PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

 BONE
 JOINTS
 CARTILAGE
 LIGAMENTS (bone to bone) (TENDON = bone to muscle)

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES

 SUPPORT OF THE BODY
 PROTECTION OF SOFT ORGANS
 MOVEMENT DUE TO ATTACHED SKELETAL MUSCLES
 STORAGE OF MINERALS AND FATS
 BLOOD CELL FORMATION

DIVIDED INTO 2 DIVISIONS

 AXIAL SKELETON – longitudinal axies of the body
Divided into 3 parts:
1. Skull
2. Vertebral Column
3. Bony Thorax
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON – limbs and girdle
1. Limbs (appendages)
2. Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
3. Pelvic girdle

BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY:

 The skeleton has 206 bones
 The basic types of bone tissue :
1. COMPACT BONE - homogeneous (dense/hard)
2. SPONGY BONE – small needle-like pieces of bones, has many open spaces (cancellous)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 LONG BONES – typically longer than wide , haves a shaft with heads at both ends, contain monstly compact bones,
found in legs and arms (ex: femur and humerus)
 SHORT BONES – generally cube-shape and small, cointain mostly spongy bone, found in wrist,ankles and toes (ex:
carpals and tarsals)
GROSS ANATOMY OF A BONE
 Diaphysis
-shaft
- composed of compact bone
 Epiphysis
-ends of the bone
-composed of mostly spongy bone
STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE
 Periosteum
-outside covering of the diaphysis
-fibrous connective tissue membrane
 Arteries
-supplies bone cells with nutrients
 Articular cartilage
-covers the external surface of the epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage
 Medullary cavity
-cavity of the shaft, contains yellow marrow(mostly fat)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE
 FLAT BONES - thin and flattened,usually curved (exam: skull, ribs , sternum)
 IRREGULAR BONES – irregular shape, do not fit into other bone classification categories (ex: vertebrae and hip)

BONE GROWTH
 EPIPHYSEAL PLATES allow for growth of long bone during childhood

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

 OSSIFICATION
 OSTEOBLAST – responsible for remodel (bone forming cells)
 EPIPHYSEAL PLATE – responsible for growth
 PTH-OSTEOCLAST – bone- destroying cells , breakdown bone matrix for remodelling and release of calcium
 CALCITONIN – decrease calcium in blood ( ESTROGEN – hormones [develops calcium])

(3.5- 5 mEq) – blood

THYROID GLAND – produces calcitonin

PARATHYROID GLAND – stimulates nervous system if theres low calcium

Hypercalcimia – level of calcium in the blood is higher than normal

Hypocalcimia – level of calcium in the blood is lower than normal
1% of calcium is responsible for muscle contracting
Thyrodictomy – removal of thyroid gland

BONE FRACTURES
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
1. Close (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
2. Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
CLOSE REDUCTION – dislocated,massage (hilot la an bulong)
OPEN REDUCTION – patient undergo surgery
ORIF – OPEN REDUCTION INTERNAL FIXATION

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES :

1. COMMINUTED – bone breaks into many fragments
2. COMPRESSION – bone is crushed
3. DEPRESSED – broken bone portion is pressed inward
4. IMPACTED – broken bone end are forced into each other
5. SPIRAL – ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
6. GREENSTICK – bone breaks incompletely,much in the way a green adults

REPAIR OF BONE FRACTURES/STAGES

1. HEMATOMA FORMATION
2. FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS FORMATION
3. BONY CALLUS FORMATION
4. BONE REMODELING
THE SKULL

 Sits on top of the vertebral column

 2 sets of bones
1. Cranium (8 bones)
2. Facial bones ( 14 bones)
 Bones are joined by sutures (tahi)
 Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
SUTURES : - FOR MOLDING
PARIETAL SUTURES
FRONTAL SUTURES (FONTANIL)
TEMPORAL SUTURES
CORONAL SUTURES

FORAMEN - HOLE (BONES) LUHO

VOMER – LONG NOSE( PAMPATANGOS) BONE

PARANASAL SINUSES
-hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Functions:
1. Lighten the skull
2. Give resonance and amplification to voice
Sinusitis – disease

HYOID BONE – the only bone that does not articulate with another bone , serve as a moveable base for the tongue
VERTEBRAL COLUMN – vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
Cervical spine – 7 cervical vertebrae
Thoracic spine – 12 thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar spine – 5 lumbar vertebrae
CURVATURE – concave, convex

BONY THORAX
 Forms a cage to protect major organs (true ribs 1-7 , false ribs 8-12)
 Made up of 3 parts
1. Sternum – breastbone, located along the midline of the anterior chest
2. Ribs – 12 pairs rib attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae (true ribs – 7, false ribs – 5)
3. Thoracic vertebrae

THE PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE

 Compose of 2 bones
1. Clavicle – collarbone
2. Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB
 The arm is formed by a single bone (humerus)
 HUMERUS
 The forearm has 2 bones
1. Ulna – the longer of 2 forearm, located on medial or little finger side of the forearm
2. Radius - locate on the lateral or thumb side when the palm of the hand is facing forward
BONES OF THER UPPERLIMB
 The hand
1. Carpals - wrist
2. Metacarpals - palm
3. Phalanges – fingers
BONES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
 Compose of two coxal bones (hip bones)
 Composed of 3 pair of fused bones
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis (pubic bone)
 the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
 Protects several organs
1. Reproductive organs
2. Urinary bladder
3. Part of the large intestine
BONES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
 The leg has 2 bones
1. Tibia – shin bone / larger
2. Fibula – long and thin
 The foot
1. Tarsals – ankle
2. Metatarsals – sole/instep
3. Phalanges – toes

Disorders – gigantism,dwarfism,acromically(dako),rickets

JOINTS – ARTICULATIONS OF BONES

Functions:
- Hold bones together
- Provide flexibility

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

 Synarthroses – immovable joints
 Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
 Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

 Fibrous joints – generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints – immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints – freely moveable

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH JOINTS

 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

CLINICAL FORMS OF ARTHRITIS

 Osteoarthritis – most common chronic arthritis, related to normal aging process
 Rheumatoid arthritis – an autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
 Gouty arthritis – inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood