15/3/2020

PUSAT PEMBANGUNAN KEMAHIRAN SARAWAK (PPKS)

SARAWAK SKILLS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (SSDC)

DURABILITY
& DETAILING
REQUIREMENTS
By:
Ir. Mohamad Salleh Yassin
School of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Introduction
 to ensure that a structure has satisfactory
durability and serviceability performance
under normal circumstances throughout its
lifetime.

 involve aspects of design, such as

concrete mix selection and determination
of cover to reinforcing bars, as well as
selection of suitable materials for the
exposure conditions which are expected .

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 EC2 recommends simple rules concerning

the concrete mix and cover to
reinforcement, minimum member
dimension, and limits to reinforcement
quantities and spacing which must be
taken into account at the member sizing
and reinforcement detailing stage.

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Concrete Cover

All reinforcement
must have sufficient
cover to prevent
corrosion and to
Nominal protect the
cover, cnom
reinforcement in
the event of fire
Clear spacing
cnom
Spacing

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The nominal cover can be assessed as follows:

Cnom = Cmin + DCdev
Where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure:
•The safe transmission of bond forces
•The protection of steel against corrosion (Durability)
•An adequate fire resistance
And DCdev is and allowance which should be made in the design
for deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10
mm. It is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication subjected
to a quality assurance system.

Minimum cover for bond EN 1992-1-1

Arrangement of Minimum cover cmin,b*

bars
Separated Diameter of bar
Bundle Equivalent diameter
n =  nb ≤ 55 mm
Where nb is the number of bars in the bundle, which is
limited to
nb ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression
nb ≤ 3 for all other cases

* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is > 32 mm, cmin,b should be

increased by 5 mm

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Minimum cover for durability EN 1992-1-1

Exposure Class according to Table 4.1 EC 2

Structural
Class XC2/XC
X0 XC1 XC4 XD1/XS1 XD2/XS2 XD3/XS3
3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30

S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35

S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40

S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45

S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50

S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55

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Minimum cover for fire resistance

Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tubular method based on nominal
axis distance is used. This is the distance from the centre of the main
reinforcement bar to the top or bottom surface of the member.

a > Cnom + link + bar/2

asd = a + 10 mm

Minimum & Maximum Area

of Reinforcement

 The minimum area of reinforcement that must be provided

within tensile zone is
As,min = kc k fct, eff Act / fyk

 The minimum area of reinforcement for beam also specified in

Section 9.2.1 as follows:
As, min = 0.26(fctm/fyk)btd but not less than 0.0013btd

 The limits As,max specified by EC2 in Section 9.2.1 is 0.04Ac for

tension or compression reinforcement.

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Spacing of reinforcements
 The minimum distance between bars is to
permit concrete flows around reinforcement
during construction and to ensure that
concrete can be compacted satisfactorily for
the development of adequate bond.

 The clear distance between bars should not

be less than the maximum of (i) the maximum
bar size, (ii) the maximum aggregate size + 5
mm, or (iii) 20 mm. (Specified in section 8.2
EC2).

Curtailment and anchorage of

reinforcements
 It is a common practice to cut off bars where they are
no longer required to resist moment.

 Each curtailed bar should extend a full anchorage

length beyond the point at which it is no longer
needed.

 The basic required anchorage length given in section

8.4.3 EC2 is as follows;
lb,rqd = ( / 4) (sd / fbd) = ( / 4) (fyk / 1.15) / fbd)
= (fyk / 4.6 fbd) 

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The curtailment of the tension reinforcement is based upon the

enveloped of tensile forces, Fs derive from the bending moment
envelop as shown in Figure 5.2 such that at any location along
the span, Fs = MEd/z + ∆Ftd

When considering the curtailment the following rules must be

applied:

•At least one-quarter of the bottom reinforcement should extend to

the support.

•The bottom reinforcement at the end support should be anchored

into the support as shown in Figure 5.3.

•At an end support where there is little or not fixity the bottom steel
should be designed to resist a tensile force of 0.5VEd to allow for the
tension induced by the shear with a minimum requirement of 25%
of the reinforcement provided in the span.

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•At and end support where there is fixity but it has been
analysed as a simple support, top steel should be design
and anchored to resist at least 25% of the maximum mid-
span moment.

•At internal supports the bottom steel should extend at

least 10 beyond the face of support. To achieve
continuity and resistance to such factors as accidental
damage or seismic forces, splice bars should be provided
across the support with a full anchorage lap on each side
as shown in Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.3: Anchorage of bottom reinforcement at end supports

Figure 5.4: Anchorage at intermediate supports

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Simplified detailing rules for beams

25% 100% 25%

0.08l 0.08l
l

Simply supported beam

0.30l + al
*Reduced to 25% for equal span (0.15l + al) ≥ lbd

35% * 60% 100%

30% 100% 30%

0.30l - al l
0.30l - al

Continuous beam

The design anchorage length lbd mentioned above is

given by,

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lbd,rqd  lb,min

where
1, 2 ,3, 4 and 5 = coefficient given in Table 5.5
lbd,rqd = equation (5.4)
lb,min = the minimum anchorage length
for tension bars : max {0.3 lbd,rqd ; 10 ; 100 mm}
for compression bars : max {0.6 lbd,rqd ; 10 ; 100 mm}

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Reinforcement in
Value of   allows for the effect of Type of anchorage
Tension Compression
1 The shape of the bars Straight 1.0 1.0
Other than straight 0.7 if cd > 3.0 1.0
or 1.0 if not

2 Concrete cover to Straight 1.0 – 0.15(cd - )/ 1.0

reinforcement but  0.7 and ≤ 1.0

Other than straight 1.0 – 0.15(cd - 3)/ 1.0

but  0.7 and ≤ 1.0

3 Confinement of transverse All types of 1 – Kl 1.0

reinforcement not welded to reinforcement but  0.7 and ≤ 1.0
the main reinforcement

4 Confinement of transverse All types, position 0.7 0.7

reinforcement welded to the and sizes of
main reinforcement reinforcement

5 Confinement by transverse All types of 1 – 0.04ρ -

pressure reinforcement but  0.7 and ≤ 1.0

Laps in reinforcements

Laps are required when bars placed short of

their required length need to be extended. Laps
are also required when the bar diameter has to
be changed along the length. The purpose of
lapping is to transfer effectively the axial force
from the terminating bar to the connecting bar
with the same line of action at the junction.

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Requirements for laps are discussed in Section 8.7

EC2. The code recommends that;

 Laps between bars should be staggered and

should not occur in regions of high stress.

 The arrangement of lapped bars should comply

with Figure 5.5 below.

Figure 5.5: Adjacent laps

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•Transverse reinforcement must be provided around laps

unless lapped bars are less than 20 mm diameter or there is
less than 25 % lapped bars. In these cases minimum
transverse reinforcement provided for other purposes such
as shear links will be adequate. Otherwise transverse
reinforcement must be provided, as shown in Figure 5.6,
having a total area of not less than the area of one lapped
bar.

Tension lap
Compression lap

Figure 5.6: Transverse reinforcement for lapped bars

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The length of laps should be based on the minimum

anchorage length modified to take into account factors
such as cover, etc. The design lap length required is given
by,

lo = 1 2 3 5 6 lbd,rqd  lo,min

where
1, 2 ,3, 4 and 5 = coefficient given in Table 5.5

For the calculation of 3 , Ast,min should be taken as 1.0As(sd/fyd),

with As = area of one lapped bar

6 = (ρ1/25)0.5 but not exceeding 1.5 nor less than 1.0 and ρ1 is the
percentage of reinforcement lapped within 0.65lo from the centre
of the lap length being considered.
lbd,rqd = equation (5.3)
lo,min = the absolute minimum lap length
= max {0.36 lbd,rqd ; 15 ; 200 mm}

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Table 5.8 Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths as a multiplied by bar size

Concrete Strength fck/fcu(N/mm2)

Bond
Condition /Situation
conditions 20/25 25/30 28/35 30/37 32/40

Anchorage length Good 47 40 37 36 34

(Tension or compression)
Poor 67 58 53 51 49

Good 54 46 43 42 39
Lap length
(Tension or compression) Poor 77 66 61 59 56

Notes:
1. It is assumed that the bar size is not greater than 32 mm and 1, 2,3,4 and 5 all equal 1.
2. It is assumed that not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place, 6 = 1.15
For other situations refer to MS EN 1992-1-1 , Clause 8.4.4

EC 2 vs BS 8110

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