, monacrisfro
garsiT dafaruli. Rero ufoTloa, fesvTanuri foToli aTia, Reroze
ufro grZeli, xazuri formis. yvavilebi Sekrebilia (9-10 yvavilian)
qolgisebr yvaviledad. yvavilsafari TeTria, misi foTlebi eqvsia da
TeTryvavilasagan gansxvavebiT yvela erTi zomisaa, bologasqelebuli
da mwvane laqiT xasiaTdeba. nayofi msxlis moyvanilobisaa an mogrZo.
Tesli Ria ferisaa da niskartis msgavsi danamatiT. yvavilobs III-IV.
izrdeba tenian mindvrebsa da buCqnarebSi. zogjer naTesebSic. mcenares
ufro didi biomasa axasiaTebs da gavrcelebiTac aqvs upiratesoba.
saerTo gavrcelebis arealia imier-kavkasia, yirimi, xmelTaSuazRvis
mxare, mcire azia. saqarTveloSi _ guria, samegrelo, aWara, afxazeTi.
cxeniskbilas bolqvebi da miwiszeda nawili Seicavs alkaloidebs:
bolqvebSi _ 1, 2%, maT Soris galantamins 0, 5%, liqorins 0, 15%.

amJamad galantamins iReben ungernias saxeobebidan: Ungernia Victoris

Wed ex Artjushenko da U. Sewertzowii (Regel) B. Fe., oj. amarilisisebrni _
Amaryllidaceae.
viqtoris ungernia mravalwlovani bolqvovani mcenarea. Sua aziis
endems warmoadgens. axasiaTebs ganviTarebis Taviseburi cikli. adre
gazafxulze amodis foTlebi, romlebic zafxulisaTvis Wkneba, xolo 1-
2 Tvis Semdeg gamoCndeba ufoTlo sayvavile Rero qolgisebri
yvavilediT. bolqvebi didi aqvs 7-10 sm dametris, grZeli fesvebiT.

53
foTlebi fesvTanuria 7-10, xazuri, 30 sm sigrZis da 2-3 sm siganis.
yvavilebi martivi milisebri yvavilsafriT, moyviTalo-vardisferi,
SigniTa mxridan movardisfro-wiTeli zoliT. am saxeobis maragebi
Zlier mcirdeba, igi izrdeba gafantul jgufebad, aRdgena nela
warmoebs, amitom Setanilia ssrk ~wiTel wignSi~ da samedicino mizniT
mxolod foTlebs amzadeben. meores mxriv 1970 wlidan daiwyes misi
kultivireba bunebrivi zrdis adgilebSi.
severcovis ungerniac Sua aziis endemuri mcenarea. axasiaTebs
ganviTarebis analogiuri cikli. bolqvebi msxvilia, wagrZelebuli,
dafarulia naxSirisebr-Savi qerqlebiT. foTlebi xazuri, wvniani 20-25
sm sigrZis, RerZis mimarTulebiT odnav dagrexili. Rero 40 sm-mde
simaRlis; qolgisebr yvaviledSi 7-12 yvavilia agurisebr-wiTlad
Seferili.
orive saxeobis bolqvebSi alkaloidebis raodenoba 0,96% aRwevs,
foTlebSi 0, 61 - 1%. ZiriTadi alkaloidebia galantamini da liqorini.
foTlebidan gamoyofilia agreTve pankratini da sxva alkaloidebi.
viqtoris ungernias foTlebidan mzaddeba galantaminis hidrobromidi,
xolo severcovis ungernias foTlebidan _ liqorinis hidroqloridi.
preparatebis gamoyeneba igivea.

SiSveli stefanias tuberi fesvebiT

Tuber cum radicibus Stephaniae glabrae

mcenare. SiSveli stefania _ Stephania glabra (Roxb) Miers.(= S. rotunda

Lour.), oj. menispermasebrni _ Menispermaceae, orsaxliani mravalwlovani
liana mcenarea. Rero SiSveli, mrgvali, mcocavi, qveda nawilSi
gamerqnebuli. foTlebi msxvili 15-20 sm sigrZis, morigeobiTi,
momrgvalo, wverSi wamaxvilebuli, gluvi, grZelyunwiani. yvavilebi
momwvano-yviTeli, Tavdaqindrul qolga yvaviledad Sekruli. mamrobiTi
yvavilebi Sedgeba 6 Tavisufali, mogrZo-ovaluri, fuZesTan Seviwro-
ebuli jamisfoTlisagan da 3 ukukvercxisebri xorcovani furclisagan.
mdedrobiTi yvavilebi 3 jamisfoTliani da 3 furcliania. naskvi
martouli, zeda. nayofi wiTeli, burTisebri kurkana, wvniani
garenayofiT. fesvuri sistema warmodgenilia TiTqmis mrgvali
tuberebiT da misi qveda nawilidan gamosuli funja fsvebiT. erTi
tuberis masa mcenaris samSobloSi 20-30 kg, qobuleTSi
introduqcirebulis _ 10 kg, TbilisSi _ 8 kg-mde.
SiSveli stefania bunebriv pirobebSi izrdeba indoeTis tropikebsa
da subtropikebSi, adis zRvis donidan 1800-2100 m simaRlemde.
gavrcelebulia agreTve birmaSi, vietnamSi, iaponiaSi, samx. CineTSi.
saqrTvelos subtropikebSi _ qobuleTSi mcenare 1958 w Camoitanes
indoeTidan da daiwyes misi kulturis aTviseba. 1969 w ki safuZveli
Caeyara samrewvelo plantacias.

54
 nedleuli. saqarTveloSi kultivirebuli SiSveli stefanias 1-3
wliani tuberebis damzadebis optimaluri droa noembris dasawyisi da
ASua ricxvebi, rodesac nedleulis masa didia da alkaloidebis
(gindarinis fraqciis) Semcveloba maRalia. axladdamzadebul tuberebs
asufTaveben miwisagan, Wrian da aSroben 60-800 C-ze. saqarTvelos
mkvlevarebis mier rekomendebulia alkaloid cikleaninis nedleulad
axalgazrda SefoTlili totebis damzadeba imave periodSi.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. SiSveli stefanias miwisqveda da miwiszeda
nawilebi mdidaria izoqinolinis nawarmi alkaloidebiT. esenia
gindarini, gindarinini, gindaricini, stefarini, cikleanini, rotundini.
rogorc indoeTSi, ise saqarTveloSi damzadebul tuberebSi
alkaloidebis Semcveloba praqtikulad erTnairia da meryeobs 5-8%
farglebSi. TviT alkaloidebis Sedgeniloba ki gansxvavebulia.
bunebrivi zrdis adgilebSi mcenare producirebs ZiriTadad gindarins
(alkaloidebis jamis mimarT 30%) da stefarins, xolo cikleanini kvalis
saxiTaa. CvenSi kultivirebuli mcenare ki _ gindarins da cikleanins
(jamis mimarT 10%), stefarini ki saerTod ar producirdeba. miwiszeda
nawilebSi qobuleTis pirobebSi alkaloidebis raodenoba 1, 5-2% da
masSi dominantobs cikleanini.

CH3O
CH3O

N
CH3O N
CH3O
OCH3
OCH3

OCH3 OCH3

gindarini rotundini

CH3O

NH
CH3O

stefarini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. SiSveli stefanias tuberebidan fesvebiTurT

mzaddeba preparati gindarinis hidroqloridi. mas axasiaTebs sedatiuri,
adrenolituri da hipotenziuri moqmedeba. iyeneben centraluri nervuli
sistemis funqcionaluri darRvevisas, aRgznebis, nevrasteniis,
epilefsiuri fsiqozis, narkomaniisa da qronikuli alkoholizmis dros.

55
meore preparatia stefaglabrinis sulfati ampulebSi. ixmareba
periferiuli nervuli sistemis daavadebebisas, miopaTiis, miasTeniis,
poliomielitis narCeni movlenebis dros, saxis nervis damblisas.
SiSveli stefania Soreuli warsulidan gamoiyeneba indoeTis, vietnamis,
CineTis xalxur medicinaSi dizenteriis, tuberkulozis, bronquli
asTmis, malariis, gvelis nakbenis winaaRmdeg. amJamad rekomendebulia
meore saxeobis oTxmtvrianiani stefanias _ S. tetrandra S. Moore. Al-
kaloiduri preparati tetrandrini radikulitis, nevralgiis, arTritis
da anTebiTi daavadebebis sawinaaRmdegod. Preparatebi inaxeba B-siiT.

indolis nawarmi alkaloidebis

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

pasifloras balaxi _ Herba Passiflorae

mcenare. sisxlisferi pasiflora, vnebis yvavili _ Passiflora incarnata

L., oj. pasiflorasebrni _ Passifloraceae, metad originaluri balaxovani
lianaa. mxviara Rero 9 m-mde sigrZis, ylortebi wvrilia, SefoTlili da
spiralurad daxveuli ulvaSebiT. foTlebi morigeobiTi msxvili, 18 sm-
mde sigrZis, grZelyunwiani, samadgankveTili, foTlis kilebi
wamaxvilebulia, elifsuri formis, fuZesTan ori momrgvalo jirkvali
aqvs, foTlis kide wvriladxerxkbilaa. foTolo zevidan mwvanea, qveda
mxridan monacrisfro-mwvane, orive mxridan bususebiTaa dafaruli,
gansakuTrebiT ZarRvebis gayolebiT. yvavilebi martoulia, grZel
yvavilsajdomze, Zalian lamazi. yvavilebi 6 sm diametris, rgolisebr
ganlagebuli. gvirgvinis furclebis nacvlad mTeli gvirgvini
~moqargulia~ orrigad ganlagebuli 120-mde wvrili ~ZafiT~. wris
centrSi varskvlavisebraa ganwyobili 5 mtvriana gasqelebuli
boloebiT. maT zeviT amoSverilia 5 dingi. gvirgvini iisferia, gaSrobis
Semdeg xundeba. nayofi didia, ovaluri formis, wvniani, gemrieli
garenayofiT. jer mwvanea, simwifeSi momwvano-yviTel fers iRebs da cviva.
mcenare yvavilobs VII-VIII.
mcenaris samSobloa Crd. amerikis subtropikuli raionebi,
brazilia, meqsika, bermudis kunZulebi da sxv. saqarTvelos
subtropikebSi pasiflora dekoraciuli mizniT Semoitanes aseuli wlis
win. cnobilma farmakognostma _ introduqcionerma m. molodoJnikovma
is baTumSi SemTxveviT ~aRmoaCina~. mas Semdeg, 1930 wlidan daiwyo misi
kultivireba, xolo samrewvelo plantaciebis gaSeneba qobuleTSi 1960
wels ganxorcielda.
nedleuli. mcenaris miwiszeda nawils amzadeben zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi samjer – butonizaciis, yvavilobis da nayofianobis
fazebSi. aSroben haerze an mimarTaven Tbur Srobas 50-600 C.

56
 nedleuli warmoadgens 1-4 mm sisqis damtvreuli Reroebis,
ulvaSebis (pwkalebis) da foTlebis narevs, romelSic dasaSvebia
yvavilebis da umwifari nayofebis minarevi araumetes 8%. suni susti,
gemo momwaro.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. pasifloras balaxi Seicavs indolis nawarm
alkaloidebs harmans, harmins, harmols, norharmans (0,05%) ; cianoforul
glikozidebs, fisebs, qinonebs. Tbilisis midamoebSi kultivirebuli
mcenaris miwiszeda nawilidan farmakognoziis kaTedraze alkaloidebis
garda gamoyofilia flavonoidebi apigenini, luteolini, qvercetini da
kempferoli. dadgenilia 12-22 aminomJava, sadac dominantobs Tirozini,
valini, fenilalanini da glutamini. nayofebidan miRebulia Tavisufali
Saqrebi da organuli mJavebi, Teslebidan _ cximovani zeTi (20%),
fesvebidan ki kumarinebi _ umbeliferoni da skopoletini.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. saqarTveloSi kultivirebuli mcenaris
balaxidan mzaddeba nayeni da siTxovani eqstraqti. orive preparati
iwvevs centraluri nervuli sistemis damSvidebas, moqmedebs rogorc
sedatiuri saSualeba uZilobis, nevrasteniis, qronikuli alkoholizmis,
klimaqsuri darRvevebis da epilefsiis dros. axasiaTebs agreTve spazmo-
lituri moqmedeba. mkurnalobis kursi 1-2 Tve grZeldeba, 2-3 kviriani
dasvenebis Semdeg ki imeoreben.

Wvavis rqa _ Secale cornutum

mcenare. Wvavila_Claviseps purpurea Tulasne, oj. Clavicepitaceae, klasi

CanTiani sokoebi _ Ascomycetes, warmoadgens sokos, romelic
marcvlovani mcenareebis, upiratesad Wvavis parazitia. igi parazitobs
yvavilis naskvSi. medicinaSi gamoiyeneba sokos mosvenebis stadiaSi myofi
sxeuli _ sklerociumi.
Semodgomaze niadagSi moxvedrili, an beRelSi Senaxul WvavSi
Sereuli sklerociumi gadazamTrebis Semdeg Rivdeba da warmoSobs 10-
30 mewamuli feris stromas. isini mogrZo (1, 5-4 sm) fexze mjdomi mrgvali
sxeulebia, romlebSic zedapirTan axlos Camalulia elifsuri formis
wverosken Seviwroebuli periteciumebi. am ukanasknelSi moTavsebulia
viwro cilindruli askebi. TviTeul maTganSi ki 8-8 Zafisebri
askosporaa.
momwifebis Semdeg askebi gamoweven periteciumis xvrels gareT da
gadmoisvrian askosporebs, maT qari gafantavs, moxvdeba marcvlovanTa
dingze da daavadeben mas _ miceliumi SeiWreba ra naskvis RruSi
gadaaqcevs Tavis saTavsod da daSlis, warmoiSveba konidiosporebi.
erTdroulad aq gamoiyofa tkbili moyviTalo wveni _ ~cvartkbila~,
romelic Seicavs Saqrovan nivTierebebs da izidavs mwerebs. isini mwebav

57
siTxesTan erTad patara uferul konidiumebsac gadaitanen Wvavis sxva
janmrTel yvavilebze da iwveven maT daavadebas.
sokos miceliumis is nawili, romelic axlosaa naskvis budesTan
TandaTan gadaixlarTeba erTmaneTSi da patron- mcenareze momwifebis
fazisaTvis marcvlis nacvlad ganviTardeba sokos TeTri mogrZo da
msxvili sxeuli, axalgazrda sklerociumi, xolo hifebis gareTa nawili
pigmentaciis Sedegad muqi-iisferi xdeba. amrigad, soko gaivlis ganviTa-
rebis rTul cikls, romelic Sedgeba sami stadiisagan, esenia:
sklerocialuri, CanTovani da konidialuri. ganviTarebis es cikli
aRmoaCina da 1863 w aRwera tulasnem. marcvlis erT TavTavze zogjer 3-
4 sklerociumi Cndeba da mosavals abinZurebs.
saqarTveloSi Wvavis rqiT daavadebuli Wvavis didi naTesebi iyo
axalcixis, axalqalaqis, TeTriwyaros, borCalos r-nebSi (v. SoTaZe).
nedleuli. Wvavis rqas agroveben Wvavis TavTavebidan, an
marcvleulis galewvis Semdeg specialuri damaxarisxebeli manqanebiT
moacileben mas, gaSlian Txel fenad da aSroben haerze, an saSrobSi 40-
500 C-ze. saWiroa didi sifrTxile, radgan nedleuli metad mgrZnobiarea
maRali temperaturisadmi, 600-ze zeviT alkaloidebi iSleba. inaxaven
mSral, gril adgilas, an jer moacileben cximovan zeTs gamowvlilviT
da Semdeg inaxaven B-siiT.
Wvavilas sklerociumi mogrZo-samwaxnagovani, odnav moRunuli an
swori, orive boloze wawvetianebuli magari sxeulebia, sigrZiT 1-4, 5
sm, siganeSi 3-5 mm, garedan muqi an mura-iisferia, iSviaTad dafarulia
TeTri nafifqiT, gaswvrivad xSirad dakvalulia an ganivad
danapralebuli, gadanatexze gluvia, gulSi moTeTro, an odnav
mowiTalo-iisferi. suni sustia, Taviseburi, gemo zeTovani, motkbo-
usiamovno. alkaloidebis Semcveloba aranakleb 0,05%. nedleuli ar
unda iyos ruxi feris, daobebuli da Smoris suniT.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Wvavis rqa araa stabiluri produqti, masSi
arsebuli cximovani zeTi advilad mZaRdeba, alkaloidebi ganicdian
destruqcias da nedleuli kargavs keTilxarisxovnebas.
Wvavila zians ayenebs mosavals, meores mxriv misi sasaqonlo
nedleuli _ Wvavis rqa Sxamiania da pureulSi Serevisas saSiSi adamianis
janmrTelobisaTvis. Catarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad igi faqtiurad
gaqra. amitom 60-ian wlebSi daiwyes misi moSeneba mindvris parazituli
kulturis saxiT, Wvavis naTesebis dasenianebiT sokos garkveuli
Stamebis konidiosporebis suspenziiT, romlebsac zrdian xelovnur
sakveb niadagze. mimarTaven sxva meTodebsac. aRmoCnda, rom aseTi Wvavis
rqa bunebrivad mozardTan SedarebiT producirebs 10-jer met
alkaloidebs (0,5%). amJamad aTvisebulia samrewvelo saprofituli
kultura, ~vilr~-Si gamoiyvanes 4 Stami, sadac arCeviT Warbobs
ergotaminuli, ergotoqsinuli, ergokriptinuli da ergometrinuli
Stamebi.

58
 qimiuri Sedgeniloba. Wvavis rqa ZiriTadad Seicavs tetracikluri
SenaerTis _ lizerginis mJavis warmoebul da klavinis rigis indolur
alkaloidebs.

HOOC H HOH2C OH

N CH3 NH

N N
H H

lizerginis mJava peniklavini

lizerginis mJava warmoiSva heterocikluri aminomJavis

triptofanis da izoprenis _ C5H8 molekulis SeerTebis Sedegad.
meTilirebis, dekarboqsilirebis da ciklizaciis Sedegad ki
warmoiSobian e.w. klavinebi, romlebic Semdeg transformirdebian
lizerginis mJavebSi. yvela ergoalkaloidSi, garda ergometrinisa,
lizerginmJava dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva Sedgenilobis peptidebTan;
ergometrini (ergobazini) ki warmoadgens lizerginis mJavis SenaerTs
aminopropanolTan.
Wvavis rqaSi lizerginis mJavis nawarmebi warmodgenilia
stereoizomeruli SenaerTebis 9 wyviliT, maTgan marcxnivmbrunavi
alkaloidebi arian lizerginis mJavis nawarmebi da isini biologiurad
bevrad ufro atiuria, vidre marjvnivmbrunavi (izolizerginis mJavis
nawarmebi). Lizerginis mJavis warmoebul alkaloidebs yofen 4 tipad:
peptinuri rigis (ergotaminis, ergotoqsinis da sxv.), alkanolamiduri
tipis (ergometrini, ergometrinini), amiduri tipis (ergini, erginini),
karbinolamiduri tipis (-lizerginis mJavis meTilkarbinolamidi).
Wvavis rqa alkaloidebis garda Seicavs cximovan zeTs 35%-mde,
aminebs _ Tiramins, histamins; aminomJavebs _ valins, leicins;
alkilaminebs _ meTilamins, trimeTilamins, cilebs, Saqrebs, pigmentebs,
rZis mJavas.
Wvavis rqis alkaloidebis Seswavla jer kidev XIX s-Si daiwyes.
1906 w kraftma da sxv. SesZles ergotoqsinis izolireba kristaluri
saxiT. 1918 w Stolma aRwera 2 axali fuZe _ ergotamini da misi izomeri
ergotaminini. igive Stolma 1935 w. aRmoaCina alkaloidi ergometrini,
romelsac umniSvnelovanes moqmed nivTierebad miiCneven. alkaloidebis
struqturis dadgenaSi didia agreTve jekobsis, kreigis, smitis, Stolis
damsaxureba. SemdgomSi ganxorcielda alkaloidebis sinTezi da dRe-
isaTvis maT bazaze iReben Wvavis rqis sinTezur da naxevradsinTezur
preparats.

59
 CH2-R2

OH
O
CO HN N
O N
O
H
R3

N CH3

N
H

ergoalkaloidebi

R1 R2 R3

ergotamini _H _H _CH2C6 H5

ergozini _H _H _CH2CH(CH3)2

ergostini _CH2CH3 _H _CH2C6H5

ergokristini _CH3 _CH3 _CH2C6H5

ergokriptini _CH3 _CH3 _CH2CH(CH3)2

ergokornini _CH3 _CH3 _CH(CH3)2

CH3

CO NH CH

CH2OH
H

N CH3

ergobazini (ergometrini)

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. Wvavis rqis preparatebs ZiriTadad iyeneben

mean-ginekologiur praqtikaSi saSvilosnos SekumSvisaTvis da sisxlis
denis SemaCereblad saSualebebad. am mxriv metad efeqturia
ergometrinis maleati tabletebis da saineqcio xsnaris saxiT. iReben
ergotals, romelic alkaloidebis fosfatebis jamuri preparatia,
ergotaminis tartrats, igi Sedis spazmolizuri da damamSvidebeli
saSualebebis beloidis da belataminalis SedgenilobaSi, aseve
kofetaminis tabletebSi _ iyeneben hipotoniisa da Tavis tkivilisas.
ergokriptini gamoiyeneba sarZeve jirkvlis kibos sawinaaRmdego
sinTezuri preparatis parlodelis warmoebaSi. dehidrirebul
alkaloidebs warmetebiT xmaroben Tavis tvinis da periferiuli sisxlis
mimoqcevis darRvevis da hipertoniis dros. rac Seexeba klavinis rigis

60
alkaloidebs maT medicinaSi gamoyeneba ver hpoves. Wvavis rqa
popularulia homeopaTiaSic. ergotamins inaxaven A-siiT, ergometrins B-
siiT.
aucilebelia vicodeT, rom Wvavis rqa da misi preparatebi
saWiroeben did sifrTxiles, radgan iwveven daavadebis e. w.
~ergotizmis~ movlenebs _ periferiuli sisxlis mimoqcevis moSlas da
kidurebis qsovilebis dazianebas. mowamvlas iwvevs Wvavis rqis
minareviani puris xangrZlivi gamoyeneba. daavadeba mJRavndeba ori
formiT: gangrenozuli ergotizmSi _ adgili aqvs kapilarebis Seuqcevad
Seviwroebas, kidurebis qsovilebi veRar ikvebeba, Savdeba da kvdeba.
erTdroulad A vitaminis ukmarisobisas ganviTardeba konvulsiuri
forma, romelic zogjer sikvdiliT mTavrdeba. fqvilSi Wvavis rqis
minarevs ikvleven hofmanis meTodiT.

rauvolfias fesvi _ Radix Rauwolfiae

mcenare. gvelisebri rauvolfia_Rauwolfia serpentina Benth., oj.

qendirisebrni_Apocynaceae, mravalwlovani maradmwvane naxevradbuCqia 1 m-
mde simaRlis. xasiaTdeba rZe-wvenis producirebiT. Rero ramodenimea
dautotavi, dafarulia Ria feris qerqiT. foTlebi lanceta, odnav
wawvetili, SiSveli, priala, sqeli. 3-4 foToli rgoluradaa ganla-
gebuli Reroze. yunwi moklea. yvavilebi wvrili, muqi vardisferi,
iSviaTad TeTri Sekrebili qolgisebr yvaviledad. gvirgvini milisebri,
5 momrgvalo gadanaRuniT. jamis foTlebi da yvavilebis yunwebi kaSkaSa
wiTeli. samtvre mili SuaSi gaberili da maszea mimagrebuli mtvrianebi.
nayofi wiTeli, Sedgeba 2 wvniani kurkianasgan, romlebic Suamde
Sezrdilia. mcenare inviTarebs Zlier fesur sistemas. fesura moklea.
fesvebi RerZuli 2-3 m sigrZis. ZiriTadi fesvebidan niadagis sxvadasxva
siRrmeze gamodis gverdiTi ufro wvrili da grZeli fesvebi.
rauvolfia izrdeba nestiani subtropikuli tyeebis
ganapiras_indoeTSi, birmaSi, indoneziaSi, Sri-lankaSi. samrewvelo
plantaciebia iqve indoeTSi, sadac uZvelesi droidan iyeneben. CvenTan ki
Savi zRvis sanapiroze qobuleTSi introduqciis mizniT rauvolfias 20-
mde saxeobaze 30 wlis win daiwyes cdebi, magram mcenaris zrda-
ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT fesvis reproduqcia Zalze nela
mimdinareobs da maTi aklimatizacia dRemde ver xerxdeba. msoflio
floraSi iTvlian rauvolfias 150 saxeobas. TiTqmis yvela maTgani
gamokvlelulia medicinaSi gamoyenebis mizniT.
nedleuli. samedicino nedleuls warmoadgens fesvebi. velurad-
mozard mcenaridan amzadeben mTlianad fesur sistemas, xolo
plantaciebze ki Txrian mxolod fesvebs 3-4 wlis Semdeg. acileben miwas,

61
RerZul da gverdiT fesvebs Wrian cilindrul naWrebad. aSroben Ria
cis qveS an saSrob karadebSi.
fesvebis naWrebi dafarulia mura feris korpiT, emCneva sigrZivi
naoWebi. gadanatexze fesvis didi nawili yviTlad Seferil merqans
uWiravs, qerqis zona ki bevrad viwroa, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
masSia lokalizebuli alkaloidebi, amitom qerqmocilebuli fesvebis
naWrebis arseboba nedleulis defeqts warmoadgens. fesvebis gadanatexi
sworia, boWkoebis gareSe. suni usiamovno. gemos ar usinjaven, Sxamiania!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. bolo monacemebiT mcenaridan gamoyofilia
50-meti indoluri alkaloidi. maTi raodenoba meryeobs 1-2 % farglebSi.
alkaloidebis jamSi dominantobs rezerpini (10%), mniSvnelovania
aimalini, serpentini, ioximbini, serpagini, rescinamini, dezerpidini da
sxv. mcenaridan 1952 w gamoyves rezerpini, romelic farmakologiurad
aqtiuri alkaloidi aRmoCnda. rezerpinis wyarod iyeneben rauvolfias
sxva saxeobebsac: R. vomitoria Afr., R. tetraphylla L = R. canescens L., R. micrantha Hook.,
R. heterophylla Roem da sxv., romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi
izrdeba.

H
H3CO N
N
H
H OCH3
H
O C OCH3
H3C O C
OCH3 O OCH3
O

rezerpini

HO

+
N
N
N OH
N

CH3
C2H5 CH3COO O

aimalini serpentini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. iyeneben zogierT individualur alkaloids,

aseve jamur preparats. rezerpini miekuTvneba tranqvilizatorebs _
uniSnaven hipertoniis da rogorc saZiles fsiqonevrozebis dros.
aseTive daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba preparati raunatini, romelic
rezerpinis, serpentinis, aimalinis da sxv alkaloidebis jams Seicavs
90%-mde. sazRvargareT uSveben analogiur preparatebs _ rauvazans da
sxv. mniSvnelovania preparati aimalini. man gamoyeneba hpova, rogorc
efeqturma antiariTmiulma saSualebam: aaqtivebs miokardis
agznebadobas, xsnis mocimcime ariTmiis Setevebs. rauvolfias
preparatebi inaxeba B-siiT.

62
 patara gvelis suros balaxi _ Herba Vincae minoris

mcenare. patara gvelis suro _ Vinca minor L., oj. qendirisebrni _

Apocynaceae, maradmwvane naxevradbuCqia. yvavilis matarebeli Reroebi
(generaciuli) swormdgomia 20-40 sm simaRlis, vegetaciuri Reroebi _
horizontaluri, miwaze garTxmuli, dafesvianebis unariani. foTlebi
mopirispire an 3 erTad ganlagebuli, elifsuri formis wamaxvilebuli
wveriT. yvavilebi msxvili (ganSi 2-3 sm), erTeuli, grZel yvavil-
sajdomze, foTlebis ubeebSi moTavsebuli. jami furcelSezrdili,
gvirgvini Zabrisebri, muqi-lurji, gadanaRuni RrmadxuTadgankveTili.
nayofi mwvane 7-8 sm sigrZis orfoTlura, TviTeulSi 1-2 Teslia.
mcenare izrdeba farTofoTlovan tyeebSi, buCqnarTa Soris, mSral
ferdobebze yirimSi, baltiispireTSi, ukrainaSi, belorusiasa da
moldovaSi. gvxvdeba yofil ssrk evropuli nawilis samx. da samx. das.
raionebSi. bevrgan Semotanilia kulturaSi. saqarTveloSi ar gvxvdeba.

gvari Vinca aerTianebs 7 saxeobas, aqedan saqarTveloSi izrdeba

balaxovani gvelis suro _ V. herbacea Waldst et Kit da bususovani gvelis
suro _ V. pubescens D’urv.
balaxovani gvelis suro mravalwlovani mcenarea, Rero
ramodenimea, amaTgan zogi nayofiania, zogi unayofo, magram yvela miwaze
garTxmuli an odnav wamoweuli, SiSveli foTlebi TiTqmis mjdomarea,
qveda _ kvercxiseburi an momrgvalo-kvercxiseburi, zeda _ mogrZo-
lanceta formis, fuZesTan gafarTovebuli, wverze momrgvalebuli an
Seviwrovebuli SiSveli, kideebze xaoiani. yvavilebi foTlis iRliebSi
ganwyobili, martouli, didi zomis. gvirgvini lurji-iisferia an TeTri,
jamis nakvTebi gvirgvinze odnav mokle, xazur-lanceta, wamaxvilebuli,
iSviaTad kide wamwamebiani. nayofi orfoTlura. aqvs mokle fesura,
romlisganac mravalricxovani Tasmisebri fesvebi viTardeba. mcenare
yvavilobs IV-V.
bususovani gvelis suros Rero mravalia, maTgan unayofo Zalian
grZelia, garTxmuli an aRmavali; sayvavile Rero swormdgomia,
gafarCxuli bewvebiT mofenili. foTlebi mokleyunwiania, kideebsa da
orive mxareze ZarRvebis gayolebiT iseTive bewvebiT mofenili,
kvercxisebri an kvercxisebr-lanceta formis, fuZesTan xSirad
momrgvalebulia, iSviaTad gulisebri, blagvwveriani an wverisken
waziduli. yvavilebi didi zomis foTlebis iRliebSi ganwyobili, mar-
touli, grZelyunwiani; jamis nakvTebi xazur-sadgisisebria, kideebze
wamwamebiani, maxvilwveriani. gvirgvinis furclebi ukukvercxisebri an
rombisebri, molurjo an iSviaTad TeTri feris. nayofi orfoTlura,
romelic muclis nawiburze ixsneba, mogrZoa 2-2, 5 sm sigrZis, odnav
rkalisebr moxrili, Tesli cilindrulia yavisferi, danaoWebuli.
mcenare yvavilobs III-VIII.

63
 pirveli saxeoba izrdeba mTis qveda da Sua sartyelSi buCqnarebs
Soris da mSral ferdobebze, ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, qiziySi, xSiria Tbilisis midamoebSi mcxeTa-
saguramoSi, axaldabaSi, SiraqSi. saerTo gavrcelebis arealia Sua da
samx. aRm. evropa, mcire azia, irani, erayi. farTodaa gavrcelebuli
ukrainasa da Crd. kavkasiaSi. Sebusvili gvelis suro xarobs mTis Sua
sartyelamde mxolod das. saqarTveloSi, raWa-leCxumSi, samegreloSi,
imereTSi, aWarasa da afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos gareT ki – yirimSi.
gvelis suros saqarTveloSi mozardi saxeobebi qimiuri da
farmakologiuri TvalTaxedviT Rrmadaa gamokvleuli qarTvel
mecnierTa mier, maTgan mowodebuli ramdenime preparati jerjerobiT
araa danergili medicinaSi. amisda miuxedavad, am saxeobebis cnoba
bunebaSi da rogorc indoluri alkaloidebis potenciuri samamulo
wyaroebis codna aucilebelia momavali specialistebisaTvis.
nedleuli. patara gvelis suros balaxs amzadeben yvavilobis da
nayofianobis fazaSi. mcenare yvavilobas iwyebs martis bolo – aprilis
dasawyisidan. imavdroulad intensiurad izrdeba ylortebi da foTlebi,
romlebic, maisis dasasrulisTvis normalur zomebs aRwevs. mcenare
ganmeorebiT yvavilobs keTilsasurvel pirobebSi zafxulis Sua ric-
xvebSi, Crd. kavkasiaSi adgili aqvs mesame yvavilobasac. yvavilobis
msgavsad nayofianobac gaWianurebulia _ ivnisi-agvisto.
nedleulis saxiT amzadeben balaxs, mas Wrian namgliT, sekatoriT
an celiT niadagidan 3-5 sm daSorebiT, Semdeg asufTaveben gayviTlebuli
foTlebis, ylortebis da sxva mcenareebis minarevisagan. dauSvebelia
dafesvianebuli vegetaciuri ylortebis mowyveta an mcenaris amoTxra
fesvebianad, aseve dauSvebelia imave teritoriaze nedleulis damzadeba
3 welze adre. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi nazardebi ganadgurdeba. balaxs
aSroben haerze an mimarTaven Termul Srobas 40-500 temperaturaze.
sst moTxovniT nedleuli warmoadgens Reroebs yvavilebiT an maT
gareSe, foTlebi priala-tyavisebria, mTelkidiani, ramdenadme qveviT
Caxveuli, sigrZiT 3-5 sm, siganeSi 1-3 sm. foTlebi zevidan muqi mwvanea,
qveda mxridan _ ufro Ria feris. Reroebi Ria-mwvane. suni _ ar aqvs,
gemos ar usinjaven.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. balaxSi dadgenilia indoluri
alkaloidebis jami. maTgan gamoyofilia 20-ze meti SenaerTi: vinkamini
(minorini), izovinkamini, vinkaminini, vincinini, rezerpini, izomaidini,
aquamicini, garda amisa, gamoyofilia vinkaminorini da misi izomeri
vinkaminoreini, pervicini, vinkamidini da sxv. garda alkaloidebisa,
balaxi Seicavs flavonoidebidan robinins, aseve leikoanTocianebs,
ursolis mJavas.
alkaloidebiT mdidaria gvelis suros yvela saxeoba.
safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili TurqmeneTSi mozardi didi gvelis suro _

64
V. major L., uzbekeTSi mozardi swori gvelis suro _ V. erecta Rgl. et Schmalh
da gansakuTrebiT tropikebSi mozardi da saqarTveloSi
aklimatizirebuli vardisferi gvelis suro, anu vardisferi
kaTarantusi _ V. rosea L. (Syn. Catharanthus roseus G. Don.) _ am saxeobas
ganvixilavT calke. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos floris saxeobas,
romlebic zemoT ukve davaxasiaTeT, saq. mecn. akad. farmakoqimiis
institutSi Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze balaxovani gvelis
surodan gamoyofili da identificirebulia 12 alkaloidi. maTgan
axalia _ vinkarini, herbadini, herbamini. cnobili alkaloidebia _
rezerpinini, maidini, izomaidini, tebersonini da sxv. bususovan gvelis
suroSi aseve dadgenilia da gamoyofili indoluri alkaloidebi
maidini, izomaidini, karapanaubini, maioridini, vinkamaini da vinkamini (v.
vaCnaZe da TanamSromlebi).

H
N
N
HO

H3 COOC
C2 H5

vinkamini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. patara gvelis suros balaxis alkaloidebis

gasufTavebuli jamidan amzadeben preprat vinkanors, aseve mis
sazRvargareTul analogebs _ preparat vinkamins da vinkapans (ungreTi,
bulgareTi). isini amJRavneben sisxlZarRvTa gamaganierebel, hipotenziur
da zomierad sedatiur moqmedebas. aumjobeseben tvinSi Jangbadis
miwodebas. iyeneben hipertoniis sawyisi formebis dros, tvinSi sisxlis
mimoqcevis darRvevis, iSemiuri insultis da nevrogenuli sinusuri
taqikardiis dros. alkaloid vinkaminis naxevradsinTezuri nawarmia
vinpocetini (kavintoni), romelic Seqmnes ungrelma mecnierebma,
preparats axasiaTebs moqmedebis ufro farTo speqtri. homeopaTiaSi
xmaroben axladdamzadebul balaxs saSvilosnodan sisxldenis da Tavis
Tmiani nawilis egzemis sawinaaRmdegod.
adre balaxovani gvelis suros alkaloidebi rekomendebuli iyo,
rogorc wnevis damwevi saSualebebi. saqarTveloSi Catarebuli
gamokvlevebiT maT damatebiT aRmoaCndaT kargad gamoxatuli simsivnis
sawinaaRmdego da gansakuTrebiT leikopoezis stimulaciis efeqti, rac
mas xdis perspeqtiul samkurnalo mcenared.

65
 vardisferi kaTarantusis foToli_Folium Catharanthi rosei

mcenare. vardisferi kaTarantusi, vardisferi gvelis suro _

Catharanthus roseus G. Don. (Syn. Vinca Rosea L.), oj. qendirisebrni _ Apocynaceae.
tropikebSi bunebrivad mozardi mcenare maradmwvane, swormdgomi an
garTxmuli naxevradbuCqia 75 sm-mde simaRlis. foTlebi mopirispire,
mogrZo-ovaluri, an fuZesTan momrgvalebuli, mokleyunwiani. yvavilebi
msxvili, xuTwevriani, furcelgancalkevebuli, 2-4 erTad Sekrebili
totebis wverSi. gvirgvini milisebri, farTo gadanaRuniT TeTridan
moiisfro-vardisferamde, jami mwvane, xuTi jamis foToliT. nayofi
namgliseburad moxrili 5 sm-mde sigrZis, muqi-yavisferi, or-foTlura.
Teslebi Savia.
kaTarantusis samSobloa k. iava da k. madagaskari. izrdeba
indoeTSi, indoneziaSi, afrikaSi, kubaSi, kolumbiaSi. aSeneben
tropikuli da subtropikuli klimatis bevr qveyanaSi, rogorc
dekoraciul da samkurnalo mcenares. samrewvelo plantaciebia
floridaSi, afrikaSi, avstraliaSi. saqarTveloSi Savi zRvis sanapiroze
qobuleTSi indoeTidan Semoitanes p. kibalCiCma da n. ickovma 1958 w,
samrewvelo mizniT ki aSeneben 1977 wlidan erTwliani kulturis saxiT.
mcenare kargad Seegua Cveni qveynis subtropikebs da metad produqtiuli
aRmoCnda _ mSrali balaxis mosavali 1 h 1350 kg qobuleTSi da 985 kg
Sua xorgaSi. aSenebden agreTve krasnodaris mxareSi da yazaxeTSi.
nedleuli. samedicino mizniT amzadeben foTlebs da balaxs
masiuri yvavilobisas da meore rigis totebis nayofianobis dasawyisSi.
balaxs Wrian niadagidan 10-15 sm daSorebiT, acileben uxeS totebs da
Reros, aSroben haerze CrdilSi an saSrob karadebSi 40-500
temperaturaze da kvlav gaasufTaveben. nedleuli Sxamiania!, inaxaven B-
siiT.
foTlebi prialaa, 12 sm-mde sigrZis, muqi-mwvane, kargad gamoxatuli
daZarRviT da qveda mxridan mcired Sebusvili.
plantaciis racionaluri gamoyenebis mizniT SesaZlebelia
fesvebis damzadebac.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. vardisferi kaTarantusis balaxidan
dReisaTvis indolis jgufis 80-ze meti alkaloidia gamoyofili, maTgan
26 dimeruli fuZea, romelTac aqvT indol-indolinuri struqtura,
maTgan mTavaria vinblastini (vinkaleikoblastini 0, 005%), vinkristini
(vinkaleikokristini 0,001%), leirozini (vinleirozini), leirozidini
(vinkazidini), aseve vindezini, rovidini, leikokristini, leirozivini da
sxv. vinblastini gamoyves 1958 w, xolo vinkristini _ 1963 w. monomeruli
fuZeebidan mTavaria kaTaranTini, vindolini, aseve aris rezerpinuli
alkaloidebi aimalicini (raubazini 0, 1%), serpentini, lixnerini,

66
vindolinini. foTlebSi moipoveba loganini da dioqsiloganini,
monoterpenuli glikozidebi, eTerovani zeTi, romelic mdidaria
aromatuli aldehidebiT da spirtebiT. alkaloidebi moipoveba fesvur
sistemaSic.
mcenareSi alkaloidebis jamis raodenoba maqsimums aRwevs masiuri
yvavilobis fazaSi (1%), xolo 6 dominanti alkaloidis Semcveloba _
masiuri nayofianobis dros. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi
kultivirebuli vardisferi kaTarantusis balaxSi yvelaze metad
sinTezirdeba vindolini da leirozini. alkaloidebis jamis Semcveloba
0,38-0,8%, xolo fesvebSi _ ZiriTadad producirebs aimalini.
vardisferi kaTarantusis alkaloidebi imdenad mniSvnelovania
Tanamedrove medicinisaTvis, rom maTi miRebisaTvis mecnierebma
SeimuSaves mcenaris organoebis da ujredebis kulturis
bioteqnologiuri meTodi.

CH2-CH3
N
OH

N
H C-O-CH3

H3C-O O

R=CH3 _ vinblastini

R-N R=CHO _ vinkristini

HO
N
H3CO-C
O
O CH2
C CH3
H3C
O

N
N O CO CH3
H OH
CH3
CH3OOC
CH3OOC

kaTaranTini vindolini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. balaxidan amzadeben ramodenime praparats.

metad mniSvnelovania rozevini, romelic warmoadgens ZiriTadad
vinblastinis da vinkristinis jamur preparats. gamodis sulfatis saxiT.
is citostatikuri saSualebaa. axasiaTebs simsivnis sawinaaRmdego
aqtivoba. axdens mitozis blokirebas metafazis stadiisas. Trgunavs
leikopoezs da trombocitopoezs, mcired moqmedebs eriTropoezze.
iyeneben limfo- da retikulo-sarkomis, qronikuli leikemiis, bronqebis

67
da sakvercxeebis kibos dros. ufro farTod gamoiyeneba simsivnis
kompleqsur qimioTerapiaSi. ungreTSi awarmoeben analogiur preparatebs
_ vinblastins da vinkristins. es ukanaskneli Tavisi struqturiT da
moqmedebis meqanizmiT axlosaa vinblastinTan. ZiriTadad iyeneben
leikozis, neiroblastomis, limfogranulomatozis, melanomis, sarZeve
jirkvlis simsivnis kompleqsur TerapiaSi. rogorc Sxamians inaxaven A-
siiT.

quCulas Tesli _ Semen Strychni

mcenare. quCula, striqnosi _ Strychnos nux vomica L. oj.

loganiasebrni _ Loganiaceae, tanmorCili xea mopirispired ganlagebuli
ovaluri foTlebiT. yvavilebi ulamazo, wvrili, momwavno, milisebri
gvirgviniT, naxevradqolgebad Sekrebili foTlebis ubeSi. nayofi didi,
sferosebri, narinjisfer-wiTeli. misi kani magaria, mezokarpiumi ufero
labisebri rbilobia, rolmelSic 2-6 Teslia moTavsebuli.
quCula izrdeba mTel tropikul aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT indoeTSi,
vietnamSi, Crd. avstraliaSi. misi Tesli CvenTvis saimporto nedleulia.
nedleuli. Teslebs agroveben simwifeSi-nayofianobis fazaSi.
Tesli mrgvalia da brtyeli, zogjer nawilobriv gamrudebuli, erTi
mxridan odnav amozneqili, meoredan _ nawilobriv Cazneqili, 1,5 sm
diametris da 3-6 mm sisqis. Tesli Zlier myaria, nacrisferi an mura-
nacrisferi, garedan abreSumisebr-priala mikruli mravalricxovani
bewvebis gamo. Teslis birTvi rZisebr-TeTria, 2 gulisebri lebaniT da
CanasaxiT. Teslis centrSi SeimCneva Wipi patara borcobis saxiT, misgan
radialuri mimarTulebiT gaWimulia lilvaki, romelic bewvebis
SeerTebiTaa warmoqmnili. Tesli usunoa, Sxamiani da amitom gemos ar
usinjaven!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. Tesli Seicavs indolis rigis aranakleb 8
alkaloids 2-3%, maTgan mTavaria striqnini (45-55% jamis mimarT) da
brucini. orive gamoyves 1818 w pelatiem da kaventum, xolo empiriuli
formula dadginda 1939 w. danarCeni alkaloidebi (0, 1%) _ vomicini,  -
da  - kolubrinebi da sxv. farmakologiurad umoqmedoa. TeslSi
moipoveba agreTve glikozidi loganini. striqninis wyaros warmoadgens
gvari Strychnos-is sxva saxeobebis Teslebic, gansakuTrebiT ~wminda
egnates parkebi~ _ Faba Santi Ignati, romelSic metia striqnini (3%) da
Seicavs indolis jgufis alkaloids _ diabolins, isrebis uZlieres
Sxams. striqnins iReben quCulas sxva saxeobebis merqnis an fesvis
qerqidanac.

68
 R1
N

R2 N

O O

R1 R2

striqnini H H

brucini OCH3 OCH3

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. striqninis nitrati centraluri nervuli

sistemis aRmgznebi, matonizirebeli saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT
moqmedebs ConCxis kunTebze. efeqturia, rodesac organizmSi nivTierebaTa
cvlis procesi daqveiTebulia intoqsikaciis da infeqciebis Sedegad,
ixmareba agreTve gulis muSaobis modunebis da hipotoniis dros. didi
dozebi iwvevs Zlier mtkivneul tetanur krunCxvebs. Teslebidan iReben
eqstraqts da nayens. striqnosis preparatebi gamoiyeneba homeopaTiaSi.
nedleuli da preparatebi inaxeba A-siiT.

purinis nawarmi alkaloidebis

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

yavis Tesli _ Semen Coffeae

mcenare. yavis xe _ Coffea arabica L. oj. endrosebrni _ Rubiaceae,

maradmwvane 8-10 m simaRlis xe an buCqia, grZeli gaSlili moqnili
ReroebiT. foTlebi 5-20 sm sigrZis da 1, 5-5 sm siganisaa, mTelkidiani,
odnav talRovani da mokleyunwiani, mopirispired ganlagebuli.
yvavilebi furclebSezrdili, TeTri, surnelovani, 3-7 moTavsebulia
foTlebis ubeebSi. nayofi kenkra burTiseburi an ovaluri, 1-1,5 sm
diametris, wiTeli orTeslura. mcenare yvavilobs da nayofianobs mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi.
yavis xe velurad izrdeba aRm. da das. afrikaSi, eTiopiaSi _ zRvis
donidan 1600-2000 m simaRleze, sadac provincia kaffeSi dRemdea
SemorCenili misi tyeebi. kulturaSia yvela tropikul qveyanaSi.
samrewvelo mizniT aSeneben samx. amerikaSi, braziliaSi. msoflio
plantaciebis 90% modis arabeTis yavis xeze. masze ufro sicxegamZlea
C. canephora Pierre. sxvadasxva regionSi aSeneben da iyeneben C. liberica Hiern.,
C. Mokko Hard. da sxv. 90-iani wlebisaTvis msoflio awarmoebda 5 milion

69
tona yavis Tesls, aqedan braziliaze modioda 1 milion tonaze meti.
msoflio masStabiT yavis xes meti farTobi uWiravs vidre Cais buCqs.
nedleuli. yavis mwife, alublisebr wvnian nayofebs agroveben
ZiriTadad xeliT da gadaamuSaveben sxvadasxva teqnologiiT. e.w. mSrali
wesiT damuSavebis dros maT gaaSroben mzeze da Txel myife garenayofs
acileben manqanebiT. sveli wesiT ki mxolod axladdakrefil, nedl
nayofebs asufTaveben, maT gaatareben specialur manqanebSi da Tesls
mocilebul rbilobs Carecxaven wylis Zlieri nakadiT.
yavis Teslebi myaria, ovaluri formis, Ria nacrisferi;
Sebrtyelebul mxares emCneva Rrma Rari. Tesli dafarulia
~vercxlisferi~ an ~pergamentuli~ garsiT, romelic damuSavebisas
advilad scildeba. Teslebi usunoa. mware gemosi. maT moxmarebis win
moxalaven 2000 temperaturaze, ris Sedegad iZens damaxasiaTebel
sasiamovno suns da yavisfers.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. Tesli Seicavs 0, 7-2% kofeins, misi
raodenoba damokidebulia yavis saxeobaze. saukeTesoa yava ~mokko~,
bevrad naklebia kofeini liberiis yavaSi (1, 3%-mde), garda amisa,
TeslebSi moipoveba mTrimlavi nivTierebebi 20%, cilebi 11%, Saqrebi 7%,
cximovani zeTi 13%, trigonelini (nikotinis mJavas meTilbetaini),
qlorogenis mJava, mineraluri nivTierebebi. aRniSnul nivTierebaTa
umetesoba orjer mcirdeba Teslebis gadamSavebisas.

H3C N N CH3

O N N

CH3

(1, 3, 7 - trimeTilqsantini) kofeini

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. yavis moqmedeba centrlur nervul sistemaze

eTiopiis mwyemsebs SeumCneviaT, radgan Txebi da cxvrebi, romlebic yavis
veluri jiSis Teslebs Wamdnen aRar iZinebdnen da daxtodnen. kofeini
moqmedebs rogorc fsiqomotoruli stimulatori, misi Seyvana
organizmSi an yavis daleva amaRlebs gonebriv da fizikur Sromisu-
narianobas, amcirebs daRlilobis da Zilis SegrZnebas; misi gavleniT
Zlierdeba gulis muSaoba, iyeneben Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvTa spazmebis,
narkotikebiT da sxva SxamebiT mowamvlis dros. igi Sedis mraval
kombinirebul tabletebsa da fxvnilebSi. kofeinis saSualo doza

70
didebisaTvis aris 0,05-0,1 g dReSi 2-3-jer. 1 Cais kovzi yavis moxarSvisas
adamiani iRebs 0,1-0,15 g kofeins.

Cais foToli _ Folium Theae

mcenare. Cinuri Cais buCqi _ Thea sinensis L.(= Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze),
oj. Caisebrni _ Theaceae, maradmwvane 10 m simaRlis xea an buCqi. foTlebi
morigeobiTi, elifsuri, tyavisebri, kidedakbiluli. axalgazrda,
axladgaSlili foTlebi (Cinurad ~bai-xo~) dafarulia vercxlisferi
bususebiT. Zveli foTlebi ki mciredaa Sebusvili. yvavilebi TeTri an
vardisferi, didi zomis, surnelovani, 2-4 erTad ganlagebuli foTlebis
ubeebSi. nayofi 3-5 sagduliani, kolofi, romelSic 3 msxvili,
burTisebri Teslia.
saxeoba _ Cinuri Cais buCqi diferencirebulia mraval
saxesxvaobad, romelTa kidev met populaciebs aSeneben msoflios bevr
qveyanaSi.
mcenaris samSobloa samx. das. CineTi, indoCineTi da mimdebare
vietnamis da birmis raionebi. CineTSi IV s ukve daiwyes misi moSeneba,
evropaSi Cai cnobili gaxda XVI s-dan. Cais didi plantaciebia indoeTSi,
Sri-lankaSi, pakistanSi, iranSi. Cais buCqis aTvisebas saqarTveloSi 1848
wlidan misdevdnen moyvarulebi, xolo samrewvelo kultivirebas 1898 w
Caeyara safuZveli CaqvSi, sadac daiwyes prof. a. krasnovis da prof. a.
tixomirovis xelmZRvanelobiT mowyobili eqspediciebis mier Camotanili
Cais TeslebiTa da CiTilebiT moSeneba.
90-iani wlebisaTvis msoflioSi awarmoebdnen 2 milion 290 t Cais,
pirveli adgili eWira indoeTs, sadac 628 aTasi t modioda, Semdeg iyo
CineTi _ 486 aTasi t. Cais buCqma saqarTveloSi meore samSoblo hpova,
eWira 70 aTas heqtaramde farTobi da qarTuli Cai ssrk 200 milioniani
mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebs 80%-iT akmayofilebda, awvdida 150 aTas
tonas. baTumSi i. quTaTelaZis iniciativiT aSenda kofeinis qarxana
(SemdegSi qim. farm. qarxana), sadac Cais buCqis gadanasxlavisa da Cais
warmoebis narCenebisagan iRebdnen kofeins (gamosavali Seadgenda 120 kg)
da preparat Tealbins _ Cais taninebisagan.
nedleuli. Cais foTols CvenSi krefen mart-aprilidan da
grZeldeba noembramde. axalgazrda totebs aclian zeda 3 foTols _
duys, xolo meoTxe foTols da kvirts toveben xeluxleblad, raTa
misgan kvlav ganviTardes axali ylorti. foTlebis damzadebas
awarmoeben xeliT an meqanizirebuli wesiT. axladmokrefili foTlebi
mwarea, aqvs ~balaxis suni~ da arafriT ar hgavs mosaxmar Cais. fleSebis
gadamuSaveba rTuli teqnologiuri procesia. igi moicavs ramodenime
stadias: daWknobas, dagrexvas, fermentacias, Srobas, Cais masis

71
daxarisxebas da kupaJirebas. mxolod am etapebis, gansakuTrebiT ki
fermentaciis sworad Catareba ganapirobebs e.w. Savi Cais maRal xarisxs.
mas uCndeba aromati, gemo da sxva Tvisebebi _ e.w. Cais ~buketi~. am
procesis dros damJangveli fermentebis zegavleniT galis mJava
gardaiqmneba mura-wiTeli feris wyalSixsnad pigmentebad, xolo
kateqinebis daJangviT warmoiqmneba spilenZisfer-wiTeli Seferadeba. rac
Seexeba Cais gemos formirebas, is dakavSirebulia daJanguli da
dauJangavi mTrimlavi nivTierebebis Sefardebaze. ferment
polifenoloqsidazis moqmedebiT kateqinebis da mTrimlavi
nivTierebebis sxva fraqciebi iJangeba da xels uwyobs surnelovani
SenaerTebis warmoqmnas.
mwvane Cais misaRebad, gacxelebiT aRweven fermentebis inaqtivacias,
amitom misi organolepturi maCveneblebi da fenoluri nivTierebebis
Semcveloba natiuria.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. Cais foToli Seicavs purinul alkaloidebs,
ZiriTadad kofeins 1-3%, Teofilins; mTrimlav nivTierebebs 20-28%,
eTerovan zeTs, flavonoidebs, vitaminebs : C, B1, B2, nikotinis da
pantoTenis mJavebs. ~Cais taninebad~ iwodeba kateqinebi da maTi nawarmebi.
aseTia 9 nivTiereba, romelTa Soris dominantobs (±±)–kateqini da (-) –
epikateqini. fermentaciis dros xdeba kateqinebis ori molekulis
kondensacia da warmoiqmneba dimeruli SenaerTi. dimerkateqinebi
ganapirobeben sasmeli Cais gemos da oqrosfer-wiTel Sefervas.
flavonoidebi CaiSi warmodgenilia glikozidebis saxiT (qvercetinis,
kempferolis). purinul alkaloidebs da triterpenul saponinebs
Seicavs Teslebi.
O

H3 C N N

O N N

CH3

Teofilini (1, 3 - dimeTilqsantini)

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. Cai sakveb-sagemovno produqtia, amave dros

aqvs rigi samkurnalo Tviseba. aRagznebs gulis muSaobas da sunTqvas,
aris koronaruli sistemis gamaganierebeli, mastimulirebeli saSualeba.
aseTi moqmedebiT xasiaTdeba arsebiTad kofeini, Teofilini ki ufro
sustia da Tanac aZlierebs diurezs. Cais mastimulirebeli moqmedeba
mJRavndeba gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromisnayofierebis zrdiT,
daRlilobis da Zilisken midrekilebis moxsniT. amzadeben preparatebs
_ kofeinis natrium-benzoats da Teofilins. orive preparats iReben
sinTezuraTac. garda amisa, Teofilini ZiriTadi komponentia bevri
efeqturi saSualebis (eufilini, Teofedrini, Teopeki, Teo-astxalini,
Teobiolongi). Cais kateqinebi rekomendebulia P-vitaminuri aqtivobis

72
preparatis, xolo mTrimlavi nivTierebebi Semkvreli saSualebis _
~Tealbinis~ mosamzadeblad.

kakaos Tesli _ Semen Cacao

mcenare. Sokoladis xe da kakaos cximi ix. Tavi 8 _ cximebi, maTi

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. kakaos TeslSi cximovani zeTis, mTrimlavi
nivTierebebis, organuli mJavebis, naxSirwylebis da sxva biologiurad
aqtiur nivTierebebs Soris metad mniSvnelovania purinuli jgufis
alkaloidebis arseboba. alkaloidebis jamSi _ 2-3%, Teobrominze modis
0,75- 1,16%, kofeinze 0, 35%. Teobromini 1842 w gamoyo voskresenskim. igi
mwarea da mTrimlav nivTierebebTan erTad ganapirobebs nedli Teslebis
usiamovno gemos. alkaloidebs Seicavs mcenaris sxva nawilebic.
Teobromins amJamad iReben sinTezuradac.

N N CH3

O N N

CH3

Teobromini (3, 7 - dimeTilqsantini)

medicinaSi gamoyeneba. farmakologiuri moqmedebiT, iseve rogorc

qimiuri SenebiT kofeinTan axlosaa Teobromini. is amJRavnebs
mastimulirebel moqmedebas gulis muSaobaze, aganierebs koronarul da
Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebs, magram kofeinze ufro sustia. Teobromini
amave dros aris metad efeqturi diuretuli saSualeba. uSveben fxvnilis
da tabletebis saxiT. Sedis preparatebSi: TeminalSi, Teoverinsa da
TeodibaverinSi. alkaloids da mis kombinirebul preparatebs inaxaven
sia B-Ti. purinuli alkaloidebis da gansakuTrebiT kofeinis
Semcveloba ganapirobebs Sokoladis da sasmeli kakaos
maRalefeqturobas, kaloriulobas da aqedan gamomdinare maTze did
moTxovnilebas.

73
 izoprenis nawarmi alkaloidebis Semcveli
mcenareebi da nedleuli.
diterpenuli alkaloidebis Semcvelni

dezuras balaxi _ Herba Delphinii

mcenare. badenayofa dezura _ Delphinium dictyocarpum DC da Sereuli

dezura _ D. confusum M. Pop., oj. baiasebrni _ Ranunculaceae.
badenayofa dezura mravalwlovani 60-120 sm simaRlis balaxia.
Rero swori, dautotavi, nekniani, SiSveli. foTlebi morigeobiTi
Tirkmlisebr-momrgvalo, sigrZe saSualod 7 sm, qveda foTlebis sigane
15 sm, zedasi _ 4 sm. foTlis firfita TaTisebr- danakvTuli, 5-7
rombisebr-wilad gankveTili. foTlebi zevidan SiSvelia, qveda mxares
Sebusvili metwilad ZarRvebTan da kideebze. yunwi grZelia, yvaviledi
20-35 sm sigrZis, sqeli, mravalyvaviliani mtevani. yvavilebi araswori,
jami 5-furclis magvari garedan SiSveli foTolakebisagan Semdgari.
zeda ori foTolaki saneqtrea. mtvriana mravali, ori maTgani
gardaqmnilia staminodiumad, romelic wvril foTolakebs hgavs. jamis
foTlebi muqi-lurji, saneqtreebi da staminodiumebi cisferi an
moTeTro. yvavilis yunwi 1-3 sm sigrZis, wvrili, RerZidan odnav
gadaxrili, SiSveli an yvavilebis qveS uxvbewviani. nayofi _
samfoTlura. masSi 1-5 Teslia _ yavisferi, samwaxnaga, viwro
firfitisebri frTebiT. fesvi RerZuli gaxevebuli. mcenare yvavilobs
VI-VIII, nayofi mwifdeba VIII.
Sereuli dezura pirveli saxeobisgan gansxvavdeba morfologiuri
niSnebiT: foTlis firfita fuZesTan solisebria, Sua nawilze bevrad
qveviT gankveTilia 3-wilad, romlebic ganmeorebiTaa CaWrili. foTlebi
orive mxridan dafarulia bususebiT. jamis foTlebi iisferi, garedan
bewvebiT dafaruli. saneqtreebi da staminodiumebi Savia.
I saxeoba gavrcelebulia das. cimbirSi, samx. uralSi, Sua aziaSi,
yazaxeTSi. izrdeba stepian da tyestepian zonebSi, buCqnarTa Soris,
subalpur mdeloebze. adis zRvis donidan 3000 m simaRlemde. II saxeoba
gavrcelebulia Sua aziaSi: tian-Sanze, masiuradaa altaize, yirgizeTis
da yazaxeTis samx. das. nawilSi. izrdeba zRvis donidan 2500-3000 m
simaRleze, iSviaTad Camodis ufro qveviT. umetesad gvxvdeba erTeuli
saxiT, ar qmnis nazardebs. orive saxeoba endemuria.
nedleuli. amzadeben badenayofa dezuras Reroebis zeda nawilebs
foTlebiTa da yvavilebiT butonizaciis dros da yavilobis dasawyisSi.
Reroebs celaven an Wrian qveda mwvane foTlebis donemde. II saxeobis
Reroebs ki piriqiT _ Wrian miwidan 5-10 sm daSorebiT, radgan mcenare
ufro dabalia (30-65 sm simaRlis), Tanac foTlebi ZiriTadad Reros

74
qveda nawilSia Tavmoyrili. nedleuls aSroben CrdilSi an mimarTaven
Tbur Srobas 45-500 C-ze.
orive mcenaris nedleuli wrmoadgens SefoTlil Reroebs (70 sm
da 50 sm sigrZis _ Sesabamisad) butonebiT da yvavilebiT an Reroebis da
foTlebis naWrebs, butonebs, yavilebs. suni ara aqvs. gemos ar usinjaven.
dezuras yvela saxeoba Sxamiania!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. badenayofa dezuras balaxi Seicavs
aranakleb 10 alkaloids (0,3-1,23%), maT Soris meTilkakonitins
(delsemidins), eldelins, eldelidins, diqtiokarpins, delsemins,
izoboldins, diqtizins, likoqtonins da sxv. maTgan meTilikakonitinis
Semcveloba ReroSi 0,11-0,22%, foTlebSi _ 0,11 –0, 65%, yvavilebSi _ 0,
48%.
Sereuli dezuras balaxSi alkaloidebi 0,6-0,7%-ia. dominanti
alkaloidis _ kondelfinis raodenoba ki 0,27-0,47%. Seicavs agreTve
meTilkakonitins 0,05-0,3% da likoktins 0, 28%.
gvari dezura saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia 17 saxeobiT, ufro
metia mTel amierkavkasiaSi. maTgan metnaklebadaa Seswavlili D.
buschianum Gross (azerbaijani), D. foetidum Lomak., D. linearilobium (Trautv) N. Busch.
(somxeTi). ufro Rrmadaa gamokvleuli saqarTveloSi mozardi D.
elisabethae N. Busch da D. tamarae Kem. maTgan gamoyves da struqturulad
daadgines meTilkakonitini, likoktonini, antranoillikoktonini. gvari
dezuradan pirvelad miiRes karakolini.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. dezuras alkaloidebi samedicino
praqtikaSi SemoiRes rogorc kurares Semcvlelebi. kurare warmoadgens
Sxams, romelsac sqeli eqstraqtis saxiT iReben Strychnos da Chondodendron-
is saxeobebidan mas. samx. amerikis indielebi ZvelTaganve iyenebdnen
mowamluli isrebis dasamzadeblad. aseTi isrebiT daWrili cxovelebis
xerxemlis kunTebi dundeba da cxoveli kargavs moZraobis unars vidre
Sxami organizmidan ar gamova, didi dozebiT ki cxovelebi asfiqsiis
Sedegad kvdebian. medicinaSi kurares gamoyeneba daiwyes XIX s-Si. 1935 w
gamoyves Sxamis ZiriTadi moqmedi nivTiereba _ alkaloidi d-tuboku-
ranini. mogvianebiT is miiRes sinTezurad, Tanac daiwyes samamulo
floraSi misi Semcveli saxeobebis Zieba. ase miagnes dezuras
warmomadgenlebs.
amJamad badenayofa dezuradan amzadeben alkaloid
meTilkakonitinis hidroiodids _ preparat meliqtinis saxelwodebiT.
TviT meTilkakonitini qimiuri SenebiT ekuTvnis akonitur alkaloidebs,
warmoadgens mesamad alkaloids formuliT C37H50O10N2. preparat
meliqtins iyeneben rogorc relaqsants _ iwvevs kunTebis tonusis
daqveiTebas rigi nervuli daavadebebis da mamoZravebeli funqciis
darRvevis dros. Sereuli dezuradan miRebulia preparati ~kondelfini~,
romelic gamoyenebas hpovebs qirurgiaSi ConCxis kunTebis mosaduneblad.

75
sxva saxeobebidan rekomendebulia analogiuri moqmedebis preparatebi _
elatini da delsemini.

steroiduli alkaloidebis (glikoalkaloidebis)

Semcveli mcenareebi da nedleuli

danawevrebuli ZaRlyurZenas balaxi_Herba Solani laciniati

mcenare. danawevrebuli ZaRlyurZena _ Solanum laciniatum Ait., oj.

ZaRlyurZenasebrni _ Solanaceae, subtropikuli mravalwlovani Zlieri
balaxia. izrdeba 3-4 m simaRlis. Rero erTeulia, fuZesTan gaxevebuli,
uxvad SefoTlili. 40-60 sm simaRleze ganmeorebiT itoteba da muxlebis
areSi pigmentaciis Sedegad iisferia. foTlebi sididisa da formis
mixedviT gansxvavebulia. qveda foTlebi didia 35 sm sigrZis,
arawyvilfrTisebr Rrmad gankveTili, grZelyunwiani. ufro zeviT
foTlebi moklea da samadgankveTili, kenwerosi ki wvrili, mTliani,
lancetisebri. yvavilebi msxvili, 3-17 Sekrebilia mokle xSir mtevnebad.
jami mwvane, 5-foTliani, gvirgvini furclebSezrdili, muqi iisferi.
nayofi ovaluri formis, wvniani, 2-3 sm sigrZis, orbudiani, narinjisferi,
mogvagonebs pamidors. Teslebi mravalricxovani wvrili. fesvi msxvili
RerZiani. mTeli mcenare Sxamiania, magram mwife nayofebi uvnebelia da
Wamen.
erTwliani kulturis pirobebSi mcenare aRwevs 1, 5-2 m simaRles,
ar izamTrebs.
danawevrebuli ZaRlyurZenas samSobloa avstralia da axali
zelandia. bunebriv pirobebSi gvxvdeba kunZul norfloksa da tasmaniaze.
CvenTan, qobuleTSi aSeneben 1957 wlidan erTwlovani kulturis saxiT.
samrewvelo plantaciebia aseve zomieri zonebis bevr qveyanaSi, magram
saTesled aSeneben mxolod samx. yazaxeTsa da uzbekeTSi. metad produq-
tiuli aRmoCnda Tbilisis pirobebSic, magram Teslebi bolomde ver
aswrebs damwifebas. mikroelementebis Mn da B Setanis Sedagad foTlebSi
orjer gaizarda glikoalkaloidebis da maTSi solasodinis raodenoba
(l. kvitaiSvili).
nedleuli balaxia, amzadeben zafxulis ganmavlobaSi orjer,
yvavilobisas da nayofianobis dasawyisSi, rodesac nayofebi mwvanea.
aSroben haerze.
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. mcenaris yvela nawili Seicavs
steroidul alkaloidebs, ZiriTadad solasonins da solamargins, maTi
aglikonia solasodini. solasoninis Saqrovan nawilSi aris ramnoza,
galaqtoza da glukoza, xolo solamarginis Saqrebia 2 molekula
ramnoza da glukoza. Tanmxlebi nivTierebaa steroiduli sapogenini

76
diosgenini (0, 4%), romlis miReba SesaZlebelia solasodinis
warmoebisas.
H

HO

solasodini

standartis moTxovniT balaxSi solasodini unda iyos aranakleb

0,8%. misi Semcveloba maqsimums aRwevs mcenaris vegetaciis bolos _ 2%.
yvelaze mdidaria umwifari nayofebi _ 2-4%, xolo mwifeSi steroiduli
SenaerTebi ar moipoveba.
medicinaSi gamoyeneba. iReben solasodins, romelic warmoadgens
universalur wyaros progesteronis da Semdeg kortikosteroiduli
preparatebis sinTezisaTvis. maT iyeneben bevri iseTi daavadebis
samkurnalod, romelTa mimarT adre medicina uZluri iyo. esaa bronquli
asTma, poliarTriti, revmatizmi, ekzema, fsoriazi, leikozi. sisxlis
avTvisebiani daavadebisas (leikozebi) danawevrebuli ZaRlyurZena jer
kidev xalxur medicinaSi gamoiyeneboda. igive glikoalkaloidebs
Seicavs da analogiurad gamoiyeneba axlomdgomi saxeoba _ Citis
ZaRlyurZena _ Solanum aviculare Forst., romelsac adre qobuleTSi aSenebdnen.

Sxamas fesura fesvebiT _ Rhizoma cum radicibus Veratri

mcenare. lobelis Sxama _ Veratrum lobelianum Bernh., oj.

SroSanasebrni _ Liliaceae, mravalwlovani erTlebliani balaxovani
mcenarea. Rero sqelia, mravalfoTliani. zeda nawilSi Sebusvili. aRwevs
1-1,5 m simaRles. foTlebi ZarRvebis gaswvriv nakecebiania da qvemo
mxridan Sebusvili. qveda foTlebi ufro didi zomisaa, moyvanilobiT
farTo-elifsuri da bolowawvetili, zeda lancetaa da grZlad
wawvetili; foTlebi Reromxvevia, mjdomare. Tanayvavilebi
farTokvercxisebria, yvavilis yunwze bevrad grZeli. yvavilsafari
gvirgvinisebria, momwvano-yviTeli, gadaSlili, TviTeuli misi foToli
elifsuria, Zirisken frCxilad gadasuli, gamWvirvale foCiT
Semovlebuli. mtvrianebi yvavilsafris fuZezea mimagrebuli. nayofi 3-
budiani mogrZo kolofia, romelic budeebad Ziramdis ixsneba. Tesli
moyviTaloa, brtyeli da frTiani. fesura moklea, sqeli. mcenare
yvavilobs VII-VIII.

77
 lobelis Sxama izrdeba subalpur sartyelSi, adis alpur zonaSic
zRvis donidan 2500 m-mde. iSviaTad gvxvdeba tyis sartyelSic. is maRali
mTis saZovrebze metad gavrcelebuli da abezara sarevelaa, misi yvela
nawili Sxamiania. xSiria mTel saqarTveloSi _ yazbegis, borjom-
bakurianis, baxmaros, duSeTis da sxv midamoebSi. garda amisa, gavrce-
lebulia imier kavkasiaSi, das. da aRm. cimbirSi, Sua aziaSi, Soreul
aRmosavleTSi, xmelTaSua zRvis mxareSi.
nedleuli. fesuras fesvebiT Txrian agvisto-seqtemberSi miwiszeda
nawilis gaxmobisas an adre gazafxulze, miwas aclian civi wylis
nakadiT. msxvil fesurebs gaWrian sigrZeze, toveben 1-2 dRe haerze,
Semdeg ki gaSrobas amTavreben mzeze an saSrob karadaSi 600-mde
temperaturaze. Sxamas gadamuSavebisaTvis aucilebelia sifrTxilis
dacva, rom damamzadebeli ar moiwamlos. mniSvnelovania isic, rom
mcenare Zalze nela izrdeba, yvavilobas iwyebs 10-30 wlisa, ganmeorebiTi
masiuri yvaviloba 2-3 weliwadSi erTxelaa. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
aranakleb 50 welia. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT damzadebisas
axalgazrda egzemplarebi da fesuris nawili miwaSi unda datovoT.
gamSrali fesura garedan nacrisfer-muraa, gadanatexze nacrisfer-
TeTri. fesvebi cilindrulia, wvrili 10-20 sm sigrZis, danaoWebuli.
nedls nioris suni aqvs, romelic gaSrobisas qreba. gemos gasinjva
dauSvebelia, Sxamiania!
qimiuri Sedgeniloba. mcenaris yvela nawili Seicavs
steroidul alkaloidebs. maTi raodenoba metia fesvebSi _ 2, 4%,
fesurebSi _ 1, 3%, balaxSi _ 0, 55%. standartis Sesabamisad nedleulSi
steroiduli alkaloidebis raodenoba protoveratrinze
gadaangariSebiT unda iyos aranakleb 1%.
alkaloidebis jamSi dadgenilia 27-ze meti fuZe xasiaTis SenaerTi, maT
Soris iervini, rubiiervini,fsevdoiervini, hermini, izohermini, loveraini,
protoveratrini, verazolini da sxv. saqarTveloSi mozard Sxamas
miwisqveda nawilebSi iervinis raodenoba 0,5%. mcenareSi alkloidebi
aris Tavisufali perhidrobenzfluorenul alkaloidebis, C27- amino-
spirtebis da alkaloid-eTerebis saxiT. alkaloidebis Semcveloba
foTlebSi zafxulze mkveTrad ecema, nayofianobis fazaSi ki mTlianad
lokalizebulia miwisqveda nawilebSi, amitom am periodSi balaxi
saqonels ar wamlavs.
OH
CH3

CH3
CH3

HO

CH3

rubiiervini

78
 medicinaSi gamoyeneba. Sxamas gamoyeneba saukuneebis manZilze
ifargleboda veterinariiT _ kanis parazitebis, hipodermatozis, munis,
qavilis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT. amzadebdnen galenur preparatebs,
Semdeg cnobili gaxda misi fungiciduri ativoba. amJamad dadgenilia,
rom Sxamas alkaloidebs axasiaTebT hipotenziuri moqmedeba, gansa-
kuTrebiT hipertoniis mZime formebisas _ eklamfsiis da hipertonuli
krizis dros. am mimarTulebiT upiratesad xmaroben evropaSi mozardi
TeTri Sxama_Veratrum album L. da Crd. amerikuli saxeobis mwvane
Sxamas_Veratrum viride Ait. fesuris preparatebs. alkaloid iervins iyeneben
biologiur eqsperimentSi simsivnuri ujredebis zrdis
aqtivizaciisaTvis. Sxamas preparatebi inaxeba A-siiT.

79