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PUSAT PEMBANGUNAN KEMAHIRAN SARAWAK (PPKS)

SARAWAK SKILLS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (SSDC)

SAFETY
Design for
Ultimate Limit State
By:
Ir. Mohamad Salleh Yassin
School of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DESIGN FOR
FLEXURAL

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Introduction

Section 6.1 EC2 Part 1.1, deals

with the analysis and design of
section for the ultimate limit
state design consideration of
structural elements subjected to
bending.

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Simplified stress block

For fck < 50 N/mm2: h = 1 (defining the effective strength),

ec = 0.0035, acc = 0.8 to 1.0 (account for long term effect),
acc = 0.85, l = 0.8 , gc = 1.5 so, fcd = 1.0 x 0.85/1.5 = 0.567fck

Rectangular Section
Singly reinforced

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Doubly reinforced

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DESIGN FOR
SHEAR

By:
Ir. Mohamad Salleh Yassin
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Introduction

EC 2 introduces the strut inclination

method for shear capacity checks. In
this method the shear is resisted by
concrete struts acting in compression
and shear reinforcement acting in
tension.
EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2.3

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6.2.3 Members requiring design shear reinforcement

(1) The design of members with shear reinforcement is based on a truss model (Figure
6.5). Limiting values for the angle θ of the inclined struts in the web are given in 6.2.3 (2).

Assumed truss model for the strut inclination method

Concrete strut in compression Vertical shear steel in tension

q
z d

z cot q
bw z = 0.9d
Longitudinal steel in tension

z cosq
fcdbwcosq V/sinq

q V V
q
z
q q

Vcotq

(a) (b) (c)

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The diagonal compressive strut

VRd, max = fcd x (bw x z cos θ) x sin θ

= fcd bw z cos θ sin θ
= αcwv1fcd bw z / (cot θ + tan θ)

0.36 f ck bw d (1  f ck / 250)
VRd, max 
(cot q  tan q )
EC2 to limit the θ value between 22 to 45 degrees.

The shear resistance of link,

VRd,s = fywdAsw = (fyk / 1.15) Asw
= 0.87fykAsw
If the links are spaced at a distance s apart
VRd,s = 0.87fykAsw (z cot θ / s)
= 0.87fykAsw (0.9d cot θ / s)
= 0.78fykAswd (cot θ / s)

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If the links are spaced at a distance s apart,

then the shear resistance of the link is
increased proportionately and is given by

VRd,s = 0.87fykAsw (z cot θ / s)

= 0.87fykAsw (0.9d cot θ / s)
= 0.78fykAswd (cot θ / s)

All shear force will be resisted by the provision of links,

VEd = VRd,s
= 0.78fykAswd (cot θ / s)

Thus rearranging

Asw VEd

s 0.78 f yk d cot q

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EC2 (Cl. 9.2.2) specifies a minimum value for Asw/s such that,

Asw 0.08bw f ck

s f yk
EC2 (Cl. 9.2.2) also specifies that the maximum
spacing of vertical link should not exceed 0.75d.

Design procedure

1. Determine design shear force VEd

2. Determine the concrete strut capacity for

θ = 22o and θ = 45o respectively

VRdmax = 0.36bw dfck (1  fck / 250)

(cot q  tan q )

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3. If VEd > VRd,max (f = 45o ) Redesign section

4. If VEd < VRd,max (f = 22o ) use θ = 22o

and calculate the shear reinforcement as follows

Asw VEd
 (cot θ = 2.5)
s 0.78 f yk d cot q

0.513VEd

f yk d

5. If VRd,max (f = 22o ) < VEd < VRd,ma (f = 45o )

1  VEd 
(i). Calculate θ = 0.5 sin  
 0.18bw df ck (1  f ck / 250) 

(ii). Calculate shear link as

Asw VEd

s 0.78 f yk d cot q

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Calculate the minimum links required by

EC2: Cl 9.2.2(5),

Asw 0.08bw f ck

s f yk
Calculate the additional longitudinal tensile force
caused by the shear

∆Ftd = 0.5VEd cot θ

EN 1992-1-1: Sec. 6.2.2

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